奈米幾丁聚醣載體於細胞活性及穿透之研究 呂郁芬、?耀國
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
本研究目的分為兩大部分,第一部分探討不同分子量的幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽的製備找出奈米懸浮微粒的形成最佳條件,並進行 特性分析;第二部分是以Caco-2 細胞作為體外試驗模式,評估幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽奈米顆粒,對於細胞的毒性與穿透能力。結 果顯示,幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽隨著超音波降解時間增加,其分子量變化由1,300 kDa下降至730及400 kDa,幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽奈米 顆粒形成最適條件為pH值6.4,以TEM觀察其型態近似圓形顆粒,粒徑分佈介於50 nm至130 nm之間;將幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽 奈米顆粒與Caco-2 增生和單層細胞進行活性試驗,發現幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽奈米顆粒對於增生與單層細胞皆具有良好生長活性
,而穿透試驗證實奈米顆粒具促進Caco-2 單層細胞之緊密接合打開之能力,本研究證實幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽奈米化具高安全性
,在於藥物傳輸之應用上具有發展潛力。
關鍵詞 : 幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽 ; 超音波降解 ; 奈米顆粒 ; 細胞活性 ; 穿透能力 ; 幾丁聚醣 ; 安全性 ; 超音波 ; 鹽酸鹽 ; 分子量 目錄
目 錄 封面內頁 簽名頁 授權書 ...? 中文摘要 ...? 英文摘要 ...? 誌謝 ...? 目錄 ...? 圖目錄 ...? 表目錄 ...xii 第一章、研究目的...1 第二章、文獻回顧 ...2 2.1 幾丁聚醣及其衍生物簡介 ...2 2.1.1幾丁聚醣及其衍生 物結構 ...2 2.1.2幾丁聚醣鹽類之製備 ...3 2.1.3幾丁聚醣藥物載體之特性 ...4 2.2奈米顆粒簡介 ...7 2.2.1幾丁聚醣奈米顆粒製備 ...7 2.3 超音波特性 ...7 2.3.1超音波降解高分子之機制 ...9 2.3.2幾丁聚醣降 解反應之機制與位置 ....10 2.3.3影響超音波降解的因素 ...10 2.4口服藥物傳輸模式 ...12 2.4.1 Caco-2單層細胞 膜 ...13 2.4.2幾丁質類物質於腸道穿透之研究 ....15 2.4.3幾丁聚醣促進黏膜吸收機制 ...15 2.5 細胞毒性評
估...18 2.5.1細胞毒性試驗方法 ...18 2.5.2幾丁聚醣物質毒性評估之相關研究 ...20 第三章、材料與方法 ...22 3.1實驗架構 ...22 3.2實驗材料 ...23 3.2.1細胞株 ...23 3.2.2藥品 ...24 3.2.3耗材 ...25 3.2.4儀器設備 ...26 3.2.5培養基與試劑配製 ...27 3.3 研究 方法 ...29 3.3.1不同分子量之幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽製備 ....29 3.3.3原料分析 ...30 3.4 幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽懸 浮顆粒製備 ...34 3.4.1 幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽懸浮顆粒分析 ...34 3.4.1.1紫外線/可見光光譜分析 ...34 3.4.1.2穿透式電子 顯微鏡分析 ...34 3.5 細胞毒性之研究 ...35 3.5.1細胞培養 ...35 3.5.2細胞復甦 ...35 3.5.3 繼代培養 ...36 3.5.4細胞凍存 ...37 3.5.5細胞計數 ...37 3.5.6 MTT分析 ...38 3.6 細胞穿透之研究 ...39 3.6.1 Caco-2 cell單層膜之培養 ...39 3.6.2 Millicell-ERS之準備 ...41 3.6.3 Transepithlial electrical resistance ...42 3.6.4 Trypen bule存活率試驗 ...43 第四章、結果與討論 ...44 4.1不同分子量之幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽製備 ...44 4.1.1原料分析 ...45 4.2幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽懸浮顆 粒製備 ...52 4.2.1幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽懸浮顆粒製備及分光探討...52 4.2.2 穿透式電子顯微鏡分析
...55 4.3 細胞毒性之研究 ...59 4.3.1 Caco-2 細胞培養之觀察 ...59 4.3.2 MTT 分析 ...61 4.4 細胞穿透之研究 ...65 4.4.1 TEER分析 ...65 4.4.2 Trypan bule 細胞存活率分析 ...69 第五章、結論 ...71 參考文獻
...73 圖目錄 圖2.1幾丁聚醣鹽類之化學結構 ...3 圖2.2幾丁聚醣與幾丁聚醣鹽 類之製備流程圖 ...5 圖2.3腸上皮細胞穿透模式類型 ...13 圖2..4共焦顯微鏡掃描不同培養天 數Caco-2單層膜 ...14 圖2.5 MTT反應機制 ...20 圖3.1實驗架構圖 ...22 圖3.2奧氏瓦黏度計 ...31 圖3.3細胞培養流程圖 ...36 圖3.4 示意Caco-2單層細胞分 化於transwell instert系統...40 圖3.5 細胞電阻測定儀 ...42 圖4.1不同超音波降解時間對極現黏度之關係 圖 ...46 圖4.2幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽A之濃度對黏度關係圖 ...47 圖4.3幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽B之濃度對黏度關係圖 ...48 圖4.4幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽C之濃度對黏度關係圖 ...49 圖4.5幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽水溶液於不同pH之觀察 ...53 圖4.6幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽懸浮顆粒之最適pH值 ...54 圖4.7穿透式電子顯微鏡分析不同分子量之幾丁聚 醣鹽酸鹽懸浮顆粒層膜 ...56 圖4.8幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽A、B及C之粒徑分佈圖 ...58 圖4.9 Caco-2細胞經培養18天過程 之觀察 ...60 圖4.10 Caco-2增生細胞與不同濃度的幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽培養之MTT分析 ...63 圖4.11 Caco-2單層細胞 與不同濃度的幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽培養之MTT分析...64 圖4.12幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽懸浮溶液對於單層膜電阻值之影響...67 圖4.13幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽奈米懸浮溶液對於單層膜電阻值單層膜 ...68 圖 4.14 以trypan bule染色經TEER穿透試驗的Caco-2 單層膜...68 表目錄 表2.1幾丁聚醣奈米微粒製備之相關研究 ...8 表2.2幾丁聚醣物質對Caco-2 monolayer 電阻值之
評估...16 表2.3以MTT法評估幾丁聚醣物質之細胞存活率 ...21 表3.1人類大腸癌細胞株的說明書 ...23 表3.2不同離子強度下黏度常數a、K、R2值 ...32 表4.1不同超音波降解時間處理及所得去乙醯度 ...50 表4.2三種 幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽之分子量及去乙醯度 ...51 表4.3不同分子量幾丁聚醣鹽酸鹽粒徑統計表 ...57
參考文獻
參考文獻 1.王子賢、李文乾。2003。生醫生化用途之奈米微粒。化工。50(2):44-53。 2.吳家駒。2000。利用Caco-2 細胞株來研發具有改 善腸胃道功能之健康食品。食品工 業。32(10):8-17。 3.周孫英、陳盛和唐威。2002。殼聚榶的超聲波降解。海峽藥學。14(3):5-8。 4.徐 世昌。2001。生物高分子-幾丁質與幾丁聚醣之介紹與應用。化工資訊 15(2):36- 45。 5.袁國芳、林欣榜、賴進此、陳慶源。2001。幾丁 質/幾丁聚醣專輯。第1-164頁。食品工 業發展研究所。新竹。 6.陳俐婷。2002。脈衝列電磁場刺激對骨母細胞生物活性的影響:14-15。
中原大學醫學 工程研究所碩士論文。桃園。 7.莊景光。2004。離子漸結型奈米微粒製備與其對小腸上皮細胞滲透能力之探討:1-50。 清 華大學化學工程學系碩士論文。新竹。 8.張正昇。2002。幾丁聚醣液晶性質之探討及其應用於輸藥系統上之應用:6-8。海洋大 學食品科 學系碩士論文。基隆。 9.張永和。2001。超音波降解作用對澱粉性質之影響。食品工業33(6):19-31。 10.葉慧蓉。2000。化妝品之毒性及 刺激性試驗。食品工業32(11):18-26。 11.董岸杰、張曉麗、李軍和孫多先。2002。超聲波在殼聚糖降解反應中的作用。高分子 材料科學 與工程18(6):187-189。 12.蔡宏銘。2002。中藥對骨細胞活性的評估:7-27。中國醫藥學院中國醫學研究碩士論 文。台中。 13.賴怡潔
。2003。以Caco-2細胞模式探討hepcidin 對小腸細胞鐵蛋白含量之影響。台 灣大學農業化學研究所。台北。 14.趙蘭英。2004。奈米微 粒與感測技術-英用於醫藥領域的市場規模概況。化工資訊。 13:25-32. 15.魏育慧。2000。利用動物細胞進行抗癌藥物篩選。食品工 業32(11):27-35。 16.劉石生、邱泰球、蔡純和韓松濤。2002。超聲對殼聚醣降解作用的研究。廣東工業大 學學報。19(3):83-86。
17.Bravo, S. A., Nielsen, C. U., Amstrup, Frokjaer J. S. and Brodin, B. 2004. In-depth evaluation of Gly-Sar transport parameters as a function of culture time in the Caco-2 cell model. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 21:77-86. 18.Borchard., Leuβen, G, H. L., Boer, A. G. de., Lehr, J. C., Verhoef, C-M and Junginger, H. E. 1996. The potential of mucoadhesive polymers in enhancing intestinal peptide drug absorption. III: Effects of
chitosan-glutamate and carbomer on epithelial tight junctions in vitro. J. Control. Release. 39(2-3): 131-138. 19.Cerchiara, T., Luppi, B., Bigucci, F. and Zecchi, V. 2003. Chitosan salts as nasal sustained delivery system for peptidic drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmaco. 55(12):1623-1627.
20.Carreno-Gomez, B. and Duncan, R. 1997. Evaluation of the biological properties of soluble chitosan and chitosan microspheres. Int. J. Pharm.
148:231-240. 21.Chen, R. H., Chang, J. R. and Shyur, J. S. 1997. Effects of ultrasonic conditions and storage in acidic solutions on changes in molecular weight and polydispersity of treated chitosan. Carbohydr. Res. 299:287-294. 22.Chen R. H. and Tsaih., M. L. 1998. Effect of on the intrinsic viscosity and conformation of chitosan in dilute HCl solution. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 23:135-141. 23.Dodane, V., Khan, M. A. and Merwin., J. R. 1999. Effect of chitosan on epithelial permeability and structure. Int. J. Pharm. 182:21-32. 24.Gamzazade, A. I. and Nasibov, S. M.
2002. Formation and properties of polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan hydrochloride and sodium dextransulfate. Carbohydr. Polym. 50:339-343.
25.Haar, G. T. 1999. Therapeutic ultrasound. Eur. J. Ultrasound. 9:3-9. 26.Janes, K. A., Fresneau, M. P., Marazuela, A., Angels, A. and Alonso, M. J. 2001. Chitosan nanoparticles as delivery systems for doxorubicin. J. Control. Release. 73:255-267. 27.Knorr, D. 1991. Recovery and utilitzation of chitin and chitosan in food processing waste management. Food Technol. 45(1): 114- 112. 28.Kotze, A. F., Leeuw, B. J. de., Luesen, H. L., Boer, A. G. de., Verhoef, J. C. and Junginger, H. E. 1997. Chitosans for enhanced delivery of therapeutic peptides across intestinal epithelia:
in vitro evaluation in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Int. J. Pharm. 159: 243-253. 29.Kotze, A.F., Luesen, H. L., Leeuw, Boer, B. J. de., B. G. de., Verhoef, J. C. and Junginger, H. E. 1998(a). Comparison of the effect of different chitosan salts and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride on the
permeability of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco- 2) J. Control. Release. 51:35-46. 30.Kotze, A.F., Luesen, H. L., Boer, A. G. de., Verhoef , J. C. and Junginger, H. E. 1998(b). Chitosan for enhanced intestinal permeability: Prospects for derivatives soluble in neutral and basic environments. Eur. J.
Pharm. Sci. 7:145-151. 31.Koo, H. N., Jeong, H. J., Hong, S. H., Choi, J. H., An, N. H. and Kim, H. M. 2002. High molecular weight
water-soluble chitosan protects against apoptosis induced by serum starvation in human astrocytes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13:245-249. 32.Kim, T. H., Ihm, J. E., Choi, Y. J., Nah, J. W. and Cho, C. S. 2003 Efficient gene delivery by urocanic acid-modified chitosan. J. Control. Release.93:389-402.
33.Kotze, A. F., Thanou, M. M., Luesen, H. L., Boer, B. G. de., Verhoef, J. C. and Junginger, H. E. 1999. Effect of the degree of quaternization of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride on the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Eur. J. of Pharmaceutics and Biopharm. 47:269-274.
34.Kean, T., Roth, S. and Thanou, M. 2005. Trimethylated chitosans as non-viral gene delivery vectors: Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency. J.
Control. Release. 103:643-653. 35.Lorimer, J. P., Mason, T. J., Cuthbert, T. C. and Brookfield, E. A. 1995. Effect of ultrasound on the degradation of aqueous native 36.Lee, D. W., Powers, K. and Baney, R. 2004. Physicochemical properties and blood compatibility of acylated chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 58:371-377. 37.Thanou, M. M., Kotze, A. F., Scharringhausen, T., Luesen, H. L., Boer, A. G. de., Verhoef, J.
C. and Junginger, H. E. 2000. Effect of degree of quaternization of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride for enhanced transport of hydrophilic compounds across intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. J. Control. Release. 64:15-25. 38.Mosmann, T., 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. methods. 65:55-63. 39.Mao, S., Shuai, X., Unger, F., Simon, M., Dianzhou, B. and Kissel, T. 2004. The depolymerization of chitosan: effects on physicochemical and biological properties. Int. J. Pharm. 281(1- 2):45-54. 40.Orienti, I., Cerchiara, T., Luppi, B., Bigucci, F., Zuccari, G. and Zecchi, V. 2002. Influence of different chitosan salts on the release of sodium diclofenac in colon-specific delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 238:51-59. 41.Olivier, P., Testard, P., Marzin, D. and Abbott, D.1995. Effect of High Polyol Concentrations on the Neutral Red Absorption Assay and Tetrazolium-MTT Test of Rat Hepatocytes in Primary Culture. Toxicol. in
Vitro. 9(2):133-138. 42.Papazisis, K. T., Geromichalos, G. D., Dimitriadis, K. A. and Kortsaris, A. H. 1997. Optimization of the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay. J. Immunol. Methods. 208:151-158. 43.Pan, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, H., Zheng, J., Xu, H., W. J. Hao, G. and Cui, F. 2002.
Bioadhesive polysaccharide in protein delivery system: chitosan nanoparticles improve the intestinal absorption of insulin in vivo. Int. J. Pharm.
249:139-147. 44.Ranaldi, G., Marigliano, I., Vespignani, I., Perozzi, G. and Sambuy, Y. 2002. The effect of chitosan and other polycations on tight junction permeability in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13:157-167. 45.Richardson, S. C. W., Kolbe, H. V. J. and Duncan, R. 1999. Potential of low molecular mass chitosan as a DNA delivery system: biocompatibility, body distribution and ability to complex and protect DNA. Int. J. Pharm. 178: 231-243. 46.Signini, R. and Campana Filho, S.P. 1999.On the preparation and characterization of chitosan hydrochloride. Polym. bull. 42:159- 166. 47.Signini, R., Desbrieres, J. and Campana filho, S.P. 2000. On the stiffiness of chitosan hydrochloride in acid-free aqueous solutions. Carbohydr. Polym. 43:351-357. 48.Thanou, M., Florea, B. I., Geldof, M., Junginger, H. E. and Borchard, G. 0. 2002.
Quaternized chitosan oligomers as novel gene delivery vectors in epithelial cell lines. Biomaterials. 23 (1): 153-159. 49.Tang, E. S., Huang M. and Lim, L.Y. 2003. Ultrasonication of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 265:104-114. 50.Tsaih M. L. and Chen, R. H. 2003. Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitosan on the kinetics of ultrasonic degradation of chitosan. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 90(13):3526-3531. 51.Thanou, M., Florea, B. I., Geldof, M., Junginger, H. E. and Borchard, G. 2002. Quaternized chitosan oligomers as novel gene delivery vectors in epithelial cell lines. Biomaterials. 23:153- 159. 52.Varum, K. M., Egelalndal, B. and Ellekjar, M. R. 1995. Characterization of partially N-acetylated chitosans by near infra-red spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Polym. 28:187-193. 53.Vila, A., Sanchez, A., Tobio, M., Calvo, P. and Alonso, M. J. 2002. Design of biodegrable particles for protein delivery. J. Control. Release. 78:15-24. 54.Ward, P. D., Tippin, T. K. and Thakker, D. R. 2000. Enhancing paracellular permeability by modulating epithelial tight junctions. Pharm. Sci. & Technol. today.3:346- 358. 55.Walgren, R. A., Walle, U. K. and Walle, T. 1998. Transport of Quercetin and Its Glucosides across Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 55:1721-1727.
56.Xu, Y. and Du, Y. 2003 Effect of molecular structure of chitosan on protein delivery properties of chitosan nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm.
250:215-226.