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Modals in Mandarin Chinese

144

Appendixes

Appendix 1: List of Chinese modals

a. Epistemic modals:

! ёૈ(it’s possible) —дёૈوΑ

ा(it’s possible)— ܴϺाΠߘΑ ᔈ၀(it’s necessary) —дᔈ၀ډΑփ

཮(it’s possible ) —

дᔈ၀཮ޕၰ೭ҹ٣ ёа(it’s possible) —ኧᏢёаࡐԖ፪

ૈ(it’s possible) —дܴϺૈٰ࣮գ

b. Deontic modals:

! ᔈ၀(ought to, have to) —

գᔈ၀ததӣৎ࣮Р҆

ૈ(permitted)— ϦӅ൑܌όૈܜྟ

c. Dynamic modals:

ૈ(be able to) —дૈቸถ

ૈ୼(be able to) —дૈ୼ෞጸԄ

཮(be able to) —೾Ⴀҁٰό཮ݓф ёа(be able to) —дёа᚛ଭ

ा(want to) — дाᏢୠᄺ

ޭ(be willing to) —дޭᏢ଺໭Α

ඪ(dare to) —дඪՐଲࡂ d. Stacking modals

஭Οёૈёа཮ᇥΟΜᅿᇟق!

!!஭Οᔈ၀ளඪୠᄺ!

!!!!!!!!!!!)όฅ࡛ሶୖуᄺୠКᖻ*

!!஭Οᔈ၀ёаૈ୼ᇴ΢೭੤ً!

!!!!)ᗋԖΟϩដ-ԶЪ஭Οາளࡐז*!

!!஭Οёૈளޭᇥߓ܎դᇟ!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)ωԖᐒ཮྽ѦҬ۔*

ा(ought to, have to) —

ॷΑᒲ,գा૶ளᗋ ёа(permitted) —дёаΠ੤Α ள(ought to, have to) —ךܴϺள΢ፐ

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Appendixes

145 Appendix 2: Teaching materials—

Arrangement and explanations of modals

Modal

Chinese Primer (1989)

Integrated Chinese

1 & 2 (1997)

Practical Chinese Reader

(1997)

New Practical

Chinese Reader 1

(2004)

Basic Spoken Chinese (2005) ᔈ၀1

Possibility

Unit21-1

ᔈ၀2 Necessity

ᔈ၀3 Obligation

1L15-2 Should

၀Ǻ 2L9

L11 Should, ought to ёа1

Possibility

Unit14-1

ёа2 Permission

Unit2-3 May, be permitted

L4 L11 May

Unit5-1 Can, may,

be permitted

Unit7-2 May,

be permitted Unit11,13-4

Could you ёа3

Ability

1L5-1

Can, may L26

L11=ૈ

Skill possession

Unit12 Be able to

཮1 1L10

L26

Unit 8

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Modals in Mandarin Chinese

146

Possibility Can, know

how to

Be likely to, will Unit13-2,4

Be likely to, would, will

཮2 Necessity

཮3 Ability

Unit1-4 Know how

to

1L8 Compared

with neng

L11 Acquire through learning

Unit7-2 Know how

ૈ1 Possibility

Unit1-5 Prediction

—will, will likely

ૈ2 Permission

L11

ૈ3 Ability

Unit1-5 Can, be

able to

1L8 Can, be able to

L26

L11ɨёа Skill possession,

can, be able to

Unit6-3 Be able,

can (contrast withёа)

Unit7-2 Be physically

able to Unit14-2

(4)

Appendixes

147 ඪ

Dare

2L8

ޭ Willingness

Unit4-4 Willing to

2L11

όѸno need

Not necessary

2L16

L29(adv.) Not necessary

Unit9-2 Don’t need

to (the negative form of ள“must”) όҔno

need Not necessary

Unit2-3 Don’t have

to (no positive

form)

L9 Need not

L5(adv.) Need not

Unit9-1 No need to (note onࣘ)

ள Obligation

Unit2-4 Must, have

to (no negative

form)

1L6-2 Must, have to

L15 To need,

must, have to

Unit1 Must

* If the modal is not covered in a particular textbook, we leave the space blank.

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