2 (10.0%) 4 (20.0%) 13 (65.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

表 4.1.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者生理參數之主要效果及交互作用效果分析¹ Table 4.1.1 Anthropometric parameters of the subjects, analyzed by two-way ANOVA¹

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

Estradiol (pg/ml)

Age at menarche (years)

Exercise status .0729 .6579 .3732 .2753 .1907

Menstrual status .2508 .5985 .6010 ＜.0001 .3355

Interaction .2508 .6884 .4819 .4641 .6651

1p-values of main effect.

表 4.1.2 各組受試者之生理參數¹

Table 4.1.2 Anthropometric parameters of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05).

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

Age (years) 19.8 ± 1.1^a 19.8 ± 1.0^a 20.0 ± 1.5^a 20.7 ± 1.7^a .1252

Height (cm) 161.2 ± 5.4^a 161.3 ± 5.9^a 160.1 ± 4.2^a 161.3 ± 5.8^a .8835

Weight (kg) 53.7 ± 6.3^a 54.0 ± 6.3^a 53.4 ± 7.0^a 51.5 ± 8.8^a .6698

表 4.2 各組受試者之運動習慣¹

Table 4.2 Exercise status of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05).

表 4.3 各組受試者之血清雌激素濃度與初經年齡調查¹

Table 4.3 Serum estradiol concentration and age at menarche of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05).

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

Exercise frequency

(times/week) 6.6 ± 2.6^a 6.8 ± 2.9^a 1.7 ± 2.6^b 0.9 ± 1.5^b ＜.0001 Exercise time

(hours/week) 18.8 ± 4.5^a 19.0 ± 8.4^a 0.9 ± 1.3^b 1.0 ± 1.9^b ＜.0001 Exercise duration

(years) 7.5 ± 3.1^a 7.8 ± 3.7^a 0.7 ± 1.6^b 0.5 ± 0.8^b ＜.0001

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

Estradiol

(pg/ml) .174.4.±.126.4^a .84.1.±.33.0^b

0

141.8.±.83.6^a .77.7.±.37.3^b

00

.0004 Age at menarche

(years) 12.3 ± 1.3^a 12.7 ± 1.3^a 12.0 ± 1.3^a 12.2 ± 1.2^a .4162

表 4.4.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者自我體型認知之主要效果及交互作用效果分析¹ Table 4.4.1 Self-perceived body image of the subjects, analyzed by two-way ANOVA¹

Desired somatotype

Current somatotype

Difference in somatotype

Desired BMI

Current BMI

Difference in BMI

Desired WHR

Current WHR

Difference in WHR

Exercise status .0001 .9728 .0329 .4959 .4467 .2118 .9526 .7784 .7256 Menstrual status .5650 .9159 .6782 .6842 .3866 .2317 .1430 .9293 .1235 Interaction .8446 .1663 .2129 .9430 .2861 .2256 .1999 .2660 .9077

1p-values of main effect. Difference = Desired – Current. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio.

表 4.4.2 各組受試者之自我體型認知¹

Table 4.4.2 Self-perceived body image of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05). Difference = Desired – Current. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

Desired somatotype (score)

2.7 ± 0.9b

2.9 ± 1.1b

3.6 ± 0.7a

3.6 ± 0.9a

.0017

Current somatotype (score)

4.6 ± 1.1a

5.1 ± 1.4a

5.1 ± 1.7a

4.6 ± 1.9a

.4894

Difference in somatotype (score)

-1.9 ± -1.1a

-2.3 ± -1.8a

-1.6 ± -1.6a

-1.0 ± -1.8a

.0825

Desired BMI (score)

18.0 ± 1.4a

18.1 ± 1.3a

18.2 ± 1.0a

18.3 ± 1.4a

.8886

Current BMI (score)

20.6 ± 1.7a

20.8 ± 1.8a

20.8 ± 2.3a

19.8 ± 3.2a

.4824

Difference in BMI (score)

-2.7 ± -1.3a

-2.7 ± -2.1a

-2.7 ± -1.8a

-1.5 ± -3.0a

.2218

Desired WHR (score)

0.70 ± 0.03a

0.72 ± 0.03a

0.71 ± 0.04a

0.71 ± 0.03a

.2895

Current WHR (score)

0.72 ± 0.03a

0.73 ± 0.04a

0.73 ± 0.03a

0.72 ± 0.04a

.7170

Difference in WHR (score)

-0.02 ± 0.04a

-0.01 ± 0.03a

-0.02 ± 0.04a

-0.01 ± 0.03a

.4670

表 4.4.3 各組受試者自我體型（somatotype）認知之分布¹ Table 4.4.3 Self-perceived body image (somatotype) of the subjects¹

1Difference = Desired – Current.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20) Desired somatotype (score)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 (10.0%) 4 (20.0%) 13 (65.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%) 7 (35.0%) 8 (40.0%) 3 (15.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 12 (57.1%)

6 (28.6%) 3 (14.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%) 9 (45.0%) 8 (40.0%) 1 (5.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Current somatotype (score)

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 3 (15.0%) 6 (30.0%) 9 (45.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 6 (30.0%) 6 (30.0%) 4 (20.0%) 2 (10.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (9.5%) 5 (23.8%) 3 (14.3%) 6 (28.6%) 2 (9.5%) 2 (9.5%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (20.0%) 2 (10.0%) 3 (15.0%) 6 (30.0%) 3 (15.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 1 (5.0%)

Difference in somatotype (score)

.-5

.-4 .-3 .-2 .-1 0 1 2 3 4

0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 5 (25.0%) 8 (40.0%) 3 (15.0%) 3 (15.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 4 (20.0%) 6 (30.0%) 7 (35.0%) 1 (5.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%)

1 (4.7%) 1 (4.7%) 4 (19.0%) 5 (23.8%) 4 (19.0%) 5 (23.8%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.7%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%)

9 (45.0%)

1 (5.0%)

2 (10.0%)

4 (20.0%)

2 (10.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

表 4.4.4 各組受試者自我體型（BMI）認知之分布¹ Table 4.4.4 Self-perceived body image (BMI) of the subjects¹

1Difference = Desired – Current. BMI, body mass index.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20) Desired BMI (kg/m²)

15.5 ~ 16.4 16.5 ~ 17.4 17.5 ~ 18.4 18.5 ~ 19.4 19.5 ~ 20.4 20.5 ~ 21.4 21.5 ~ 22.4

2 (10.0%) 5 (25.0%) 8 (40.0%) 1 (5.0%) 2 (10.0%) 2 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)

2 (10.0%) 2 (10.0%) 10 (50.0%) 3 (15.0%) 2 (10.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (4.8%) 5 (23.8%) 9 (42.9%) 3 (14.3%) 3 (14.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%) 6 (30.0%) 7 (35.0%) 2 (10.0%) 3 (15.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%)

Current BMI (kg/m²)

15.5 ~ 16.4 16.5 ~ 17.4 17.5 ~ 18.4 18.5 ~ 19.4 19.5 ~ 20.4 20.5 ~ 21.4 21.5 ~ 22.4 22.5 ~ 23.4 23.5 ~ 24.4 24.5 ~

0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 6 (30.0%) 7 (35.0%) 2 (10.0%) 1 (5.0%) 2 (10.0%) 2 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 1 (5.0%) 2 (10.0%) 5 (25.0%) 4 (20.0%) 5 (25.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%)

1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (9.5%) 4 (19.0%) 2 (9.5%) 4 (19.0%) 3 (14.3%) 1 (4.8%) 3 (14.3%) 1 (4.8%)

2 (10.0%) 3 (15.0%) 2 (10.0%) 3 (15.0%) 4 (20.0%) 2 (10.0%) 2 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (10.0%)

Difference in BMI (kg/m²)

-4.6 ~ -3.6 ~ -4.5 -2.6 ~ -3.5 -1.6 ~ -2.5 -0.6 ~ -1.5 -0.5 ~ -0.5 -0.6 ~ .1.5 -1.6 ~ .2.5 -2.6 ~ .3.5 -3.6 ~ .4.5

2 (10.0%) 4 (20.0%) 3 (15.0%) 6 (30%) 4 (20.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

3 (15.0%) 3 (15.0%) 5 (25.0%) 5 (25.0%) 2 (10.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%)

5 (23.8%) 1 (4.8%) 4 (19.0%) 5 (23.8%) 5 (23.8%) 1 (4.8%) 1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%)

2 (10%)

2 (10.0%)

4 (20.0%)

4 (20.0%)

3 (15.0%)

1 (5.0%)

2 (10.0%)

1 (5.0%)

0 (0.0%)

表 4.4.5 各組受試者自我體型（WHR）認知之分布¹ Table 4.4.5 Self-perceived body image (WHR) of the subjects¹

1Difference = Desired – Current. WHR, waist to hip ratio.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20) Desired WHR

0.65 ~ 0.66 ~ 0.70 0.71 ~ 0.75 0.76 ~ 0.80 0.81 ~ 0.85 0.86 ~ 0.90 0.91 ~ 0.95

1 (5.0%) 10 (50.0%)

8 (40.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 3 (15.0%) 15 (75.0%) 2 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 12 (57.1%)

8 (38.1%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%) 8 (40.0%) 10 (50.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Current WHR

0.65 ~ 0.66 ~ 0.70 0.71 ~ 0.75 0.76 ~ 0.80 0.81 ~ 0.85 0.86 ~ 0.90 0.90~

0 (0.0%) 8 (40.0%) 9 (45.0%) 3 (15.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 7 (35.0%) 11 (55.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) 3 (14.3%) 13 (61.9%) 5 (23.8%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%) 4 (20.0%) 12 (60.0%) 2 (10.0%) 1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

Difference in WHR

-0.06 ~

-0.03 ~ -0.05 -0.02 ~ .0.02 -0.03 ~ .0.05 -0.06 ~

4 (20.0%) 4 (20.0%) 10 (50.0%) 2 (10.0%) 0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%) 5 (25.0%) 11 (55.0%) 3 (15.0%) 0 (0.0%)

5 (23.8%) 6 (28.6%) 10 (47.6%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)

2 (10.0%)

4 (20.0%)

12 (60.0%)

2 (10.0%)

0 (0.0%)

表 4.5.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者飲食態度之主要效果及交互作用效果分析¹ Table 4.5.1 Eating Attitudes Test of the subjects, analyzed by two-way ANOVA¹

Total EAT score Dieting Bulimia and food preoccupation

Oral control

Exercise status .1611 .0102 .8315 .1238

Menstrual status .1025 .1172 .8315 .3140

Interaction .1172 .5332 .7890 .0030

1p-values of main effect.

表 4.5.2 各組受試者之飲食態度¹

Table 4.5.2 Eating Attitudes Test of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05).

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

Total EAT score 12.0 ± 7.6^a . 12.1 ± 7.2^a 7.5 ± 4.4^a 12.3 ± 7.0^a .0678

Dieting ..8.0 ± 4.8^a ..9.1 ± 5.4^a 4.4 ± 3.8^b . 6.9 ± 5.6^ab .0237

Bulimia and food preoccupation

. 1.4 ± 2.3^a ..1.7 ± 2.0^a 1.4 ± 2.4^a ..1.4 ± 2.6^a .9834

Oral control . .2.6 ± 3.0^ab ..1.4 ± 1.9^b . ..1.7 ± 2.7^b 4.1 ± 2.8^a .0077

Number of subjects with EAT score ≧ 20

4 2 0 2 ---

％ of subjects with EAT score ≧ 20

20 10 0 10 ---

表 4.6.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者食物攝取調查之主要效果及交互作用效果分析¹ Table 4.6.1Dietary survey of the subjects, analyzed by two-way ANOVA¹

Grains

(Ex/day)

Egg, bean, fish and

meat

(Ex/day)

Milk

(Ex/day)

Vegetables

(Ex/day)

Fruits

(Ex/day)

Ca intake

(mg/day)

Fe intake

(mg/day)

Energy

(kcal/day)

Protein

(g/day)

Protein density

(g/1000 kcal)

Exercise status .0135 .4337 .5420 ＜.0001 .2191 .6736 .3324 .2539 .1634 .5274 Menstrual status .3166 .9019 .9641 .8581 .4604 .9263 .8378 .9930 .6693 .4067

Interaction .4091 .2630 .0789 .0579 .7853 .1026 .4658 .4178 .8430 .2159

1p-values of main effect. Ex, exchange.

表 4.6.2 各組受試者之食物攝取調查¹

Table 4.6.2 Dietary survey of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05). Ex, exchange.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

Grains (Ex/day)

6.5 ± 2.1^b 6.4 ± 2.2^b 8.2 ± 2.5^a 7.3 ± 2.3^ab .0487

Egg, bean, fish and

meat (Ex/day) 3.9 ± 2.3^a 3.4 ± 1.5^a 3.7 ± 1.5^a 4.1 ± 1.8^a .5991

Milk

(Ex/day) 0.7 ± 0.9^a 1.0 ± 1.4^a 0.9 ± 0.6^a 0.6 ± 0.4^a .3248 Vegetables

(Ex/day) 0.7 ± 0.5^b 1.0 ± 1.1^b 2.0 ± 1.1^a 1.6 ± 0.7^a ＜.0001 Fruits

(Ex/day) 0.6 ± 0.8^a 0.9 ± 0.8^a 1.0 ± 0.8^a 1.1 ± 1.3^a .5466 Ca intake

(mg/day) 212 ± 225^a 309 ± 371^a 341 ± 276^a 232 ± 229^a .4069 Fe intake

(mg/day) 4.7 ± 4.2^a 4.0 ± 1.8^a 4.9 ± 3.7^a 5.3 ± 3.1^a .6799 Energy

(kcal/day) ..1361 ± 453^a ..1432 ± 358^a ..1531 ± 364^a ..1461 ± 385^a .5735 Protein

(g/day) 45.5 ± 18.2^a 44.7 ± 15.3^a 51.0 ± 14.5^a 48.9 ± 13.5^a .5300 Protein density

(g/1000kcal) ^.34.0 ± 8.7^a ...30.8 ± 5.0^a ...33.0 ± 4.4^a .33.7 ± 8.0^a .4578

表 4.6.3 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者熱量分配調查之主要效果及交互作用效果分析¹ Table 4.6.3Energy intake survey of the subjects, analyzed by two-way ANOVA¹

Breakfast

(times/week)

Lunch and Supper

(times/week)

Snack

(times/week)

Late snack

(times/week)

Drinks

(times/week)

Drinks

(Ex/day)

Exercise status .0553 .0019 .0098 .7257 .1547 .0143

Menstrual status .2719 .6141 .7510 .0662 .5746 .5835

Interaction .4059 .5088 .1627 .4789 .2380 .1926

Meal

(kcal/day)

Snack

(kcal/day)

Late snack

(kcal/day)

Drinks

(kcal/day)

Meal

(%)

Snack

(%)

Late snack

(%)

Drinks

(%)

Exercise status .0029 .0191 .8312 .0515 .0002 .0030 .7602 .0013 Menstrual status .6702 .1909 .2564 .7268 .4119 .1703 .2129 .5061

Interaction .1387 .7875 .2056 .1974 .6827 .7374 .3598 .1507

1p-values of main effect. Snack: consumed before supper, in addition to regular meals. Late snack: consumed after supper and before sleep.

表 4.6.4 各組受試者之熱量分配調查¹

Table 4.6.4 Energy intake survey of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05). Snack:

consumed before supper, in addition to regular meals. Late snack: consumed after supper and before sleep.

Ex, exchange.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

Consumption frequency (times/week)

Breakfast 6.1 ± 1.2^a 5.4 ± 1.6^a 5.0 ± 2.0^a 5.0 ± 1.5^a .1380 Lunch and Supper ..10.2 ± 3.4^b ..10.3 ± 3.3^b ..12.6 ± 1.9^a 11.9 ± 2.6^ab .0147 Snack 5.1 ± 2.6^a 4.5 ± 2.6^a 2.8 ± 2.2^b .3.8 ± 2.8^ab .0243 Late snack 1.2 ± 1.7^a 2.3 ± 1.7^a 1.6 ± 1.9^a 2.1 ± 2.1^a .2632 Drinks 8.9 ± 6.7^a 6.4 ± 4.4^a 5.2 ± 5.2^a 6.1 ± 8.5^a .2913

Energy source Drinks

(Ex/day) 2.7 ± 1.9^a ..1.9 ± 1.3^ab 1.2 ± 1.5^b 1.5 ± 2.2^b .0466 Meal

(kcal/day) 973 ± 295^b .1051 ± 387^b 1305 ± 371^a 1165 ± 225^ab .0104 Snack

(kcal/day) 149 ± 130^a ...175 ± 94^a 84 ± 85^a 123 ± 124^a .0618 Late snack

(kcal/day) 23 ± 35^a 48 ± 40^a 39 ± 52^a 37 ± 53^a .4054

Drinks

(kcal/day) 215 ± 160^a 159 ± 109^a 103 ± 117^a 136 ± 206^a .1333 Energy distribution (%)

Meal (%) 73.2 ± 12.2^b 72.1 ± 13.5^b 84.6 ± 9.8^a 81.3 ± 12.2^a .0023 Snack (%) 10.4 ± 7.1^ab . 13.1 ± 8.5^a 6.0 ± 6.5^b 7.7 ± 6.6^b .0130 Late snack (%) 1.6 ± 2.5^a 3.5 ± 3.1^a 2.7 ± 4.1^a 3.0 ± 5.4^a .4814 Drinks (%) 14.8 ± 8.3^a 11.3 ± 7.1^ab 6.8 ± 6.3^b 8.1 ± 8.3^b .0051

表 4.7.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者身體組成之主要效果及交互作用效果分析¹ Table 4.7.1 Body composition of the subjects, analyzed by two-way ANOVA¹

BMI (kg/m²)

WHR TSF

（mm）

Fat Mass

(kg) FFM

(kg) TBW

(kg) BM (kg)

Fat mass (%)

FFM (%)

Muscle mass (%)

TBW (%)

BM (%)

DBUA (dB/MHz)

NDBUA

(dB/MHz)

Exercise status

.4667 .7784 .0923 .3202 .0077 .0078 .0081 .0900 .0887 .0733 .0797 .6224 .0097 .0005

Menstrual status

.3866 .9293 .2502 .4381 .9268 .9307 .9149 .3222 .2918 .3551 .3582 .6224 .7349 .7427

Interaction .2861 .2660 .9812 .8633 .2773 .2700 .2722 .9528 .9225 .8956 .9126 .3521 .2616 .0382

1p-values of main effect. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; TSF, triceps skinfold thickness; FFM, fat –free mass; TBW, total body water; BM, bone mass; DBUA, dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; NDBUA, non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz.

表 4.7.2 各組受試者之身體組成分析¹

Table 4.7.2 Body composition of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05). BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; TSF, triceps skinfold thickness; FFM, fat –free mass; TBW, total body water;

BM, bone mass; DBUA, dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; NDBUA, non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

BMI (kg/m²) 20.6.±.1.7^a 0 20.8.±.1.8^a 0 20.8.±.2.3^a 0 19.8.±.3.2^a 0 .4824

WHR 0.72.±.0.03^a 0.73.±.0.04^a 0.73.±.0.03^a 0.72.±.0.04^a .7170

TSF（mm） ..18.7.±.2.4^a ..17.8.±.3.2^a ..20.0.±.3.3^a .19.2.±.4.6^a .2400

Fat mass (kg) .12.8.±.3.2^a 0 12.3.±.3.6^a 0 14.0.±.4.3^a 0 13.1.±.5.9^a 0 .6462

FFM (kg) ..40.9.±.3.8^ab 0

41.8.±.4.1^a 0 39.5.±.3.6^ab 0

38.4.±.4.3^b 0 .0416

TBW (kg) .28.3.±.2.7^ab 0 28.9.±.2.9^a 0 27.3.±.2.5^ab 0

26.5.±.3.0^b 0 .0414

BM (kg) .2.36.±.0.17^ab 2.40.±.0.18^a .2.29.±.0.16^ab 2.25.±.0.19^b .0426

Fat mass (%) 23.7.±.3.7^a 0 .22.4.±.4.8^a 0 25.6.±.5.5^a 0 24.5.±.7.0^a 0 .2716

FFM (%) 76.43±.3.9^a 0 77.7.±.4.8^a 0 74.3.±.5.5^a 0 75.5.±.7.1^a 0 .2545

Muscle mass (%) 72.0.±.3.6^a 0 73.2.±.4.6^a 0 70.0.±.5.1^a 0 71.0.±.6.5^a 0 .2480

TBW (%) 52.8.±.2.6^a 0 53.6.±.3.3^a 0 51.3.±.3.8^a 0 52.1.±.4.8^a 0 .2639

BM (%) 4.4.±.0.5^a 4.4.±.0.5^a 4.2.±.0.4^a 4.4.±.0.6^a .7077

DBUA (dB/MHz) 90.1.±.12.3^a 92.6.±.17.5^a .85.1.±.11.4^ab 80.4.±.16.3^b .0466

NDBUA (dB/MHz) 86.8.±.11.6^ab 94.0.±.14.5^a .82.4.±.12.8^bc 77.2.±.13.6^c .0012

表 4.8 各組受試者之維生素 D 受器基因型頻度¹

Table 4.8 Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism frequencies of the subjects¹

1Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is defined by BsmI. The presence of a restriction site at the VDR gene locus was specified as“b”, whereas absence of this site was“B”.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Total (n = 81) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20) Number of subjects

with

BB

1 (5.0%) 1 (5.0%) 1 (4.8%) 1 (5.0%) 4 (4.9%)

Number of subjects with

Bb

1 (5.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (1.2%)

Number of subjects with

bb

18 (90.0%) 19 (95.0%) 20 (95.2%) 19 (95.0%) 76 (93.8%)

表 4.9.1 運動訓練與月經週期規律性對受試者尿液分析之主要效果及交互作用效果分析¹ Table 4.9.1Urinary analysis of the subjects, analyzed by two-way ANOVA¹

HP/Crt

(µmole/mg) 3-MH/Crt

(µmole/mg) Ca/Crt

(µg/mg) pH

Exercise status 0.7685 0.7729 0.9630 0.7534 Menstrual status 0.9303 0.1125 0.2329 0.1020

Interaction 0.5248 0.7123 0.9506 0.4366

1p-values of main effect. HP, hydroxyproline; Crt, creatinine; 3-MH, 3-methylhistidine.

表 4.9.2 各組受試者之尿液分析¹

Table 4.9.2 Urinary analysis of the subjects, analyzed by one-way ANOVA¹

1Values are mean ± S.D.. Values with same superscripts are not significantly different (p<.05). HP, hydroxyproline; Crt, creatinine; 3-MH, 3-methylhistidine.

Exercise (n = 40) Sedentary (n = 41) Regular

menstruation (n = 20)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

Regular menstruation

(n = 21)

Irregular menstruation

(n = 20)

p

HP/Crt

(µmole/mg) 0.080 ± 0.043^a 0.073 ± 0.033^a 0.076 ± 0.040^a 0.082 ± 0.054^a .9190 3-MH/Crt

(µmole/mg) 0.152 ± 0.107^a 0.129 ± 0.049^a 0.164 ± 0.090^a 0.128 ± 0.078^a .4244 Ca/Crt

(µg/mg) 69.1 ± 41.1^a 57.7 ± 41.3^a 69.2 ± 51.7^a 56.6 ± 44.7^a .6943

pH value 5.93 ± 0.40^a 6.29 ± 0.89^a 6.00 ± 0.46^a 6.13 ± 0.74^a .3376

表 4.10.1 運動組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析¹

Table 4.10.1 Correlations among body image, dietary intake and body composition of the exercise group¹ Desired

somatotype

Current somatotype

Difference somatotype

Energy (kcal/day)

Weight (kg)

BMI (kg/m²)

WHR TSF (mm)

FM (kg)

FM (%)

Desired --- .134 .527^*** .003 .246 .023 .042 -.121 .068 -.083 Current --- --- -.772^*** -.011 .563^*** .552^*** .331^* .373^* .520^*** .368^*

Difference --- --- --- .012 -.325^* -.459^** -.257 -.397^* -.403^* -.369^*

Energy (kcal/day) --- --- --- --- .147 .164 .115 .169 .170 .162 Weight (kg) --- --- --- --- --- .796^*** .417^** .527^*** .824^*** .545^***

BMI (kg/m²) --- --- --- --- --- --- .510^*** .863^*** .943^*** .849^***

WHR --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .306 .405^** .285

TSF (mm) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .905^*** .978^***

FM (kg) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .918^***

1Difference = Desired – Current. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; TSF, triceps skinfold thickness; FM, fat mass (N = 40).

*p<.05, ^**p<.01, ^***p<.001.

表 4.10.2 靜態組體型意識、熱量攝取與身體組成之相關分析¹

Table 4.10.2 Correlations among body image, dietary intake and body composition of the sedentary group¹ Desired

somatotype

Current somatotype

Difference somatotype

Energy (kcal/day)

Weight (kg)

BMI (kg/m²)

WHR TSF (mm)

FM (kg)

FM (%)

Desired --- .329^* .101 .218 .131 .192 .120 .193 .189 .192 Current --- --- -.906^*** .134 .823^*** .887^*** .429^** .838^*** .857^*** .816^***

Difference --- --- --- -.044 -.808^*** -.849^*** -.398^** -.796^*** -.819^*** -.773^***

Energy (kcal/day) --- --- --- --- .142 .119 .013 .025 .043 -.024 Weight (kg) --- --- --- --- --- .908^*** .345^* .807^*** .907^*** .749^***

BMI (kg/m²) --- --- --- --- --- --- .472^** .929^*** .945^*** .867^***

WHR --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .389^* .375^* .335^*

TSF (mm) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .975^*** .973^***

FM (kg) --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .944^***

1Difference = Desired – Current. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; TSF, triceps skinfold thickness; FM, fat mass (N = 41).

*p<.05, ^**p<.01, ^***p<.001.

表 4.11.1 運動組骨量、骨質與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分析¹

Table 4.11.1 Correlations among bone mass, calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation, exercise status, dietary intake and body composition of the exercise group¹ BM

(kg)

DBUA

(dB/MHz)

NDBUA

(dB/MHz)

Exercise frequency

(times/week)

Exercise time

(hours/week)

Exercise duration

(years)

Weight

(kg)

BMI

(kg/m²)

Estradiol

(pg/ml)

Ca intake

(mg/day)

Milk

(Ex/day)

HP/Crt

(µmole/mg)

Ca/Crt

(µmole/mg)

BM

(kg)

--- .250 .182 -.062 -.026 .296 .875^*** .450^** -.020 .156 .153 -.024 .049

DBUA

(dB/MHz)

--- --- .780^*** -.116 -.070 -.025 .133 -.070 .015 -.028 -.003 -.202 .068

NDBUA

(dB/MHz)

--- --- --- -.248 -.248 -.040 .135 .037 -.215 .226 .197 -.128 .005

1BM, bone mass; DBUA, dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; NDBUA, non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz; BMI, body mass index; Ex, exchange; HP, hydroxyproline; Crt, creatinine (N = 40).

*p<.05, ^**p<.01, ^***p<.001.

表 4.11.2 靜態組骨量、骨質與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分析¹

Table 4.11.2 Correlations among bone mass, calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation, exercise status, dietary intake and body composition of the sedentary group¹ BM

(kg)

DBUA

(dB/MHz)

NDBUA

(dB/MHz)

Exercise frequency

(times/week)

Exercise time

(hours/week)

Exercise duration

(years)

Weight

(kg)

BMI

(kg/m²)

Estradiol

(pg/ml)

Ca intake

(mg/day)

Milk

(Ex/day)

HP/Crt

(µmole/mg)

Ca/Crt

(µmole/mg)

BM

(kg)

--- .282 .388 .199 .243 .263 .835^*** .599^*** -.056 .270 .098 .034 .026

DBUA

(dB/MHz)

--- --- .762^*** .270 .307 .254 .278 .257 .020 .116 .225 .242 .280

NDBUA

(dB/MHz)

--- --- --- .086 .126 .089 .352^* .285 .003 -.007 .182 .110 .092

1BM, bone mass; DBUA, dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; NDBUA, non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz; BMI, body mass index; Ex, exchange; HP, hydroxyproline; Crt, creatinine (N = 41).

*p<.05, ^**p<.01, ^***p<.001.

表 4.11.3 受試者骨量、骨質與運動習慣、飲食攝取、身體組成之相關分析¹

Table 4.11.3 Correlations among bone mass, calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation, exercise status, dietary intake and body composition of the subjects¹ BM

(kg)

DBUA

(dB/MHz)

NDBUA

(dB/MHz)

Exercise frequency

(times/week)

Exercise time

(hours/week)

Exercise duration

(years)

Weight

(kg)

BMI

(kg/m²)

Estradiol

(pg/ml)

Ca intake

(mg/day)

Milk

(Ex/day)

HP/Crt

(µmole/mg)

Ca/Crt

(µmole/mg)

BM

(kg)

--- .327^** .362^*** .254^* .269^* .383^*** .834^*** .528^*** -.002 .184 .140 -.001 .036

DBUA

(dB/MHz)

--- --- .792^*** .246^* .252^* .257^* .229^* .143 .046 .020 .078 .028 .173

NDBUA

(dB/MHz)

--- --- --- .216^* .263^* .299^** .273^* .203 -.073 .092 .191 -.008 .050

1BM, bone mass; DBUA, dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; NDBUA, non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz; BMI, body mass index; Ex, exchange; HP, hydroxyproline; Crt, creatinine (N = 81).

*p<.05, ^**p<.01, ^***p<.001.

表 4.12 各組受試者初經年齡與骨量、骨質、身體組成之相關分析¹

Table 4.12 Correlations among age at menarche, bone mass, calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation and body composition of the subjects¹

BMI (kg/m²)

Fat mass (kg)

Fat mass (%)

BM (kg)

DBUA (dB/MHz)

NDBUA (dB/MHz)

Regular menstruation exercise group (n = 20)

Age at menarche (years) -.235 -.245 -.208 -.148 .340 .249 Estradiol duration (years) .061 .086 .232 -.250 -.315 -.070

Irregular menstruation exercise group (n = 20)

Age at menarche (years) .080 .036 -.026 .299 -.146 -.349 Estradiol duration (years) -.090 -.095 -.263 .203 .387 .586^**

Regular menstruation sedentary group (n = 21)

Age at menarche (years) -.634^** -.607^** -.521^* -.512^* .338 .110 Estradiol duration (years) .485^* .437^* .386 .409 -.339 -.010

Irregular menstruation sedentary group (n = 20)

Age at menarche (years) -.112 -.095 -.245 .377 .210 .301 Estradiol duration (years) .100 .192 .346 -.202 -.058 -.231

1BMI, body mass index; BM, bone mass; DBUA, dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation;

NDBUA, non-dominant calcaneus broadband ultrasound attenuation; dB/MHz, decibels/megahertz.

*p<.05, ^**p<.01.

圖4.1 運動組之初經年齡分布

0

4.8 26.3

14.3 21.1

47.6

21.1 23.8

5.3

9.5 26.3

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

初經來潮前訓練組 初經來潮後訓練組

百分比

10歲 11歲 12歲 13歲 14歲 15歲

圖4.2 運動組之經期狀況

42

58 55

45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

初經來潮前訓練組 初經來潮後訓練組

百分比

經期規 律者

經期不 規律者

(n = 19) (n = 21)

(n = 19) (n = 21)

圖4.3 受試者最常食用之烹調方式

30 30

19

30 27.2

25 35

40

52.4 55

45.7

10

0

21 15

28.6

15

0 15

6.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

蒸、煮 滷、燉 炒、煎 油炸

圖4.4 受試者雞鴨魚皮之攝食調查

55

42.9

56.8

0

5 15

5 10 8.6

0 0

20

25

38.1

25 27.2

65 65

9.5

5 5

9.5

5

0 2.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

完全 不吃 偶而 會吃 攝食 一半 通常 會吃 全吃

圖4.5 受試者食用乳品含脂量之比較

15

10

4.8

0

7.4 25

20

47.6

40

33.3

25 25

40

45

35 35.8

23.8 23.5

20

23.8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

脫脂

低脂

全脂

不攝取

圖4.6 受試者食用肉類含脂量之比較

30

20

52.4

30 75

65

60.5

4.8

5 5

0 0 2.5

33.3 42.9

60

5 3.7 0

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

低脂 中脂 高脂 超高脂

圖4.7 受試者之自我認知食量

10

20

0

40 40

52.4

35

42 50

0 0

4.8

0 9.5 9.9

35

40 39.5

33.3

0

15

7.4 15

0 1.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

多很多 多一些 差不多 少一些 少很多

圖4.8 受試者觀賞電視時之零食攝食狀況

65

60

85.7

75 71.6

0

4.9 15

0

4.8

0 9.5

18.5 25 25

15 15

5

0

4.9

0 20 40 60 80 100

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

完全 不吃 偶而 會吃 攝食 一半 通常 會吃

圖4.9 受試者使用電腦時之零食攝食狀況

55

50

71.4

65

60.5

40

10 5

10 0

5

0

15

5 23.8

40

28.4

5 4.8 6.2

0 20 40 60 80 100

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

完全 不吃 偶而 會吃 攝食 一半 通常 會吃

圖4.10 受試者營養補充劑之使用狀況

10

15

19 20

16

0

5 4.8

0 2.5

5

10

4.8

0 5

0 0

10 10

5

9.9 70

60

47.6

75

63

4.93.7 9.5

14.3

0 20 40 60 80

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體 百分比

複合維生素與礦物質 單一維生素

鈣片 中藥

其他 無

圖4.11 受試者特殊藥物之使用與自我催吐

5

10

5

0

4.9 5

10

5

0 5

0 0 2.5

10

0

5

0

75 75

85

100

84

4.9

5 3.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

經期規律 運動組

經期不規律 運動組

經期規律 靜 態組

經期不規律 靜態組

全體

百分比

代餐 減肥 藥 瀉藥 自我 催吐 未使 用

Fat m ass (kg)

0 5 10 15 20 25

30 Exercise group (n = 40) r = .824, p < .0001 Sedentary group (n = 41) r = .907, p < .0001

Body weight (kg)

30 40 50 60 70 80

Fat- free m ass (kg)

30 35 40 45 50

55 Exercise group (n = 40) r = .873, p < .0001 Sedentary group (n = 41) r = .838, p < .0001

圖 4.12 體重與體脂重、除脂體重之相關

Fig. 4.12 Correlation among body weight, fat mass and fat-free mass.

Regular Menstruation group (n = 41)

Broadband ultrasound attenuation (dB/MHz)

40 60 80 100 120

140 DBUA

r = .157, p = .328 NDBUA r = .115, p = .473

Irregular Menstruation group (n = 40)

Exercise duration (years)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Broad b and ultras oun d atten u ation (dB/MHz)

40 60 80 100 120

140 DBUA

r = .326, p = .040 NDBUA r = .431, p = .005

圖 4.13 運動持續年日與跟骨廣頻衰減率之相關

Fig. 4.13 Relation between exercise duration and calcaneus broadband ultrasound

attenuation. See Table 4.7.1 for footnote.