Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Presenting as Post-extraction Hemorrhage
Aim: The aim of this article is to present a case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in order to emphasize the importance of the clinical exam since the anamnesis leads to a diagnostic hypothesis of ITP.
Background: Acute ITP is considered an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies against platelets, antigens produced by a viral infection, or a platelet sparing drug combination.
These antibodies adhere to platelets and are recognized and destroyed by the reticulo-endothelial system.
Consequently, the platelet count gradually diminishes and is insufficient for the maintenance of primary hemostasis.
Report: A 77-year-old woman presented with post-extraction intermittent bleeding. The physical examination revealed discoloration of the skin, multiple petechiae, hematomas, ecchymosis of the upper lip, bruises all over the body, gingiva that bled spontaneously, and a malformed blood clot at the extraction site of tooth
#44. The hematological exams confirmed the hypothesis of ITP. The patient was immediately hospitalized in the Hematology Department of a local hospital and received platelet replacement, hydration, medication, and general care. After the spontaneous bleeding stopped, the malformed clot was removed using alveolar curettage along with a thorough cleaning of the extraction site with a 0.9% saline solution before suturing the wound and prescribing medication. After the sixth day of hospitalization, the patient presented with the following results: Hb: 12.3 mg/dL, Ht: 36.1%, and PC: 87,000 mm3. The patient was then discharged and was placed under outpatient follow-up care.
Abstract
Introduction
Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is considered an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies against platelets, antigens produced by a viral infection, or a platelet sparing drug combination.
These antibodies that adhere to the platelets are recognized and destroyed by the reticulo- endothelial system. Consequently, the platelet count gradually diminishes and is insufficient for the maintenance of primary hemostasis.1,2 In the case of children, it generally precedes or accompanies a viral infection. However, in adults it is rarely associated with infectious diseases.3 Case Report
A 77-year-old woman presented to the
Stomatology Division at the Hospital Municipal do Tatuapé (HMCC) in São Paulo, Brazil with continuous intermittent post-extraction bleeding lasting for 12 hours. The extraction was
accomplished at a private clinic on the morning of the same day. The medical history revealed mild spontaneous gingival bleeding for a non- specific time. The patient had never presented hemorrhage related disorders (coagulopathies) but confirmed the existence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and Type II diabetes mellitus (DMII) without medical control. The physical examination revealed discoloration of the skin, multiple petechiae, hematomas, and bruises all over the body (Figures 1 A, B, and C).
The physical examination of the extra-oral region revealed an irregular purple spot consistent with ecchymosis of the upper lip. After oral hygiene procedures were performed, an intraoral examination revealed unhealthy teeth, extremely red gingiva that bled spontaneously on gentle probing, bad breath, and a malformed blood clot
Summary: The importance of the clinical exam must be emphasized since the anamnesis leads to a diagnostic hypothesis of ITP and provides the dental surgeon with an opportunity to make important systemic alterations to improve the prognosis of a patient with ITP.
Keywords: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, ITP, systemic alterations, post-extraction hemorrhage, dental surgery
Citation: Martini MZ, Lopez JS Jr., Gendler JLPL, da Fonseca EV, Soares HA, Franzi SA. Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenic Purpura Presenting as Post-extraction Hemorrhage. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 September;
(8)6:043-049.
Figure 1. The general physical examination revealed multiple petechiae over the body (A and B). Note the hematoma in the area of a venapuncture (C).
at the extraction site of tooth 44 (Figures 2A and B).
The diagnostic hypothesis was alveolar hemorrhage associated with coagulopathy, while the prime suspect was thrombocytopenia.
Hematological and biochemical exams confirmed the values shown in Table 1.
The patient was immediately hospitalized in the Hematology Department and received platelet replacement, hydration, medication (infusion of 5 units of platelet concentrate, 2 units of fresh plasma, 1.5 L of Ringer’s Lactate), and general care.
Following the diagnosis of ITP, SAH, DMII, and administration of medication, the following values were obtained: Hb: 9.5 mg/dL, Ht: 26.7%, and PC: 63,000 mm3 . When the spontaneous bleeding stopped, the malformed clot was removed using alveolar curettage along with a thorough cleaning of the site with 0.9%
saline solution prior to suturing the wound.
A combination of 1g of ampicillin and 1g of
metamizol was administered intravenous every six hours. Twenty-four hours later the patient again presented spontaneous gingival bleeding and the number of bruises on the body increased (Figure 3).
New hematological exams revealed the following results: Hb: 7.6 mg/dL, Ht: 22.3%, and PC:
20,000 mm3.
Five more units of concentrated platelets and two units of concentrated red blood cells were then infused. The patient improved without further problems. The bruises diminished and ultimately disappeared, and cicatrisation occurred within the expected period of time. After the sixth day of hospitalization, the patient presented with the following results: Hb: 12.3 mg/dL, Ht: 36.1%, and PC: 87,000 mm3, controlled SAH and DMII. The patient was discharged after eight days and was placed under outpatient follow-up care.
Discussion
Patients with ITP generally present with a history of recent viral infection, presence of Figure 2. Physical examination of the oral region revealed ecchymosis of the right side of the upper lip, unprovoked periodontal hemorrhage (black arrows) and multiple petechiae (white arrows) (A), and a malformed blood clot at the extraction site (Tooth #44) (B).
Table 1. Pre-treatment blood analysis of the patient.
petechiae, bruises on the body, and occasional mucosal bleeding.1,4,5,6 Bleeding of the joints, nose, and gastrointestinal tract as well as buccal ecchymosis are also common.7 Despite signs of bleeding, the patient is usually in good general condition.2,4Clinical characteristics become evident when the platelet count falls below 50,000/mm3. The accepted platelet threshold level for major bleeding is 30,000/mm3; values below this may result in serious consequences.3 Finucane et al.8 contraindicate dental surgical procedures or even regional anesthetic
techniques in patients with platelet counts below 30,000/mm3. According to Yeager et al.,9patients should be surgically manipulated only in extreme cases.
Themistocleous et al.3 emphasizes the importance of the clinical exam since the anamnesis leads to a diagnostic hypothesis of ITP (Table 2). This type of patient provides the dental surgeon with an opportunity to detect such adverse conditions and make appropriate systemic alterations to improve the prognosis.7,9 In this case, an investigation of gingival bleeding was insufficient. Signs such as generalized spontaneous gingival bleeding and the presence of petechiae and hematomas on the body should lead to a suspicion of altered coagulation. When coagulopathy is suspected, the general dental surgeon should refer these patients to specialized centers so precise diagnosis and procedures can be conducted. This patient presented at the emergency service with a platelet count of 24,000/mm3 which indicated an increased chance of bleeding during a surgical procedure.
Patients with acute ITP need hospitalization and special preparation for surgery. The
hematologist should be involved in the diagnosis, presurgical evolution, postsurgical preparation, and management of these patients.8The first-line treatment recommended for ITP by the American Society of Hematology (ASH) involves corticotherapy or intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin when the platelet count is below 30,000/mm3 and/or bleeding symptoms are present. In cases with a low platelet count and/or active bleeding, splenectomy and/or danazol can also be used as can immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine or cyclophosphamide).10 The specific mechanism of action of
corticosteroids is unclear, but they most likely act on the walls of blood vessels to reduce the size of endothelial junctions and diminish bleeding caused by the reduced number of platelets.
Corticosteroids also inhibit the production of antiplatelet antibodies, reduce the clearance of opsonized platelets, and inhibit the formation of immune complexes between antiplatelet antibodies and platelets.1
Besides corticotherapy, 1.5 L of Ringer’s lactate and two units of fresh plasma were immediately infused in the present case since the initial exams revealed a significant loss of blood volume. In an attempt to correct the low platelet count and stop bleeding, five more units of platelet concentration were infused. Local hemostatic maneuvers were also applied. Curettage of the malformed alveolar clot, cleaning, and suturing performed after the bleeding was controlled were not only needed for local hemostasis but also to reduce the chances of infection and help the healing process. Since the patient had uncontrolled DMII the risk for infection was significant. Although the sudden fall in platelet levels 24 hours after admission Figure 3. Twenty-four hours after hospitalization, the number of hematomas on the body increased (A and B). With the patient permission.
to the hospital required a new intervention for volume loss correction and platelet replacement, the patient recovered without any further
complications.
Despite spontaneous resolution after some months and excellent long-term prognosis with complication rates less than 1%,1,2,4complications caused by the use of corticosteroids in elderly patients and the negative response to treatment
are important factors to be considered in the prognosis of ITP treatment.10
Summary
The importance of the clinical exam must be emphasized since the anamnesis leads to a diagnostic hypothesis of ITP and provides the dental surgeon with an opportunity to make important systemic alterations to improve the prognosis of a patient with ITP.
Table 2.
Table extracted from: Themistocleous E, Ariyaratnam S, Dexbury AJ. Acute Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Case Report. Dent Update, 2004; 31:92-96
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