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高中生物人才培育計畫 任課教師 黃宏圖
• 人體概念
• 解剖學位置、解剖學方位、身體切面
、體腔、身體區域
要探討人體結構先要熟悉下列觀念
• 解剖學位置(Anatomical Position)
身體是在一個直立的姿勢，雙臂下垂放在身 體的兩側且手掌面向前，而且顏面及腳趾都是朝 向前方。
• 解剖學方位(Anatomical Directions): 以下方為名詞 用於描述身體構造的所在相關位置
• 1.上方(Superior)/頭端 及 下方(Inferior)/尾端
• 2.前方(Anterior)/腹面(Ventral) 及後方(Posterior)/背 面(Dorsal)
• 如 鼻子在人體的腹面，肩膀在背面。
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~續上
• 3.內側(Medial) 及外側(Lateral)
•
內側 是指“靠近身體的中線”。外側是靠近身體的兩側 (遠離中線)。例如手掌的小指頭位於手掌的 內側 ，而大拇指位於手掌的外側。
• 4.近端 (Proximal) 及遠端(Distal)
•
近端是指靠近身體軀幹的方向，遠端是遠離軀幹。 例如手掌和手肘 都長在手臂上，手掌是位於手 臂的遠端，手肘是位於手臂的近端。
• 5.淺層(Superficial) 及深層(Deep)
•
淺層是指靠近表面，如手臂的皮膚位於體表。手 臂的骨骼位於深層。~續上
• 身體切面
• 1.矢狀切面(Sagittal Plane)/縱切面(Longitudinal Plane)
• 2.額切面(Frontal Plane)/冠狀切面(Coronal Plane)
• 3.橫切面(Transverse Plane)
• 體腔(Body Cavities)
• 腹面體腔(Ventral Body Cavities): 胸腔 (Thoracic Cavity) 和
腹腔(Abdominal Cavity)。• 身體區域(Body Regions)
• 整個身體大致可以分為 (1)中軸區域(Axial Region): 頭、
頸與軀幹。
(2)附肢區域(Appendicular Region):上肢 和下肢。
PowerPoint
®Lecture Slides prepared by
Leslie Hendon
University of Alabama, Birmingham
C H A P T E R
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Part 1
20
循環系統: 血管 與心臟
黃宏圖老師
內容重點: 心臟、主動脈和肺動脈幹、上腔靜脈 和下腔靜脈
•
人體心臟 有兩個心房(Atrium)、兩個心室 (Ventricle) 和注入血液的孔(foramen)。•
主動脈 (Aorta) 和肺動脈幹(Pulmonary trunk) 是 大型動脈，直徑 有 2 cm。各分出很多重要分 支。•
上腔靜脈(Superior vena cava) 與下腔靜脈(Inferior vena cava)，直徑也超過 2 cm。各有重 要支流。
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體表能按到的 動脈脈搏點(pulse points)
Figure 20.8b Common carotid
artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Superficial temporal artery
Facial artery
顳淺動脈 顏面動脈 頸總動脈
肱動脈 橈動脈 股動脈 膕動脈 後脛動脈
足背動脈
Arteries and veins
•
Artery and its branches 動脈及其分支•
Vein and its tributaries 靜脈及其支流Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Blood Vessels 血管類型
•
Arteries 動脈—carry blood away from the heart•
Capillaries 微血管—smallest blood vessels• The site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid
•
Veins 靜脈—carry blood toward the heartStructure of Blood Vessels
•
Composed of three layers (tunics)•
Tunica intima 內膜—composed of simplesquamous epithelium (endothelium) and
connective tissue•
Tunica media 中膜 —sheets of smoothmuscle
• Contraction—vasoconstriction
• Relaxation—vasodilation
•
Tunica externa 外膜 —composed ofconnective tissue
•
Lumen 管腔•
Central blood-filled space of a vesselCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structure of Blood Vessels
Tunica media
(smooth muscle and elastic fibers)
Tunica externa (collagen fibers)
Artery
動脈的組織 結構
Vein
Lumen Lumen
Internal elastic membrane
External elastic membrane
Valve
(b)
Endothelial cells內皮細胞
Basement membrane 基底膜
Capillary network
Capillary Tunica intima
Subendothelial layer Endothelium
Figure 20.1b
Tissue Section Showing
Structure of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Artery
Vein
(a)
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3 Types of Arteries
Elastic arteries 彈性動脈 Conductiong arteries
With diameters rangimg from 2.5 cm – 1 cm Muscular arteries 肌肉型動脈
Distributing arteries
Diameters from about 1 cm to 0.3 mm Arterioles (smallest arteries)小動脈
Diameters ranging from about 0.3 mm to 10 µm
Types of Arteries
•
Elastic arteries—the largest arteries• Diameters range from 2.5 cm to 1 cm
• Includes the aorta and its major branches
• Sometimes called conducting arteries
• High elastin content dampens surge of blood pressure
Vasavasorum Elastin Lumen
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima (a) Elastic artery (aorta, 12×)
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Types of Arteries
•
Muscular (distributing) arteries• Lie distal to elastic arteries
• Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm
• Includes most named arteries
• Tunica media is thick
• Unique feature
• Internal and external elastic laminae
Figure 20.2b External
elastic membrane
Internal elastic membrane
Lumen
Tunica externa
Tunica media (b) Muscular artery (40×)
Types of Arteries
•
Arterioles• Smallest arteries
• Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 µm
• Larger arterioles possess all three tunics
• Diameter of arterioles controlled by
• Local factors in the tissues
• Sympathetic
nervous system
Lumen
Tunica media Endothelium
(c) Small arteriole (285×)
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Capillaries
• Smallest blood vessels
• Diameter from 8–10 µm
• Red blood cells pass through single file
• Site-specific functions of capillaries
• Lungs—oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves
• Small intestines—receive digested nutrients
• Endocrine glands—pick up hormones
• Kidneys—remove of nitrogenous wastes
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in a Capillary
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Capillary Beds
•
Network of capillaries running through tissues•
Precapillary sphincters• Regulate the flow of blood to tissues
•
Tendons and ligaments—poorly vascularized•
Epithelia and cartilage—avascular• Receive nutrients from nearby CT
Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function PLAY
Capillary Beds微血管床
(a) Sphincters open—blood flows through true capillaries.
Precapillary sphincters
Metarteriole
Vascular shunt
Terminal arteriole Postcapillary venule Thoroughfare
channel
True
capillaries
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Structure of Capillaries—Cross Section
Figure 20.5a
Red blood cell in lumen Intercellular cleft
Endothelial cell
Endothelial nucleus
Tight junction Pinocytotic
vesicles Pericyte
Basement membrane
(a) Continuous capillary. Least permeable and most
common (e.g., skin, muscle).
Structure of Capillaries—Cross Section
Red blood cell in lumen
Intercellular cleft
Fenestrations (pores)
Endothelial cell
Endothelial nucleus
Basement membrane
Tight junction
Pinocytotic vesicles
(b) Fenestrated capillary. Large fenestrations (pores) increase permeability. Occurs in special locations
(e.g., kidney, small intestine).
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.6
Mechanisms to Counteract Low Venous Pressure
•
Valves in some veins• Particularly in limbs
•
Skeletal muscle pump• Muscles press
against thin-walled veins
Valve (open)
Contracted skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
Vein
Direction of blood flow
Vasa Vasorum 血管壁的血管
•
Tunica externa of large vessels have• Tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins
•
Vasa vasorum — vessels of vessels• Nourish outer region of large vessels
• Inner half of large vessels receive nutrients
from luminal blood
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Pulmonary Circulation
•
Pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle• Divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
•
Superior and inferior pulmonary veins• Carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium
Pulmonary Circulation
Left pulmonary
artery Air-filled
alveolus of lung
Pulmonary capillary Two lobar arteries
to left lung CO2
O2 Right pulmonary
artery
Three lobar arteries to right lung Pulmonary veins
Right atrium Aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium Gas exchange
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Systemic Circulation
•
Systemic arteries• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
•
Aorta 主動脈 — largest artery in the bodyMajor Arteries in the Body 身體的主要動脈
Internal carotid artery Common carotid arteries
Subclavian artery Subclavian artery
Aortic arch
Ascending aorta Coronary artery
Thoracic aorta (above diaphragm)
Renal artery
Superficial palmar arch Radial artery
Ulnar artery
Internal iliac artery
Deep palmar arch Vertebral artery
Brachiocephalic trunk Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Abdominal aorta
Superior mesenteric artery Gonadal artery
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Digital arteries
Femoral artery Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery
Arcuate artery (a) Anterior view
Inferior mesenteric artery Celiac trunk
External carotid artery
Arteries of the head and trunk
Arteries that supply the upper limb
Arteries that supply the lower limb
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Aorta 分成4段
•
Ascending aorta (升主動脈): 直接由右心室穿 出來•
Aortic arch (主動脈弓)•
Thoracic aorta (胸主動脈): 走在胸腔後胸壁上。
•
Abdominal aorta (腹主動脈): 走在腹腔後腹壁 上•
Thoracic aorta 和 abdominal aorta 可以合稱 為 descending aorta (降主動脈)，因為是由胸 部走到腹部。The Aorta
•
Ascending aorta—arises from the left ventricle• Branches—coronary arteries (冠狀動脈)
•
Aortic arch—lies posterior to the manubrium• Branches
• Brachiocephalic trunk(頭臂動脈)
• Left common carotid artery (左頸總動脈)
• Left subclavian artery (左鎖骨下動脈)
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The Aorta
Figure 20.9 Right common carotid
artery
Right subclavian artery Right internal
jugular vein
Right subclavian vein Right brachiocephalic vein
Left internal jugular vein
Left subclavian artery
Left subclavian vein Left brachiocephalic veinLeft common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic trunk Right pulmonary artery Superior vena cava
Ascending aorta
Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava
Aortic arch
Left pulmonary artery Ligamentum arteriosum
Thoracic aorta
Pulmonary trunk Left atrium
Left ventricle
The Aorta
•
Descending aorta—continues from the aortic arch•
Thoracic aorta—in the region of T5 –T 12
•
Abdominal aorta—ends at L4
•
Divides into right and left common iliac arteriesCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arteries of the Head and Neck
Figure 20.10a Superficial
temporal artery Ophthalmic artery
Maxillary artery Occipital artery Facial artery Lingual artery Superior thyroid artery
Larynx
Thyroid gland (overlying trachea) Clavicle (cut)
Brachiocephalic trunk
Internal thoracic artery
Basilar artery Vertebral artery Internal
carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
(a) Arteries of the head and neck, right aspect External
carotid artery Common carotid artery Thyrocervical trunk
Costocervical trunk
Branches of the external carotid artery
Common Carotid Arteries
•
外頸動脈 (External carotid artery) branches• Superior thyroid artery
• Lingual artery
• Facial artery
• Occipital artery
• Posterior auricular artery
• Superficial temporal artery
• Maxillary artery
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Common Carotid Arteries
•
內頸動脈(Internal carotid artery) branches• Optithalmic artery
• Anterior cerebral artery
• Anterior communicating artery
• Forms part of the cerebral arterial circle
• Middle cerebral artery
Vertebral Arteries
•
Supply the posterior brain•
Join to form the basilar artery• Basilar artery divides into two posterior cerebral arteries
• Posterior cerebral arteries connect to the
posterior communicating arteries
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Cerebral Arterial Circle大腦動脈環
•
Two posterior communicating arteries join the anterior communicating arteryFigure 20.10c
Frontal lobe Optic chiasma Middle
cerebral artery Internal carotid artery Mammillary body
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebral arterial circle
(circle of Willis)
Posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery Vertebral artery
Cerebellum Posterior communicating artery
(c) Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view, right side of cerebellum and part of right temporal lobe removed)
Pons
Anterior cerebral artery Anterior
communicating artery
Anterior
Posterior
Arteries of the Upper Limb 上肢的動脈
•
Subclavian artery enters the axilla as the axillary artery腋動脈•
Axillary artery becomes the brachial artery肱動脈 at the inferior border of teres major•
Brachial artery divides intoRadial artery橈動脈 and ulnar artery 尺動脈
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Arteries of the Upper Limb and Thorax
Figure 20.11 Vertebral artery
Costocervical trunk
Thoracoacromial artery Axillary artery
Subscapular artery
Radial artery Ulnar artery
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries
Brachial artery
Suprascapular artery Thyrocervical trunk
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery Deep artery of arm Common interosseous artery
Common carotid arteries Right subclavian artery Left subclavian artery Brachiocephalic trunk
Posterior intercostal arteries Anterior intercostal artery Internal thoracic artery Lateral thoracic artery Descending aorta
Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
•
Inferior phrenic arteries•
Celiac trunk•
Superior mesenteric artery•
Suprarenal arteries•
Renal arteries•
Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries•
Inferior mesenteric artery•
Common iliac arteriesCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arteries of the Abdominal Aorta
Figure 20.12 Hiatus (opening)
for inferior vena cava
Diaphragm
Inferior phrenic artery
Middle suprarenal artery Renal artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Median sacral
artery Common iliac artery
Ureter
Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) artery Hiatus (opening)
for esophagus
Celiac trunk
Adrenal (suprarenal) gland
Kidney
Abdominal aorta Lumbar arteries
The Celiac Trunk and Main Branches
(a) The celiac trunk and its major branches. The left half of the liver has been removed.
Liver (cut) Diaphragm
Esophagus
Left gastric artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Left gastroepiploic artery
Spleen Stomach
Pancreas
(major portion lies posterior to stomach)
Splenic artery Inferior vena cava
Celiac trunk
Hepatic artery proper Common hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery
Right gastric artery Gallbladder
Abdominal aorta
Right gastroepiploic artery
Duodenum
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.13b
Distribution of the Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Arteries
(b) Distribution of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. The transverse colon has been pulled superiorly.
Celiac trunk Transverse colon
Inferior mesenteric artery
Aorta
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon Rectum
Superior mesenteric artery
Ascending colon Ileum
Right common iliac artery
Appendix Cecum
Left colic artery Sigmoidal arteries Superior rectal artery Middle colic artery
Intestinal arteries Right colic artery Ileocolic artery
Branches of the superior
mesenteric artery Branches of the
superior
mesenteric artery
Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
•
Internal iliac arteries•
External iliac artery•
Femoral artery•
Popliteal artery•
Anterior tibial artery•
Posterior tibial arteryCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Internal Iliac Artery
Figure 20.14a
Common iliac artery
總腸骨動脈Aorta
末端(a) Anterior view Internal iliac artery
內腸骨動脈
External iliac artery
外腸骨動脈Internal Iliac Artery
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Medial umbilical ligament (obliterated umbilical artery of fetus)
Obturator artery
Superior vesical artery (to bladder)
(b) Medial view of the right pelvis of a female
Internal iliac artery
Gluteal arteries Middle rectal
artery (to rectum)
Uterine artery Inferior vesical artery (to bladder) and vaginal artery
Internal pudendal
artery (to perineum)
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Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Figure 20.15a Common iliac artery
Deep artery of thigh
Obturator artery Descending branch
Femoral artery Adductor hiatus Popliteal artery Genicular artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery
Dorsalis pedis artery Arcuate artery
Dorsal metatarsal arteries (a) Anterior view
Internal iliac artery Superior gluteal artery External iliac artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery Medial circumflex femoral artery
Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
(b) Posterior view of leg
Popliteal artery
Anterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis
artery (from top of foot)
Posterior tibial
artery
Fibular artery
Lateral plantar artery
Medial plantar
artery Plantar arch
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Venae Cavae and Tributaries
•
Superior vena cava 上腔靜脈• Returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm
•
Inferior vena cava下腔靜脈• Returns blood from body regions inferior to the diaphragm
•
Superior and inferior vena cava• Join the right atrium
Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
Renal vein Splenic vein
Basilic vein Brachial vein Cephalic vein Dural venous sinuses
External jugular vein Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein
Superior vena cava Right and left
brachiocephalic veins
Axillary vein
Great cardiac vein Hepatic veins
Hepatic portal vein
Superior mesenteric vein Inferior vena cava
Ulnar vein Radial vein
Common iliac vein
External iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
Digital veins
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein
Posterior tibial vein Anterior tibial vein Small saphenous vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Inferior mesenteric vein
Median cubital vein Subclavian vein
Veins of the head and trunk
Veins that drain the upper limb
Veins that drain the lower lim
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.17a
Veins of the Head and Neck
•
Venous drainage• Internal jugular veins
• External jugular veins
• Vertebral veins
(a) Veins of the head and neck, right superficial aspect
Vertebral vein Ophthalmic vein
Superficial temporal vein Facial vein
Occipital vein
Superior and middle thyroid veins
Posterior auricular vein External jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
Brachiocephalic vein Subclavian vein Superior vena cava
Veins of the Head and Neck
•
Dural sinuses硬 腦膜竇• Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
• Straight sinus
• Transverse sinuses
• Sigmoid sinus
(b) Dural venous sinuses of the brain Superior sagittal sinus
Falx cerebri
Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus
Cavernous sinus
Transverse sinuses Jugular foramen
Confluence of sinuses Sigmoid sinus
Right internal jugular vein
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Veins of the Upper Limbs
•
Deep veins 深靜脈• Follow the paths of companion arteries
• Have the same names as the companion arteries
•
Superficial veins淺靜脈• Visible beneath the skin
• Cephalic vein
• Basilic vein
• Median cubital vein
• Median vein of the forearm
Veins of the Thorax and Right Upper Limb
Right subclavian vein Brachiocephalic veins
Axillary vein Brachial vein Cephalic vein頭靜脈
Basilic vein貴要靜脈
Median cubital Vein 肘正中靜脈
Median
antebrachial
vein Basilic vein
Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Left subclavian vein Superior vena cava Azygos vein
Inferior vena cava
Ascending lumbar vein Accessory hemiazygos vein
Hemiazygos vein Posterior intercostals
Ulnar vein Deep palmar venous arch
Superficial palmar venous arch
Digital veins Cephalic vein
Radial vein
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Superficial Veins of the Right Upper Limb
•
Form anastomese frequently•
Median cubital vein is used to obtain blood or administer IV fluidsFigure 20.19a, b (a) Surface view, right upper limb (b) Cadaver dissection of same view
Biceps brachii
Basilic vein Cephalic vein
Medial cubital vein
Cephalic vein Median vein of the forearm
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Veins of the Thorax
•
Azygos vein奇靜脈•
Hemiazygos vein半奇靜脈•
Accessory hemiazygos vein副半 奇靜脈Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Veins of the Abdomen
•
Lumbar veins•
Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins•
Renal veins•
Suprarenal veins•
Hepatic veinsTributaries of the Inferior Vena Cava
Inferior phrenic vein Left suprarenal vein
Left ascending lumbar vein Lumbar veins
Left gonadal vein Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein Renal veins
Hepatic veins
Inferior vena cava Right suprarenal vein
Right gonadal vein
External iliac vein
(a) Tributaries of the inferior vena cava; venous drainage of
the paired abdominal organs.
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The Hepatic Portal System
• A specialized part of the vascular circuit
•
Picks up digested nutrients•
Delivers nutrients to the liver for processingThe Basic Scheme of the Hepatic Portal System
(b) The veins of the hepatic portal system Hepatic veins
Liver
Spleen
Gastric veins
Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava (not part of hepatic portal system)
Splenic vein Right
gastroepiploic vein Inferior
mesenteric vein Superior
mesenteric vein
Large intestine Hepatic portal vein
Small intestine
Rectum
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Veins of the Hepatic Portal System
Figure 20.21b (b) The veins of the hepatic portal system
Hepatic veins
Liver
Spleen
Gastric veins
Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava (not part of hepatic portal system)
Splenic vein Right
gastroepiploic vein Inferior
mesenteric vein Superior
mesenteric vein
Large intestine Hepatic portal vein
Small intestine
Rectum
Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
•
Deep veins• Share the name of the accompanying artery
•
Superficial veins•
Great saphenous vein empties into thefemoral vein
•
Small saphenous vein empties into thepopliteal vein
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Veins of the Right Lower Limb and Pelvis
Figure 20.22a Popliteal vein
Common iliac vein
Fibular vein
Anterior tibial vein Dorsalis pedis vein Dorsal venous arch Dorsal metatarsal veins
(a) Anterior view
Internal iliac vein External iliac vein Inguinal ligament
Great saphenous vein (superficial)
Small saphenous vein
Femoral vein
Veins of the Right Lower Limb and Pelvis
