應考試權與實質正當程序之保障：釋字第319號解釋再省思

ᑕ҂ྏᝋᄃ၁ኳϒ༊඀Ԕ̝ܲᅪĈ

ᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖГ࠷ޥ

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˲̳ચࣶЇϡ׶૞ԫˠࣶેຽӮᅮགྷ࿅઼छ҂ྏĂפ଀ЇϡᄃેຽྤॾĄԧ઼ጳڱ ፾ፘ˘ᆽĂځ͛ܲᅪˠϔ҂ྏᝋࠎૄώᝋӀĄૄώᝋӀ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕಶ҂ྏᝋ҃֏Ăˠ ϔѣĶኛՐ̳π҂ྏ඀Ԕ۞ᝋӀķĂ઼҃छϺѣޙϲ̳πЪந҂ྏ඀Ԕᄃטޘ̝ཌྷચĄ׎ ̚ᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟̈́ౘࢗຍ֍̝ᝋӀĂᑕᛳᖣϤ඀Ԕܲᅪͽ၁னᑕ҂ྏ̝ᝋӀĄ Φڱੰ̂ڱءᛖф319ཱི೬㋃ĂĶ҂Ϡ̙଀ࢋՐ೩ֻણ҂ඍ९ăዦסٕኑОྏסĂܼ ࠎరၔ҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πຍўٙυࢋĂČᄃጳڱإ൑࠙ᛈķĂ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ࢦϦ̂ڱءຍ ўγĂՀٺТڱ୧ௐ3ีଵੵ҂Ϡٺ෦ᙸăҖ߆෦఩̚Ϻ̙଀ࢋՐ೩ֻણ҂ඍ९ăዦסٕ ኑОྏסĄ޷ѣᝋӀѣାᑻĂࠎར၁ᝋӀѣड़ܲᅪࣧ݋Ă҂ྏ׻ᗟᄃෞዦ׽ᑕ಴ࢦ׻ᗟ ؎ࣶĶҿᕝዶгķĂ൒҃ଂ҂ϠϦኛኑߤјᒻă෦ᙸזҖ߆෦఩Ăଂᐝזԍଵੵᑕ҂ˠࢋ Ր೩ֻણ҂ඍ९ĂዦסٕኑОྏסĄ͹ࢋϫ۞ߏࠎ˞᜕ܲ׻ᗟዦס؎ࣶ̙צ̒ᕘĂ׻ᗟ ᄃዦס؎ࣶЯ҃ٺዦס̝ᅫĂ൑ᇘٺ҂Ϡ߄ጼĂटٽᑿϡҿᕝዶг᜕̝ܲ౳Ąࠎ˞ቁܲ ؎ࣶҿᕝዶгЪநᖰຕ̝ҖֹĂᑕણ੩ᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰٙ೩΍Ķዦס؎ࣶᑕֶ˘ਠމ ៍ෞᆊࣧ݋ෞ̶ķ֍ྋĂٚᄮĶ҂ϠүඍዶгķĂ֭Тॡኬᄃ҂ϠٺҖ߆ାᑻ଀ዦᜓס ؟ĂڱੰࠤҌΞͽᔛኛጯ۰૞छםӄᆶߤĄᛖфௐ319ཱིೲੵ҂Ϡዦᜓס؟̝ຍўѣᘣٺ ҂ྏᝋར၁̳πЪநă౅ځ඀Ԕ̝ޙϲĂ࿅ޘ஝ಶ҂ྏ፟ᙯ҂ྏྏચܮآّĂنர҂ྏ ᝋࠎૄώᝋԾᙯˠϔ̍үᝋᄃᖚຽᝋ̝ར၁Ąૄٺ҂ϠĶኛՐ̳π҂ྏ඀Ԕ̝ᝋӀķૄ ώᝋ̝ܲᅪĂ̂ڱء၆઼छ҂ྏ۞319ཱིྋᛖĂѣυࢋГࠎྃ·ྋᛖĂ̖ߏ҂Ϡ̝჊Ă઼ छର̖̝ضĄ

Protection of the Rights to Sit Examinations and

Enjoy Proper Procedures Therein: Reflections on

Judicial Interpretation 319

Bau-tscheng Dung

Abstract

All civil servants and persons desiring to practice a profession or technical occupation must pass specific national examinations to obtain the requisite qualifications for employment. The Constitution of the ROC clearly sets out the basic right of all citizens to sit examinations. The function of guaranteed rights and procedures is to ensure that the people enjoy “the right to demand fair examination procedures”, while the State has the obligation to establish a fair and rational examination regimen with associated procedures. In this context, the rights of examination candidates to review their examination papers and to express their opinions should be manifested in the procedural guarantees of the right to sit examinations.

Judicial Interpretation No. 319 of the Judicial Yuan states: “(The fact that) examination candidates may not request provision of reference answers or their own marked papers, or copies thereof, is brought about by the necessity to maintain the objectivity and fairness of examinations... and does not conflict with the Constitution.” Article 23 of the Examination Affairs Act, in addition to reiterating the Justices’ opinion, also, in its 3rd paragraph, excludes the right of candidates to appeal or administrative recourse to request provision of reference answers or their own marked papers, or copies thereof. As the possession of a right implies a concurrent right of recourse, in order to effectively guarantee the right at issue here, the drafting and grading of examination questions should indeed respect the ‘latitude of judgment’ of question drafters. However, the entire process from the application by a candidate for rechecking of scores through to any subsequent appeal or administrative recourse excludes the right to request review of reference answers or the original or a copy of the candidate’s own paper. While the principal objective of this is to shelter question drafters and graders from candidate interference, it could lead to abuse of the ‘latitude of judgment’ umbrella. In order to ensure that this latitude of judgment is exercised with prudence, reference can be made to the opinion of a federal court in Germany that, “graders should assign scores based on general principles of objective assessment,” and recognize the “latitude for answering” of candidates. In addition, candidates should be given the possibility to refer to their answer papers as part of a process of administrative appeal, and courts can invite expert witnesses to assist in such reviews.

Where Interpretation 319 excludes the right of candidates to view their examination papers, this impedes the fair and rational realization of the right to sit examinations, works against the transparency of the examination process, affects the convenience of agencies administering examinations, disregards the right to sit examinations as a basic right and affects the realization of citizens’ rights to work and the exercise of a profession. In order to protect the basic right to ‘demand a fair examination process’, it behooves the Grand Justices to revisit Interpretation 319 and to issue a supplementary interpretation which would be to the benefit of examination candidates personally and to the nation as a whole in its mission to make the most of available talent.

1_{ણ໰ᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤјᒻᏱڱௐ8୧̝ఢؠćΩγĂ̳ચˠࣶ҂ྏྏᗟႷཌྷ఍நᏱڱௐ8୧ϺѣᙷҬఢؠĄ} 2_{2002ѐ1͡16࣒͟ϒĄ} 3_{౵੼Җ߆ڱੰٺ92ѐޘҿфௐ955ཱིҿՙ̚Ă၆ٺέΔ੼ඈҖ߆ڱੰಶѩٙ޺̝֍ྋĂ̟ͽ͚޺Ą} 4 _{҂Ᏼొ੨Ъ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ี̝࣒ϒĂٺ91ѐ8͡28࣒͟ϒྍᏱڱௐ8୧ఢؠĈĶϦኛኑߤјᒻĂ̙଀ࢋՐࢦາෞ} ዦăϦኛዦᜓٕኑᄦྏסă೩ֻϦኢёྏᗟણ҂ඍ९ĄϺ̙଀ࢋՐӘۢ׏ྏ؎ࣶă׻ᗟ؎ࣶăዦס؎ࣶăᆶߤ؎ ࣶă˾ྏ؎ࣶٕ၁г҂ྏ؎ࣶ̝ؖЩ̈́ѣᙯྤफ़Ąķ

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ᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤјᒻॡĂੵ̙଀ࢋՐ ࢦາෞዦĂ೩ֻણ҂ඍ९γĂϺ̙଀ࢋՐ ዦᜓٕኑОס؟Ă׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ีࢎ ѣځ͛1_{Ąѩ˘ఢؠĂࠎ౵੼Җ߆ڱੰ90} ѐޘҿфௐ1433ཱིҿՙ͚ٙ޺Ăֶྍҿՙ ຍўĈĶ...ྍีఢؠܼࠎ಴ࢦዦס؎ࣶ ̝ጯఙෞᆊٙࠎ̝υࢋନ߉Ă...ķ౵੼ Җ߆ڱੰՀซ˘Վ೯͔Φڱੰᛖфௐ319 ཱིྋᛖĂૻአ݈ฟఢؠ̙଀ࢋՐ೩ֻણ҂ ඍ९ăዦסٕኑОྏסඈĂĶ...ܼࠎర ၔ҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πຍўٙυࢋĂ...ᄃ ጳڱإ൑࠙ᛈĄ...ķયᗟߏĂ1999ѐ࣒ ϒ෦ᙸڱăҖ߆෦఩ڱॡĂᆧࢎ༊ְˠ଀ ኛՐዦᜓס؟۞࠹ᙯఢؠޢĂΦڱੰᛖф ௐ319ཱིྋᛖߏӎ̪ѣ׎ٲՁ˧Ăኢ۰ѣ Ꮬາ࣒ϒ̝׏ྏڱ2_{ௐ23୧ௐ3ีఢؠĈ} Ķ׎΁ڱޠᄃ݈ีఢؠ̙ТॡĂዋϡώ୧ ͛Ąķ׎ٙ̚ჍĶ׎΁ڱޠķϺᑕΒ߁෦ ᙸڱᄃҖ߆෦఩ڱĄኳ֏̝Ăᓂֹ෦ᙸڱ ᄃҖ߆෦఩ڱ̚ځؠዦᜓס؟̝ఢؠĂ൒ ҃Ă̏జ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ3ีٙଵੵĂѩ ˘ኢᕇϺТॡࠎ݈ฟ౵੼Җ߆ڱੰ90ѐޘ ҿфௐ1433ཱིҿՙٙଳĈĶ...͔ٙ෦ᙸ ڱௐ49୧ăௐ75୧̈́Җ߆෦఩ڱௐ96୧ٙ ؠ༊ְˠ଀ኛՐዦᜓăԨᐂăᇆОٕᛷᇆ ס̰͛३ඈఢؠĂإᙱፂࠎࣧӘѣӀ̝ᄮ ؠĂ...ķଂ˯ฟ౵੼Җ߆ڱੰҿՙ៍ ̝ĂΦڱੰᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖٙፘϲĶჯ ޺҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πķ̝நϤĂᑕ҂ˠ൑ ኢдϦኛኑߤјᒻ඀ԔĂٕ๠ޢ෦ᙸᄃҖ ߆෦఩ାᑻ඀ԔĂೀͼԆБଵੵᑕ҂ˠ඀ Ԕણᄃ̝ᝋӀĄ޷ᑕ҂ˠϦኛዦᜓ̈́ኑО ׎҂ྏྏסĂܼૄٺᑕ҂ˠણΐ઼छ҂ ྏĂ၆ٺ̶ᇴෞؠ̙ڇٙࢉϠ̝Ϧኛ९Ă ѩ˘ዦᜓ̈́ኑОҖࠎĂጯ۰̈́Җ߆ڱੰ3 Ӯෛ׎ّኳĂᄮࠎᑕᛳĶ҂ྏੰѣᙯ҂Ᏼ ׻ᗟ̈́ෞ̶Җࠎķ̝ቑᘞĂֶҖ߆඀Ԕڱ ௐ3୧ௐ3ีௐ8ഠఢؠĂ൑Җ߆඀Ԕڱ̝ ዋϡĄ 2002ѐ1͡16࣒͟ϒ̳ο׏ྏڱௐ23 ୧ௐ1ีఢؠĈĶᑕ҂ˠ଀ٺၳϯޢϦኛ ኑߤјᒻĄķТ୧ௐ2ีఢؠĈĶᑕ҂ˠ ̙଀ࠎ˭ЕҖࠎĈ˘ăϦኛዦᜓྏסĄ ˟ăϦኛࠎЇңኑᄦҖࠎĄˬăࢋՐ೩ֻ Ϧኢྏᗟણ҂ඍ९ĄαăࢋՐӘۢ׏ྏ؎ ࣶă׻ᗟ؎ࣶăዦס؎ࣶăᆶߤ؎ࣶă˾ ྏ؎ࣶٕ၁г҂ྏ؎ࣶ̝ؖЩ̈́ѣᙯྤ फ़Ąķߤ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ี̝̰टĂܼ ໚ҋٺ1996ѐ5͡21࣒͟ϒ൴ο̝ᑕ҂ˠ ϦኛኑߤјᒻᏱڱௐ8୧4_{ఢؠĈĶϦኛኑ} ߤјᒻĂ̙଀ࢋՐࢦາෞዦĂ೩ֻણ҂ඍ ९ăዦᜓٕኑОྏסĄϺ̙଀ࢋՐӘۢዦ ס؎ࣶ̝ؖЩٕ׎΁ѣᙯྤफ़Ąķ̝ٙͽ ૟ᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤјᒻᏱڱௐ8୧̰ट೩ ̿ࠎڱޠҜลĂ၁˜аᑕΦڱੰᛖфௐ 319ཱིྋᛖٙ޽ĈĶ...ଘ҂ྏјᒻ̝ኑ ߤĂߊࠎࣘᜪᑕ҂ˠ̝ᝋৈĂѣᙯኑߤְ

ี̪آͽڱޠؠ̝Ąķૄٺڇ̳ᖚᄃ૞ܝ ᖚຽ̈́ԫఙˠࣶેຽྤॾĂঘ̈́ˠϔ̍ү ᝋᄃᏴፄᖚຽҋϤĂ౅࿅҂ྏੰֶڱ҂ ᏴĂѣᙯ҂Ᏼྤॾᄃ඀Ԕ࠰ᑕͽڱޠࢎ ̝Ăͽ௑ጳڱௐ23୧ڱޠܲ঻ࣧ݋Ą൒ ҃Ă૟ᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤјᒻᏱڱௐ8୧̰ ट೩̿ࠎڱޠҜลĂԛё˯ᔵ௑Ъጳڱࢋ ՐĂଘ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ีͽໄ߁͞ёଵ ੵᑕ҂ˠצጳڱܲᅪ̝ĶĞᑕğ҂ྏᝋķ 5_{Ă ͽ ̈́ ࠹ ᚶ ̝ Ķ ڇ ̳ ᖚ ᝋ ķ ᄃ Ķ ̍ ү} ᝋķĂऻᄃּͧࣧ݋ѣٙ࿁ࡦ6_Ąᄏֶԧ઼ ጳڱௐ86୧ఢؠĂ˲̳ચˠࣶЇϡྤॾ׶ ૞ܝᖚຽ̈́ԫఙˠࣶેຽྤॾĂӮᅮགྷ࿅ ҂ྏᅞؠĂ߇ᑕ҂ྏᝋ၁ࠎˠϔڇ̳ᖚٕ ેҖ૞ܝᖚຽ۞Аՙ୧ІĄԧ઼ጳڱ˫፾ ፘ˘ᆽĂᛳٺ઼छ̳ᝋ˧˘ᒖ̝҂ྏᝋ Ğ˧ğĂϤҖ߆፟ᙯ̝γ۞˘࣎፾ϲ፟ᙯę ҂ྏੰęҖֹ̝Ăѩᄃγ઼۞҂ྏ፟ᙯᔴ ᛳٺҖ߆፟ᙯ۰Ăព൒̙ТĄᑕ҂ྏᝋд ԧ઼่̙ߏˠϔૄώᝋĞጳڱௐ18୧ğĂ Тॡጳڱಶ׎࠹၆઼̝छ፟ᙯপҾ̟ͽ፾ ϲّనࢍĂଂ҃ᙯٺᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝̰உ̈́׎ ࢨטѣซ˘Վଣ੅̝υࢋĄ

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˘ăૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ

ጳڱٙͽਕܲᅪૄώᝋӀ۰ĂдٺЧ ྍૄώᝋӀ଀ͽٺ׎ܲᅪቑಛ̰Ă൴೭׎ ֗ࠎૄώᝋӀٙ׍ѣ̝ΑਕĄ็௚˯Ăጳ ڱጯࠧ၆ٺૄώᝋӀүϡ̝੅ኢĂܼଂૄ ώᝋӀ۞үϡࢬШ֎ޘĂ၆ૄώᝋӀ̝̰ உซҖ៍၅ᄃྚᛖĂͽၓព΍ૄώᝋӀ̝ Αਕ̰உĂڻ᝚඾˩˝͵ࡔޢഇᇇ઼ڱጯ छGeorg Jellinekٙ೩΍̝Ķ֗ЊநኢķĂ ̶Ҿଂ͹៍ࢬᄃމ៍ࢬ̶ژૄώᝋӀ̝ү ϡĄጯ۰Ըˢࡁտ۰ດкĂјڍດᖳĂߙ ֱૄώᝋӀٙ׍ѣ̝ΑਕٕүϡĂ̏൒൑ ڱಏ৷૟׎ᕩৼٺૄώᝋӀүϡ̝͹៍ࢬ Шٕމ៍ࢬШĂࠤҌѣధкໄه˯ࢦኑ̝ ఍ĄૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂಶߏд఺ ᇹ۞நྋ˭ኚϠ۞Ą ᇇ઼ጳڱጯٙ੅ኢ۞ૄώᝋӀ඀Ԕܲ ᅪΑਕĂߏдߙֱঘ̈́ૄώᝋӀ൴ण̝௡ ᖐ Ă ׍ ѣ ְ ၁ ˯ ᄃ ڱ ޠ ˯ ۞ ፾ ҫ ĞMonopolğ۰Ăٙঘ̝̈́ૄώᝋӀυืந ྋࠎ׍ѣ௡ᖐ໤݋ĞOrganisationmaximenğ ᄃ඀ԔܲᅪĞVerfahrensgarantienğүϡĂ ᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰഅགྷಶ̂ጯ7_̈́ᇃ࿪፟ ၹ8_{ඈ඾ѣҿՙĄдᇇ઼ጳڱጯࠧᄃ၁ચ} ࠧ۞ሤধ੅ኢ˭ĂӍˠ̂࡭Ξͽ޸ര΍ૄ 5_{ܼ޽ˠϔᑕ҂ྏ̝҂ྏૄώᝋӀĞGrundrechtğĂ҃ܧ޽઼छᝋ˧̝̚҂ྏᝋ˧ĞGewaltğĄ} 6_{Φڱੰᛖфௐ583ཱིྋᛖ޽΍ĈĶ...̳ચࣶ...ᘂԦᝋҖֹഇมĂϏ̶Ҿ၆̳ચࣶ࿁ڱεᖚҖࠎ̈́׎ᘂԦ఍̶჌ᙷ̝} ̙ТĂ҃నЪந̝ఢؠĂᄃּͧࣧ݋ϏႽ࠹௑Ă...ķ֖ྤણ໰Ą 7_{ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰᄮࠎጯఙҋϤૄώᝋӀ̝௡ᖐᄃ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂࢋՐ઼छĶд̳ᝋ˧ନ߉ٙޙϲᄃགྷᒉ۞ጯఙ፟ၹ} ĞWissenschaftsbetriebsğቑಛ̰Ăٕ۰Ξͽᄲдග;Җ߆۞ቑಛ̰Ă઼छυื౅࿅Ъዋ۞௡ᖐନ߉ĂΝ၁னҋϤ۞ጯ ఙ߿જૄώᝋӀĂ֭ܲᅪ׎̙צܬचĂ઼छ࢑ѣ಴ࢦЪڱጯఙ௡ᖐ̝ཌྷચĂ֭಴ࢦ̙Тຍ֍۰ણᄃ̝ΞਕّĄķ BVerfGE 35, 79(115). 8_{ᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ޽΍ĈĶᇃᇫ༼ϫ۞͹޺ˠ˵υืᜪ̈́༼ϫ௡ᖐ˯۞ᇆᜩ˧Ă҃༼ϫ̚υืֹٙѣˠౌѣ൴֏۞፟} ົĂдፋវ༼ϫ̚˵υืܲ޺౵Ҳࢨޘ۞ᏊณّĞAusgewogenheitğăމ៍ّĞSachlichkeitğͽ̈́࠹̢۞಴ࢦ Ğgegenseitiger AchtungğĄଘυื༊ѩ௡ᖐ˯ᄃְ၁˯۞ૄώࣧ݋׍ѣטؠڱ̝˘ਠٲՁ˧ॡĂᇃᇫ࿪έ͞׍ѣѩ჌ ܲᅪĄķBVerfGE 12, 205(262f.).

ώᝋӀ௡ᖐᄃ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ̝̰टĈдன ၁Ϡ߿̚Ăߙֱ௡ᖐࠎ઼छְ၁˯፾Κ ĞٕҌ͌׍ѣځព۞ᇆᜩ˧ğĂ఺ֱ௡ᖐ۞ хд˫Тॡ၆ٺૄώᝋӀ̝ܲᅪᄃ၁ன׍ ѣӄৈĂࠤҌΞਕߏૄώᝋӀ၁ன۞̍ ׍Ăߏͽ઼छಶྍ௡ᖐ̝ӀϡĂٙטؠ࠹ ᙯ۞௡ᖐٕ඀ԔఢؠĂᑕྍቁܲˠϔਕ̳ π۞ăѣड़۞ֹϡĄೱ֏̝ĂૄώᝋӀ۞ ௡ᖐᄃ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂࢋՐ઼छυื׍ѣ ̳πЪந۞௡ᖐᄃ඀ԔĂֹˠϔ଀ͽѣड़ ۞Ӏϡ఺ֱ௡ᖐĂͽ၁னጳڱٙܲᅪ̝ૄ ώᝋӀ9_{Ąଂ҃ĂૄώᝋӀ̝௡ᖐᄃ඀Ԕ} ܲᅪΑਕĂࢋՐ઼छд፾ҫᗽᕝгҜ̚Ă ᑕྍ࡭˧ٺֹྍ௡ᖐ൴ϠΑਕĂ֭׍ѣ࠹ ༊۞඀ԔఢቑĂͽܲᅪ࣎ˠᝋৈᄃ̳ВӀ ৈ10_{Ąᇇ઼ጯ۰Klaus Stern૟඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ} ᙷݭ̼Ă̶ࠎ11_{Ĉ˘ăֶᏥপؠ௡ᖐٕ඀} Ԕ۞ૄώᝋӀĂּтኛᙸᝋă෦ᙸᝋć ˟ăᇆᜩ඀Ԕڱٕ௡ᖐڱ̝ૄώᝋӀĂּ т෦఩ᝋ၆ٺڱੰ௡ᖐ̝ࢋՐćˬă௡ᖐ ᄃ඀Ԕүࠎۡତ၁னૄώᝋӀ̝̍׍Ăּ тጯఙҋϤ၆ٺ̂ጯҋڼ̝ࢋՐćαă௡ ᖐᄃ඀ԔүࠎᏊπ࠹̢኏ࡎૄώᝋӀ۞͞ ڱĂּт፾ҫְຽགྷᒉ۰ᄃঐ෱۰มૄώ ᝋӀ̝Ꮚπć̣ăҋૄώᝋӀ଀΍၆ٺ඀ Ԕనࢍ̈́඀Ԕણᄃ۞পҾࢋՐĂּтᆶߤ ିर̿ඈྤॾ̝௡ᖐᄃ඀ԔĂᇈќˠϔੑ ய̝඀ԔనࢍඈĄϤѩ៍̝Ăᇇ઼ጯࠧಶ ૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂᔵкܼϤމ៍ ࢬႊᘯ҃΍Ăҭߏ׎ᄃૄώᝋӀ̝͹៍Α ਕĂ̏ᔌ࠹ܕĂ̪д޺ᜈ൴ण̚12_Ą ԧ઼ጳڱጯࠧᙯٺૄώᝋӀ۞඀Ԕܲ ᅪΑਕ۞੅ኢĂజᄮࠎ౵ځព۞ּ̄Ăಶ ߏᇃᇫ࿪ෛ۞࿪گᐛத̶੨ֹϡĄϤٺᇃ ᇫ࿪ෛ̝࿪گᐛதࠎ઼छٙ፾ΚĂ઼छ၆ ٺ࿪گᐛதᑕтң̶੨ֹϡĂҋ଀טؠ࠹ ᙯ̝඀ԔఢؠćΩ˘͞ࢬĂˠϔ၆ٺᇃᇫ ࿪ෛ࿪گᐛத۞ֹϡ˫ᄃ֏ኢҋϤिि࠹ ᙯĂଘѣ౅࿅̳πЪந̝඀ԔĂឰˠϔ଀ ͽҋϤֹϡᇃ࿪ಫវ҃൴ܑ׎֏ኢĂֹЧ ჌̙Т۞ᓏࢰౌਕซˢ֏ኢ̝ҋϤᚮۋξ ಞĂтѩ֏ኢҋϤ̖ზৌϒར၁ᄃܲᅪĄ ЯѩĂ઼छдטؠ఺ֱ඀ԔఢؠॡĂᑕྍ ࢋֶೈܲᅪૄώᝋӀ۞ჟৠĂឰˠϔΞͽ ౅࿅඀Ԕ˯̳πЪந̝፟ົ၁ன׎ૄώᝋ ӀĂ̙҃ΞᖣϤטؠ඀Ԕఢؠ̝ЩĂд၁ វ˯ၔغଶ۩ૄώᝋ̝ܲᅪĄ၆ѩĂΦڱ ੰ̂ڱءٺᛖфௐ364ཱིྋᛖநϤ३̚ӈ ځϨ޽΍ĈĶᇃᇫ࿪ෛ̝࿪گᐛதࠎѣࢨ ّ̝̳Вྤ໚ĂϏҺజᗽᕝᄃ፾ΚĂ઼छ ᑕטؠڱޠĂֹ͹გ፟ᙯ၆ٺฟٸ࿪گᐛ த̝ఢထᄃ̶੨Ăਕֶ̳πЪந̝ࣧ݋ᆶ ຕՙؠĂᖣѩᏖՐᇃᇫ࿪ෛ̝ӮᏊ൴णĂ ϔிϺ଀ѣՀкӀϡಫវ̝፟ົķĂ֖֍ ̂ڱءϺۺᄮૄώᝋӀ̝௡ᖐᄃ඀Ԕܲᅪ Αਕ13_Ą 9_{ڱڼ⎒ă཭ܲݱЪ඾ĂጳڱາኢĂ2004ѐ10͡Ăࢱ139Ą}

10_{Ingo von Munch, Grundgesetz-Kommentar, Band. 1, 1981, Art. 1-19Vorb., Rn.26.} 11_{Klaus Stern, Das Staatsrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band Ƿ/1, 1988, S. 974ff..}

12_{ፂ઼̰ጯ۰̝៍၅ĂಶૄώᝋӀ۞඀ԔΑਕдᇇ઼̪дႊ̼༊̚Ă׎ߏӎ่݀ࢨٺĶމ៍Αਕķ˘ศĂ̪ޞ៍၅Ą}

Ղޙ։ĂኢૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔΑਕᄃ඀ԔૄώᝋĂΦڱੰ̂ڱء92ѐޘጯఙࡁ੅ົኢ͛ะ̈́ࡔᐂĂ93ѐ10͡Ăࢱ132-135Ą

ૄώᝋӀ۞඀ԔܲᅪΑਕତ˭ֽٺԧ ઼۞൴णĂ౅࿅Φڱੰ̂ڱء۞ྋᛖĂͽ ̈́ጯࠧ۞ᛚᛖĂፋ࣎நኢ۞൴णҬͼඕЪ ˞Ķϒ༊ڱޠ඀ԔķĂ҃ᄃ݈ࢗᇇ઼நኢ ޙၹ̙Ⴝ࠹ТĄд݈ࢗᛖфௐ364ཱིྋᛖ ޢĂᛖфௐ384ཱིྋᛖࢵА΍ன˞ϒ༊ڱ ޠ඀Ԕ۞ໄه14_{Ăତ˭ֽдᛖфௐ392ཱིă} ௐ396ཱིăௐ418ཱིăௐ436ཱིăௐ446ཱིඈ ྋᛖ̚ĂΦڱੰ̂ڱء̶Ҿдጳڱௐ8୧ ௐ1ีˠ֗ҋϤ۞ܲᅪͽ̈́ௐ16୧෦఩ᝋ ̚âГֹϡϒ༊ڱޠ඀Ԕֽߛၹѩඈ඀ Ԕّ۞ૄώᝋӀ۞ΑਕវրĄۡҌᛖфௐ 491ཱིྋᛖĂΦڱੰ̂ڱءࢵޘ૟ϒ༊ڱ ޠ඀Ԕጱˢ၁វૄώᝋӀĞጳڱௐ18୧Ĉ ڇ̳ᖚᝋğ̚Ăጯ۰ӈᄮࠎĈΦڱੰ̂ڱ ء၆ٺϒ༊ڱޠ඀Ԕ۞ࢋՐĂӈߏ၆ٺૄ ώᝋӀ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ۞ځϨۺؠ15_Ąྎ֏ ̝Ăጳڱּٙϯ۞ૄώᝋӀ୻ಏ̚Ăѣధ к׶௡ᖐᄃ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ׍ѣ࠹༊ᙯᓑ ۰Ă͍׎ߏ඀Ԕّ۞ૄώᝋӀ۞ొ̶Ăּ тĈ෦఩ᝋĞጳڱௐ16୧ğăˠ֗ҋϤ̝ ܲᅪĞጳڱௐ8୧ௐ1ีğăᏴᓝᝋҖֹࣧ ݋Ğጳڱௐ129୧ğඈඈĄੵ˞඀Ԕૄώ ᝋӀγĂ၁វّ۞ૄώᝋӀ׶௡ᖐᄃ඀Ԕ ܲᅪม۞ాඕᙯܼϺٙдкѣĂੵ݈ࢗᛖ фௐ491ཱིྋᛖٙঘ̈́۞ڇ̳ᖚᝋγĂጯ ఙҋϤĞጳڱௐ11୧ğЈᏥ̂ጯ۞хдᄃ ൴णăඕۤҋϤĞጳڱௐ14୧ğ۞൳੃඀ ԔᄃטޘăੑயᝋܲᅪĞጳڱௐ15୧ğ̚ ۞ۏᝋ൳੃טޘඈඈĄଂ҃Ă൑ኢ඀Ԕّ ٕ၁វّ̝ૄώᝋӀĂӮ׶඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ ׍ѣాඕᙯܼ16_{ĂΪߏ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕҫૄ} ώᝋӀ̰ट̝кဿ̙Т҃̏ĄૄώᝋӀ̝ ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂΞͽ၆ૄώᝋ۞֨᎔ّщ БቁܲүϡĂՀซ˘Վ۞ܳซૄώᝋӀΑ ਕ̝൴ण17_Ą ߏͽĂૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂԧ ઼ڱጯநኢᄃ၁ચࠧ۞࠹̢൴ण˭ĂᏉˢ ࡻ࡚ڱ۞ϒ༊ڱޠ඀ԔĂϹ̢ྻϡĄᝦٺ ૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂ˜ૄώᝋӀ଀ ͽѣड़၁ன̙ٙΞٕ৿۰Ăጯ۰֭Հซ˘ Վ۞Ă૟ૄώᝋӀ۞඀ԔܲᅪΑਕҋЧྍ ૄώᝋӀ̚٩ᗓ΍ֽĂ͹៍̼ࠎĶ඀Ԕૄ ώᝋķĂֹˠϔ଀ͽ͹ૺ඀ԔૄώᝋĂᖣ ͽܲᅪ၁វૄώᝋӀĄѩ჌͹៍ّኳ۞඀ ԔૄώᝋĂ׎ܲᅪቑಛ̈́ٺٙѣ۞ૄώᝋ ӀĂ֭଀Ϥˠϔঐໂ۞Ш઼छ͹ૺଵੵ඀ Ԕ˯̝̙ӀৈĂࠤҌ଀ͽ᎕ໂШ઼छࠎኛ Ր18_{Ąצז඀ԔૄώᝋٲՁ۰Ă่̙ߏΦ} 14_{ᙯٺϒ༊ڱޠ඀Ԕٺԧ઼۞൴णགྷ࿅ĂኛણዦĈڱڼ⎒ă཭ܲݱЪ඾ĂጳڱາኢĂ݈͔ො9Ăࢱ207-209Ą} 15_{ѣጯ۰ᄮࠎѝдᛖфௐ488ཱིྋᛖĂΦڱੰ̂ڱءಶ̏གྷځϨ޽΍ૄώᝋӀٲՁ၁߉၁វ̰ट̝඀ԔĂ҃၆ٺ၁វૄ} ώᝋӀ׍ѣ඀ԔܲᅪүϡĄણዦĈధ؟˧Ăૄώᝋ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ۞౵າ൴णęෞΦڱੰᛖфௐ488ཱིྋᛖĂ͡όڱ ጯĂௐ54ഇĂ1999ѐ11͡Ăࢱ155Ąᙯٺᛖфௐ491ཱིྋᛖăϒ༊ڱޠ඀ԔᄃૄώᝋӀ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕม̝ኢࢗĂኛણ ໰Ĉధ؟˧Ăૄώᝋ۞ΑਕĂ݈͔ො13Ăࢱ78-79Ą

16_{Klaus Stern, Das Staatsrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band Ƿ/1, 1988, S. 956.Ꮒ͛ϠĂҋ඀Ԕᄃ௡ᖐ៍ᕇኢૄώ}

ᝋӀ̝ܲᅪĂጳ߆ॡ΃Ăௐ25סௐ3ഇĂ2000ѐ1͡Ăࢱ33Ąధ؟˧݋ᄮࠎ֭ܧՏ˘჌ૄώᝋӀӮ׍ѣ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂ ણዦĈͩ඾Ăૄώᝋ۞ΑਕĂ݈͔ො13Ăࢱ77Ą 17_{ౘຎวĂጳڱጯĂ2004ѐ1͡Ăࢱ362-363Ą} 18_{ಶૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂߏӎхдࢋՐטؠপؠ௡ᖐ̈́඀Ԕ̝ኛՐᝋâਠ͹ૺᄮࠎ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ׍މ៍ّ} ኳĂҌٺߏӎ׍ѣ͹៍ኛՐᝋĂᑕෛ̙Тᅳાă̙Тᙷݭΐͽ੅ኢĂણ֍ĈᏂ͛ϠĂҋ඀Ԕᄃ௡ᖐ៍ᕇኢૄώᝋӀ̝ ܲᅪĂ݈͔ො15Ăࢱ37-38Ąଂ҃ĂಶࢉϠّග;ኛՐᝋĞderivative TeilhabeansprucheğϺӈπඈ̶ֳᝋĞgleicht Teilhaberechteğ҃֏Ăᑕଳۺؠ֍ྋĄ

ڱ඀Ԕ19_ăҖ߆඀Ԕ20_ᄃϲڱ඀Ԕ21_ĂࠤҌ ొ̶׍ѣ፾ҫّă̳Вّ۞ռᅳા22_Ăˠ ϔϺѣ͹ૺ඀Ԕܲᅪ̝۩มĄѩ჌Ϥމ៍ ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕז͹៍඀Ԕૄώᝋ۞࿅඀Ă ᄃᇇ઼ٙޙၹ۞ૄώᝋӀ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕវ րĂ̏ѣ࠹༊मள23_Ą

˟ăᑕ҂ྏᝋ۞඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ

ጳڱௐ18୧ٙఢؠ̝ᑕ҂ྏᝋĂдͧ ྵڱ˯ߏ࠹༊͌֍۞Ă͍׎ߏాඕጳڱௐ 86୧̝ఢؠޢĂѝѐጯ۰ኢ᜜፬ধĂᙯٺ ጳڱௐ18୧Ķᑕ҂ྏķᄃĶڇ̳ᖚķม̝ ᙯܼ24_{ĂϺѣ࠹༊඀ޘ۞ᗃ୻}25_Ąߏጳڱٙ ܲᅪ̝ᑕ҂ྏᝋĂቑಛᑕΒ߁׌۰Ĉ˘ă ̳ચˠࣶЇϡྤॾ̝ᑕ҂ྏᝋć˟ă૞ܝ ᖚຽ̈́ԫఙˠࣶેຽྤॾ̝ᑕ҂ྏᝋĄ݈ ۰ܼˠϔϲٺ͹જгҜĞstatus activusğ ᎕ໂણᄃͽԛј઼छຍޥĂүࠎ઼ϔ͹ᝋ ጳڱૄᖂ۞ࢦࢋܑᇈĂЪ׀ጳڱௐ17୧˘ ׀៍၅ĂТᛳˠϔણ߆ᝋ̝ܲᅪቑಛćޢ ۰݋ܼϤ઼छ၆ٺˠϔ̍үਕ˧ᄃྤॾ̝ މ៍ᄮؠĂซ҃үјߙ჌ՙؠĂЪ׀ጳڱ ௐ15୧˘׀៍၅Ă݋ᄃˠϔ۞̍үᝋ׍ᚮ Ъᙯܼ26_{Ąଂ҃Ă׎΁׍ѣᚮۋّኳ۞҂} ྏĂ֭ܧጳڱௐ18୧ᑕ҂ྏᝋ۞ܲᅪቑ ಛĂߏ̂ጯᓑ҂˜ጯ௫ҋϤ۞ܲᅪቑಛĄ ᑕ҂ྏᝋүࠎጳڱٙܲᅪ̝ˠϔૄώ ᝋӀĂᔵᛳԧ઼ٙ፾ѣĂ൒׎֗ࠎૄώᝋ Ӏٙ׍ѣ̝үϡĂϺ̙टنෛĄྎ֏̝Ă дૄώᝋӀүϡ̝͹៍ࢬШĂࡶˠϔ̝ᑕ ҂ྏᝋࠎ઼छٙࢨטĂώٺૄώᝋӀ̝֨ ᎔ᝋүϡĂˠϔ༊଀͹ૺᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝ૄώ ᝋӀĂኛՐଵੵ઼छ̝̒࿰ćдˠϔಶᑕ ҂ྏᝋ଀ӎ͹ૺĶπඈ̶ֳᝋĞgleicht Teilhaberechteğķ۞યᗟ˯Ăώٺૄώᝋ 19 _{ҋΦڱੰᛖфௐ384ཱིྋᛖฟؕĂڦࢦૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪĂܼϤ෦఩඀ԔࠎؕĄ} 20_{Φڱੰᛖфௐ491ཱིྋᛖણ໰Ą} 21 _{ᘲ็ኰĂϲڱ඀ԔᄃԫఙĂ2001ѐ5͡Ăࢱ391-392ă394-395Ą} 22_{ౘຎวĂጳڱጯĂ݈͔ො17Ăࢱ363Ą} 23_{ᇇ઼఼ᄲٙኢ۞ૄώᝋӀ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂܼ޽ߙֱૄώᝋӀ۞၁னĂѣᏥপؠ۞̳πЪந඀ԔүࠎĶ੨इķĂߏͽυ} ื૟ૄώᝋӀ۞ܲᅪड़˧ᕖ̈́ٺ఺ֱ௡ᖐᄃ඀Ԕ˯ĂтѩૄώᝋӀ̙͞࡭ٺజߛ۩ćҌٺҖ߆඀Ԕڱ˯۞඀Ԕܲᅪ ఢؠĂ݋ߏдˠϔٺણᄃҖ߆፟ᙯٙ͹ጱ۞Җ߆඀Ԕ̚ĂૄٺĶૄώᝋӀ̝֨኎ᝋΑਕķֽ҃۞඀ԔࢋՐĄ༊൒Ă ߙֱૄώᝋӀΞਕυืᖣϤౘࢗຍ֍ăዦᜓס؟ඈ͞ёĂ͞଀ͽ၁னྍඈૄώᝋӀ̝̰टĂּтĈ෦ᙸᝋĞጳڱௐ 16୧ğăྤੈҋϤĞጳڱௐ22୧ğඈඈĂ఺่ߏ඀Ԕܲᅪ̝Ķ͞ёķ࠹Т҃̏Ă֭ܧ޽Җ߆඀Ԕڱ̚༊ְˠણᄃొ̶ ӈܼĶૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕķ۞Бొ̰टĄଂ҃Ă̙ਕ่ЯҖ߆඀Ԕڱఢؠᙯٺౘࢗຍ֍ăዦᜓס؟ඈ඀Ԕܲ ᅪĂӈ૟׎ᄃĶૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕķထ˯ඈཱིĄ֍ڱڼ⎒ă཭ܲݱЪ඾ĂጳڱາኢĂ݈͔ො9Ăࢱ139-140Ą൒ ҃ĂૄώᝋӀ̝඀Ԕܲᅪٺԧ઼൴णҌ̫ĂઐШ඀Ԕૄώᝋ̝੅ኢĂጯ۰֭ͽπඈᝋăˠّ಴ᚑă˘ਠˠॾᝋ࠹၆ ٺ׎΁ૄώᝋӀ̝֎ޘĂؠҜ඀ԔૄώᝋĂಶˠϔ͹ૺૄώᝋӀ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ̝ѣड़ّ҃֏Ă൘ѣ၁ৈĂણ֍ĈՂ ዩ̋ĂኢĶ඀Ԕૄώᝋķ̝ޙၹᄃར၁ęೀ࣎Җ߆඀Ԕڱዋϡયᗟ̝ଣ੅Ăࢱ4-5ćТͩ඾Ă඀ԔૄώᝋĂ͡όڱጯ ିވĂௐ19ഇĂࢱ32-34ćՂޙ։ĂૄώᝋӀ۞நهតዏᄃΑਕវրęଂࡠڒ̰ҹĶ֗Њநኢķኘ੓Ğ˭ğĂጳ߆ॡ ΃Ăௐ29סௐ2ഇĂ2003ѐ10͡Ăࢱ186-188ćТͩ඾ĂኢૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔΑਕᄃ඀ԔૄώᝋĂ݈͔ො12Ăࢱ145-146ćӓطĂጳڱ۞ྋᛖᄃዋϡĂ2004ѐ6͡Ăࢱ120Ą 24_{ϺӈĶᑕ҂ྏķᄃĶڇ̳ᖚķтࠎార̝ϡᄬĂ݋ٙѣ̳ᖚˠࣶĞΒ߁߆ચءăϔᏴࢵܜĂࠤҌᛉࣶğĂӮᅮགྷ࿅҂} ྏ̈́ॾĂ͞଀ᑕᇈٕણᏴĄ࠹ᙯ̝੅ኢĂྎ֍ĈڒࡔڌĂ̚රϔ઼ጳڱు୧ᛖཌྷĂௐ1ΊĂ1993ѐ7͡Ăࢱ294-305Ą 25_{ᑕ҂ྏᝋᄃڇ̳ᖚᝋܼ׌჌̙Т̝ૄώᝋӀĂ̙ᑕారྋᛖĂΦڱੰᛖфௐ546ཱིྋᛖ̏ѣᄲځĂΩኛણ໰ĈӓطĂ} ጳڱ۞ྋᛖᄃዋϡĂ݈͔ො23Ăࢱ302Ą 26 _{Ղ೎؟ĂጳڱࢋཌྷĂ2004ѐ10͡Ăࢱ273Ą}

Ӏ ̝ ࢉ Ϡ ّ ග ; ኛ Ր ᝋ Ğ d e r i v a t i v e TeilhabeansprucheğĂϺᑕଳۺؠ֍ྋć˫ ᑕ҂ྏᝋд̳ચˠࣶЇϡྤॾ̝҂ྏ̚Ă ׍ѣણ߆ᝋ̝͹જгҜĂϺᛳૄώᝋӀ̝ ග;үϡቑಛĂ̏т݈ࢗĄΩ˘͞ࢬĂд ૄώᝋӀүϡ̝މ៍ࢬШĂૄٺጳڱٙܲ ᅪ̝ૄώᝋӀĂ˜ܲᅪ˘჌ҋϤ۞ăѣ৩ Ԕ۞ăѣ௡ᖐ۞Ϡ߿ᅳાĂ׍ѣጳڱჟৠ ٙ ႊ ᘯ ۞ ˘ ჌ ૄ ώ ᆊ ࣃ ՙ ؠ ĞWertordnungğĂጳڱٙͽܲᅪˠϔ̝ᑕ ҂ྏᝋĂܼͽᅞؠˠ̖ăᝥҾਕ˧ࠎϫ ۞Ă݋ˠϔᑕ҂ྏ̝፟ົᑕᛳπඈĂಶ҂ ྏٙᝥҾ̝ྤॾਕ˧ĂϺᑕᄃ׎҂ྏ̝ϫ ۞׍ѣ࠹ᙯా̝Ъநᇾ໤27_{ĂߏͽĂ҂ྏ} ᑕޙϲטޘĂ֭ࠎጳڱטޘّܲᅪቑಛĄ ˫Ăಶᑕ҂ྏᝋүϡ̝މ៍ࢬШ҃֏Ăૄ ώᝋӀ၆ௐˬˠड़˧ă઼छ᜕ܲཌྷચඈү ϡĂٺˠϔᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝үϡ˯Ă׽൒ྵᙱ ຐညĂ൒ૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂ݋ࠎ ᑕ҂ྏᝋ̙ٙΞٕ৿۞੨इĄ ૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕĂ׎ܲᅪ̝ ८͕̰टࠎңĂϺӈ඀Ԕనࢍᑕ྿זң჌ ܲᅪ̝඀ޘĂ͞ΞᏜ௑Ъጳڱ̝౵Ҳࢨޘ ̝඀ԔܲᅪĂጯ۰มຍ֍̙֭˘࡭28_Ąፂ ώ͛ٙ֍Ăಶᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ҃ ֏Ă˭Еೀᕇᑕᛳ׎८͕ቑಛĈ˘ă҂ྏ ፟ᙯ̝௡ᖐᑕ̳ϒމ៍Ĉ҂ྏ፟ᙯ̝௡ј υื̳ϒ҃൑ٙઐᅲĂ֭ѣਫ਼ᔖטޘĄ ˟ă҂ྏ඀ԔᑕЪநϒ༊Ĉ҂ྏ̝ᓝᏱᑕ ౅ځ̳ฟĂֹˠϔ଀ͽᒔۢ҂ྏᓝᏱ̝࠹ ᙯྤੈĂ଀·̶໤౯Ăͽ၁ன׎ᑕ҂ྏ ᝋć҂ྏ፟ᙯ࢑ѣ̳ϒүࠎཌྷચĂ҂ྏ඀ ԔᑕЪநϒ༊Ă֭ڦຍ၁ኳπඈࣧ݋29_Ą ˬă҂ྏෞ̶ᑕމ៍̳ϒĈ҂ྏ̰टᑕ׍ ᝥҾޘĂ֭௑Ъ҂ྏᙷݭٙᑕ׍̝ྤॾٕ ਕ˧ĂᔖҺ൑ᙯЯ৵̝ซˢ30_ć҂ྏෞ̶ ᑕቁ̳ܲϒ̳πĂ֭ܲ঻ᑕ҂ˠ۞үඍዶ гĄαăᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟̝ᝋӀĈᑕ҂ˠ ᑕѣኑߤјᒻ̝ᝋӀĂ֭଀ኛՐዦᜓס ؟Ą̣ăᑕ҂ˠ̝ౘࢗຍ֍ᝋӀĈᑕ҂ˠ ଀ಶ҂ྏ඀Ԕă̰टඈౘࢗຍ֍Ă֭଀೩ ΍ᙋፂĂኳႷ҂ྏ඀Ԕᄃ̰टćᑕ҂ˠᄃ ΍ᗟ؎ࣶăዦס؎ࣶᑕѣຍ֍໛఼̝፟ ົćዦס؎ࣶ଀ͽֶፂາᙋፂĂࢦາෞؠ ҂ྏ̶ᇴඈඈĄ

ˬăᇇ઼ڱט۞៍၅

҂ྏੰѣᙯ҂Ᏼ׻ᗟ̈́ෞ̶̝ҖࠎĂ ֶԧ઼Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ3୧ௐ3ีௐ8ഠఢ ؠĂ̙ዋϡҖ߆඀Ԕڱ̚ѣᙯ඀Ԕ̝ఢ ؠĂጯ۰Ⴭѩଵੵ̝ఢؠࠎĶڱޠፋវّ 27_{ਕ˧ࣧ݋ĞLeistungsprinzipğĄౘຎวĂጳڱጯĂ݈͔ො17Ăࢱ593Ą} 28_{ѣጯ۰ᄮࠎ̳ϒүࠎཌྷચăצӘۢᝋă᝘ᙋᝋ̈́ᄲځநϤཌྷચඈαᕇĂࠎϒ༊Җ߆඀Ԕ̝ૄώ̰உĂણ֍Ĉ഼ᇇ} ؟ĂኢҖ߆඀Ԕ۞ϒ༊඀ԔĂќᐂٺĈͩ඾ĂҖ߆඀ԔڱኢĂ2001ѐĂࢱ4-27Ąѣጯ۰೩΍Ĉ1.̳ϒ۞෗ՙ፟ᙯĂυ ࢋॡ௡јк̮؎ࣶົć2.࿰АӘۢٙᑢଳפ૟၆׎̙Ӏ۞ҖજĂ̈́ٙॲፂ۞ڱޠᄃְ၁˯நϤć3.༊ְˠѣ၆ѩౘࢗ ຍ֍ͽՐᏰځ۞፟ົć4.ѣዦᜓס؟۞ᝋӀć5.ѣኛՐΡฟăણᄃ̳᝘ົ̝ᝋӀć6.ѣ೩΍ᙋፂ̈́ࢋՐ็ಓᙋˠ۞ᝋ Ӏć7.ѣ၆፟ᙯ޽ؠˠࣶăᙋˠăᝥؠˠă׎΁༊ְˠ̈́׎΃நˠྙય۞ᝋӀć8.ѣኛՐֶᙋፂ෗ՙ۞ᝋӀć9.ѣད ኛ΃நˠٕᅃҥˠ۞ᝋӀć10.ٙүј෗ՙᅮܢநϤć11.ѣણᄃՙؠ۞ᝋӀć12.ѣኛՐᓝᏱăણᄃ̳ϔԸை۞ᝋӀć ણ֍Ĉధ؟˧Ăૄώᝋ඀ԔܲᅪΑਕ۞౵າ൴णęෞΦڱੰᛖфௐ488ཱིྋᛖĂ݈͔ො15Ăࢱ156Ą 29_{ּтĈ၆ٺ͕֗ᅪᘣ̝ᑕ҂ˠ೩ֻዋ༊҂ྏಞٙăጡ׍Ă֭೩ֻ࠹༊үඍॡมĄ} 30_{ѩӈ݈̝ٙࢗਕ˧ࣧ݋ĄౘຎวĂጳڱጯĂ݈͔ො17Ăࢱ593Ą}

๋̝˸ЩಏĞVerlustliste der Rechtseinheitğķ 31_{Ąԧ઼טࢎҖ߆඀Ԕڱ̝ܐĂᇃھৼˢ} ๋˸ЩಏĂ͹ࢋߏ҂ᇋڱޠ၁߉ϿؕĂЯ ᑕ၁ᅫᅮࢋĂഴ͌ோᘣᙱҖ̝ன၁ӧဩ 32_{ĄଘߤĂԧ઼Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ3୧ௐ3ีௐ8} ഠ̝ఢؠĂᔵϼҋᇇ઼ᓑ֣Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ 2୧ௐ3ีௐ2ഠĂ൒ԧ઼̝ଵੵఢؠݒܦ ΍ٺᖡĂ޷ᇇ઼ᓑ֣Җ߆඀Ԕڱྍ୧ഠ˜ ၆ٺঘ̈́࣎ˠјᒻăਕ˧ٕᙷҬ҂ྏ඀Ԕ ඈҖ߆඀ԔĂপҾఢؠĶొ̶ዋϡķҖ߆ ඀ԔڱĂ̙ዋϡҖ߆඀Ԕڱ̝ొ̶ĂΒ߁ ༊ְˠ᝘ᙋăҖ߆఍̶ૻט੃ځநϤă΃ நˠᄃᅃҥˠඈఢؠĂҌٺ༊ְˠዦᜓס ؟̝ᝋӀĞᇇ઼ᓑ֣Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ29୧ğ ̙ҭϏдଵੵ̝ЕĂͅࠎᇇ઼ᓑ֣Җ߆඀ Ԕڱௐ2୧ௐ3ีௐ2ഠٙځ͛ዋϡ33_Ą Ω˘͞ࢬĂԧ઼Җ߆඀Ԕڱ̚༊ְˠ ዦᜓס؟̝ఢؠĂֶྍڱௐ46୧ௐ2ีЕ ᓝѣ5ഠ̝ଵੵఢؠĂ׎̰टᔵ൒ϼҋᇇ ઼ᓑ֣Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ29୧ௐ2ีֽ҃Ăଘ ׎ࢨט୧ІᆧΐࠤкĄಶᇇ઼ڱט៍၅Ă ᙯٺᑕ҂ˠϦኛዦᜓס؟̝ᝋӀĂᇇ઼ᓑ ֣Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ2୧ௐ3ีௐ2ഠځ͛଀ͽ ዋϡТڱௐ29୧Ă҃ௐ29୧ௐ2ี၆ٺዦ ᜓס؟̝ࢨטĂࣧ݋˯ϺϏଵੵᑕ҂ˠ̝ ዦᜓס؟ᝋӀĄྎ֏̝Ăᑕࢨטᑕ҂ˠዦ ᜓס؟ᝋӀ۰ĂੵѣڱޠΩځ͛ࢨטఢؠ γĂтֶ࣎ҾҖ߆඀Ԕ̝পّĂᑕܲ޺ס

؟৪૜ĞIhren Wesen nachğ۰Ăӈ଀ͽࢨ טᑕ҂ˠϦኛዦᜓס؟Ą൒҃Ăಶ҂ྏְ І҃֏ĂңᏜֶ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̝পّᑕܲ޺ס ؟৪૜Ăಶѩጯࠧкѣኢ᜜Ąѣጯ۰ᄮ ࠎĂ҂ྏס؟ֶ҂ྏপّĂ׍ѣܲ૜υ ࢋĂБొӮᑕࢨטዦᜓĄ൒҃кᇴ֍ྋ݋ ᄮ ࠎ Ă ዦ ס ؎ ࣶ ̝ ࠺ Բ Ğ V o r a u f z e i c h n u n g ğă Լ ϒ ڦ ྋ Ğ K o r r e k t u r b e m e r k u n g e n ğ ᄃ ඕ ኢ ĞSchlussbeurteilungğ̙׍ܲ૜পّĂ҃ᛳ ٺ༊ְˠ଀Ϧኛዦᜓ۰34_Ą ጯࠧ۞кᇴຍ֍ĂΞͽͅߍд၁ચ֍ ྋ˯Ąᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰٺ1991ѐ4͡17 ͟۞ҿՙ35_{̚Ăಶ҂ྏෞ̶ՙؠٙঘ̈́҂} ྏ඀Ԕ೩΍࠹༊ჟᜥ۞֍ྋĄࢵАĂᓑ֣ ጳڱڱੰᄮࠎ҂ྏෞ̶඀ԔĂপҾߏঘ̈́ זᄃᖚຽҋϤ࠹ᙯ۞઼छ҂ྏ඀ԔĂυื ࢋѣड़ܲᅪ҂Ϡ۞ᖚຽҋϤĂቁᄮ׎צጳ ڱૄώᝋӀٙܲᅪ̝ቑಛĄߏͽĂዦס؎ ࣶ၆ٺ҂ྏෞ̶̝ඕڍĂυื׍౯࠹༊ந ϤĂ҃ܧहຍ۞ՙؠ҂ྏ̝ෞ̶ĄҌٺᑕ ҂ˠಶ҂ྏ඀Ԕăෞ̶̰टٙ଀͹ૺ۰Ă ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰᄮࠎĂᑕ҂ˠಶ˾ྏ۞ෞ̶ ࡔᐂăඊྏ۞ԲԼොྋඈ҂ྏס؟Ăѣዦ ᜓס؟̝ᝋӀĄГ۰ĂϤٺ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̚Ă ᑕ҂ˠ఼૱ߏд҂ྏјᒻ̳ҶޢĂ̖ۢଉ ׎јᒻд࣎Ҿ඀Ԕܼ̚జтңෞᆊĂଂ҃ ளᛉ඀ԔĞ෦ᙸ඀Ԕğᑕΐͽᆶ८֭ᆶຕ 31_{๋˸БొЩಏĂྎ௟ᘲЕٺҖ߆඀Ԕڱௐ2୧ௐ3ีĂВѣ8ഠ̝кĄ} 32_{ӓطĂҖ߆ڱ̝நኢᄃ၁ϡĂ2004ѐ8͡Ăࢱ545Ą}

33_{Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungrecht, 11. Aufl., Ő5, Rn.12.}

34_{Knack/ Busch, Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, Kommentar, 7. Aufl., 2000, Ő29, Rn.22.}

35_{BVerfGE, 84, 34.ώІ෗ҿ̚ᛌ͛ĂણዦĈችዩၷᛌĂᙯٺĶڱੰᆶ८ᖚຽѣᙯ̝҂ྏķ̝ҿՙĂќٺĈᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱ}

ෞҤĄЯ̝Ăᑕ҂ˠ၆ٺෞ̶ඕڍٙ೩΍ ̝ளᛉ̈́࠹ᙯᙋፂྤफ़Ăᑕቁ၁ϹϤዦס ؎ࣶүᆶዦĂ҂Ϡᄃዦס؎ࣶͽѩሀё࠹ ̢Ϲೱຍ֍Ăֹዦס؎ࣶΞͽֶፂ໛఼۞ ඕڍĂણ੩າᙋፂĂჯ޺ٕតՀֽࣧٙෞ ؠ̶̝ᇴ36_Ą ტ˯ٙࢗĂᑕ҂ˠ၆ٺ҂ྏ̝ዦᜓס ؟ᝋӀĂᇇ઼఼ᄲᄃ၁ચ֍ྋӮᄮࠎĂٺ ҂ྏ඀ԔซҖԆல̝ޢĂᑕ҂ˠ׍ѣዦᜓ ס؟̝ᝋӀĂ଀ͽϦኛዦᜓд҂ྏซҖ඀ Ԕ̚ѣ࠹ᙯס؟̈́ྏסĂΒ߁ѣӄٺᑕ҂ ˠ͹ૺٕܲᅪ׎ᝋৈ̝࠹ᙯ͛ІĄѩ˜Ϥ ٺ઼छ҂ྏ̝ෞ̶ঘ̈́ᑕ҂ˠ̝ᖚຽҋ ϤĂࠎֹྍඈૄώᝋӀ଀ͽѣड़၁னĂᑕ ҂ˠዦᜓס؟̝ᝋӀᑕࠎ׎ٙܲᅪ̝ቑ ಛĄᑕ҂ˠᖣϤዦᜓס؟ᝋӀĂ଀ٺளᛉ ඀Ԕ̚͹ૺٕኳႷෞ̶ඕڍĂ֭ѣᝋ೩΍ ᙋፂٕ࠹ᙯྤफ़Ăࣕܮዦס؎ࣶણ੩Ąᖣ Ϥѩඈ໛఼͞ёĂዦס؎ࣶ଀ͽࢦາෞ ̶Ăͽܲᅪᑕ҂ˠ̝ᖚຽҋϤĄ

αăԧ઼׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ี̝ᑭ੅

ᙯٺᑕ҂ˠ̝ዦᜓס؟ᝋӀĂᑕᛳ׎ ᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑਕቑಛĂࠤҌܼૄ ώᝋӀ჌ᙷ̚඀Ԕૄώᝋ̝̰உĄԧ઼ன Җڱޠ̝ఢؠĂᑕ҂ˠ̝ዦᜓס؟ᝋӀĂ ࢵАߏ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ1ีఢؠĈĶᑕ҂ ˠ଀ٺၳϯޢϦኛኑߤјᒻĄķٙᏜኑߤ јᒻĂଳϡϦኢёٕયඍёྏᗟ۰Ăܼ८ ၆ཱིቅăྏסඊྫăϦኛኑߤࡊϫ̝ྏס јᒻćଳϡീរёྏᗟॡĂܼ८၆ཱིቅă үඍ͞ڱĂ֭ͽ᝝Ιన౯ࢦ᝝ćଳ˾ྏă ീរă၁г҂ྏă඾үٕ൴ځᆶߤăጯ። གྷ።ᙋځᆶߤ۰Ă݋ܼ८၆ཱིቅăЧีෞ ̶̈́ෞ̶ᓁ׶̝πӮᇴĞᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤ јᒻᏱڱௐ5୧ણ໰ğĄੵ˞ኑߤјᒻ̝ γĂᙯٺዦᜓס؟̝׎΁ᝋӀߏӎצזܲ ᜕ĂТ୧ௐ2ีఢؠĈĶᑕ҂ˠ̙଀ࠎ˭ ЕҖࠎĈ˘ăϦኛዦᜓྏסĄ˟ăϦኛࠎ ЇңኑᄦҖࠎĄˬăࢋՐ೩ֻϦኢྏᗟણ ҂ඍ९ĄαăࢋՐӘۢ׏ྏ؎ࣶă׻ᗟ؎ ࣶăዦס؎ࣶăᆶߤ؎ࣶă˾ྏ؎ࣶٕ၁ г҂ྏ؎ࣶ̝ؖЩ̈́ѣᙯྤफ़Ąķ˫Яࠎ Т୧ௐ3ีఢؠĈĶ׎΁ڱޠᄃ݈ีఢؠ ̙ТॡĂዋϡώ୧͛ĄķߏͽĂҖ߆඀Ԕ ڱௐ46୧ᔵ൒ఢؠĂҖ߆඀Ԕ̝༊ְˠٕ ӀचᙯܼˠĂѣዦᜓס؟̝ᝋӀĂҭצז ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ3ีఢؠ̝ଵੵĂϺ൑ዋ ϡዶг37_{ĄࠤҌѣᄮࠎĈֶ่Җ߆඀Ԕڱ} ௐ3୧ௐ3ีௐ8ഠ๋̝˸ЩಏĂӈ̏ଵੵ ᑕ҂ˠֶҖ߆඀Ԕڱ͹ૺዦᜓס؟̝ᝋ ӀĄଂ҃Ăᑕ҂ˠ่ѣϦኛԛё˯ኑߤј ᒻ̝ᝋӀĂ׎΁ዦᜓס؟ඈ࠹ᙯᝋӀĂࠎ ჯ޺҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πĂ׏ྏڱӮ̟ࢨ טĄΦڱੰᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖϺᄮࠎĂᑕ ҂ˠٺ҂ྏෞ̶ޢϦኛኑߤјᒻĂĶੵֶ ԛё៍၅ĂӈΞ൴֍ྍีјᒻѣព൒᏾ᄱ ۰γĂ̙ᑕೈᑕ҂ˠ̝ࢋՐЇຍГҖෞ ዦĂͽჯ޺҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πĄķ֭ᄮࠎ ҂ྏੰࢨטᑕ҂ˠĶ̙଀ࢋՐࢦາෞዦă 36_{BVerfGE, 84, 34(47f.).} 37_{ણ໰׏ྏڱௐ23୧࣒ϒநϤĄϲڱੰ̳ಡௐ90סௐ62ഇĂࢱ369-372Ą}

೩ֻણ҂ඍ९ăዦᜓٕኑОྏסĂϺ̙଀ ࢋՐӘۢዦס؎ࣶ̝ؖЩٕ׎΁ѣᙯྤ फ़ķĂܼࠎჯ޺҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πٙυ ࢋĂ̟͚҃޺Ą ଘߤĂᑕ҂ྏᝋࠎԧ઼ጳڱௐ18୧ٙ ܲᅪ̝ૄώᝋӀĂˠϔ଀ͽ͹ૺѩඈૄώ ᝋӀĂણΐ҂ྏĂͽפ଀̳ચˠࣶЇϡྤ ॾĂͽ̈́૞ܝᖚຽ̈́ԫఙˠࣶેຽྤॾĄ үࠎጳڱٙܲᅪ̝ૄώᝋӀĂᑕ҂ྏᝋϺ ׍ѣૄώᝋӀٙ׍ѣ̝ΑਕĂͽ၁னጳڱ ܲᅪˠϔણΐ҂ྏᝋăפ଀Їϡྤॾٕે ຽྤॾ̝ຍўĄૄώᝋӀ̝඀ԔܲᅪΑ ਕĂ˜Ҍٺ׎͹៍̼҃ھჍ̝඀Ԕૄώ ᝋĂӈࠎቁܲᑕ҂ྏᝋ଀ͽЪந၁ன̝ࢦ ࢋүϡĄ˘͞ࢬĂˠϔ଀ፂͽĶኛՐ̳π ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̝ᝋӀĞAnspruch auf den faires Prüfungsverfahenğķ38_{ćΩ˘͞ࢬĂצૄώ} ᝋӀٲՁ̝̳ᝋ˧͹វĂᑕޙϲ̳πЪந ̝҂ྏ඀ԔᄃטޘĄЯ̝Ăੵ઼छٙޙၹ ۞҂ྏ፟ᙯă҂ྏ඀Ԕͽ̈́҂ྏෞᏴ௡ᖐ ᄃ඀ԔĂᅮ̳ϒމ៍ă౅ځ̳ฟͽγĂᑕ ҂ˠүࠎጳڱᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝͹វĂᑕ଀ந ྋăӀϡ֭ણᄃ҂ྏ඀ԔĂᖣϤ඀Ԕܲᅪ ͽ၁ன׎ᑕ҂ྏᝋĄѩॡĂᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס ؟̝ᝋӀĂͽ̈́ౘࢗຍ֍̝ᝋӀĂӈࠎጳ ڱᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝ܲᅪቑಛĄ ᙯٺጳڱٙܲᅪ̝ૄώᝋӀĂֶፂጳ ڱௐ23୧̝ఢؠĂٺ௑Ъྍ୧ٙఢؠ̝̳ ৈϫ۞ଐԛ˭Ă׽଀ͽڱޠࢨט̝Ă൒υ ืᏲчጳڱ˯۞ּͧࣧ݋ĂϺӈ௑Ъጳڱ ٙࢋՐ̝ϫ۞ϒ༊ّ39_{ă߱͘υࢋّăࢨ} טԁ༊ّĄ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ีࢨטᑕ҂ ˠዦᜓס؟̝ᝋӀĂ׎ϲڱநϤܼĶჯ޺ ҂ྏ̝ᘦؠّķ40_{ĂΦڱੰᛖфௐ319ཱིྋ} ᛖϺᄮࠎ༰ͤዦᜓྏס̝ϫ۞дჯ޺҂ྏ ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πĄ൒ዦᜓס؟˜Җ߆඀Ԕ༊ ְˠણᄃ඀Ԕ̝౵ૄώᝋӀĂт൑ڱᖣϤ ዦᜓס؟ۢଉҖ߆̝̰टᄃซҖ̝඀ԔĂ ༊ְˠ૟൑ڱዋॡણᄃ඀Ԕă͹ૺ၁វᝋ ӀĄҌٺᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟̝ඕڍĂӈᄮࠎ υ൒ᇆᜩ҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πĂٕܼ၆҂ྏ ඕڍυ൒ౄјតજĂ݋๻தᕝĂଂ҃Ăዦ ᜓס؟ᄃ҂ྏטޘ̝މ៍ă̳πᄃᘦؠّ ߏӎѣᙯᓑĂإܧ൑ႷĄГ۰ĂБࢬ༰ͤ ᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟Ăߏӎܼ౵̝̈ࢨט͘ ߱Ă҃଀གྷ࿅ּͧࣧ݋̝ᑭរĂϺѣޞ੅ ኢĄ޷઼छ҂ྏ׍ѣ˘Ѩّ̈́ፋវّĂ֭ ѣ൑ڱࢦኑ̝পّĂᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟ޢт ଀ͽ࠹̢ͧྵඍ९ᄃෞ̶ĂࠤҌಶѩᅅٽ ۞೩੓Җ߆ۋ఩Ă૟ᇆᜩ઼छ҂ྏၳϯޢ ۞щؠّĂ׽ѣٙፂĄ൒ࡶዦס؎ࣶෞؠ јᒻڍৌѣᄱĂᑕ҂ˠώ଀ֶڱؠ඀Ԕኛ 38_{BVerfGE, 84, 34(49); 84, 59(77); 88, 40(59).} 39_{Ϥٺּͧࣧ݋ўдᆶߤ྿јϫ۞ֹٙϡ̝Ķ߱͘ķߏӎࠎЪͼĶϫ۞ķٙυࢋ۰Ăҭ֭Ϗӣ߁Ķϫ۞ķώ֗۞ϒ༊} ّᑭរĂଂ҃дซҖּͧࣧ݋̝ᆶߤ݈Ăإืಶఢቑϫ۞̝ϒ༊ّАซҖᆶߤĞΦڱੰᛖфௐ476ཱིăௐ544ཱིăௐ 551ཱིඈྋᛖણ໰ğĂᅍಶּͧࣧ݋ࠁϠ̝̄ࣧ݋ֶѨᆶߤĄ 40_{ࣧ೩९፟ᙯ҂ྏੰ҂Ᏼొٙ೩̝࣒ϒਨ९Ă֭Ϗ༰ͤᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟Ă่ࢨט̙଀ԨᆷăኑОăᛷᇆăᄪ᝝ăᐂࢰ} ඈኑᄦҖࠎĄྍ९ٺϲڱੰᆶᛉॡĂϲڱ؎ࣶ೩९࣒ϒĂፂ೩९̝ϲڱ؎ࣶٙࢗĈĶି଱ዦסᑕྍෛТڱءҿ९˘ ᇹѣҋϤ͕ᙋ۞ᝋӀĄ...ࡶѩ఍ΞዦᜓྏסĂ݋ٙѣ۞ྏס̶ᇴౌјࠎ̙ቁؠېڶĂдౌम˘ă˟̶ॡĂౌࢋՐՀ ϒ...ĄٙͽĂࠎ˞ჯ᜕ྏסዦס̝ᘦؠّĂಶ̙ਕϦኛዦᜓྏסĂͽҺјࠎঙજېڶĂֹٙѣ۞јᒻϦኛೇᛉĄЯ ѩĂ఺ొ̶ચυࢋຕࢦĂ̙ߏࢋࣤဳ҂Ϡ۞ᝋৈĂ҃ߏ஝ঘ҂ྏטޘዦסјᒻ۞ᘦؠّĄķྍ࣒ϒ୧͛གྷ߆ᛨםથ ඕڍĂ࣒ϒࠎனҖ͛фĄણ֍Ĉϲڱੰ̳ಡĂௐ90סௐ3ഇĞ˭ğĂࢱ228Ą

Րାᑻćன˘ޠ༰ͤዦᜓס؟Ă࡭ֹᑕ҂ ˠా൴னෞ̶༂ஷ۞፟ົౌ՟ѣĂᙱᄮᛳ Ъந۞౵̈༰ͤ߱͘Ą Ω ߤ Ă Җ ߆ ඀ Ԕ ڱ ௐ 3 ୧ ௐ 3 ี ௐ 8 ഠĂ૟Ķѣᙯ҂Ᏼ׻ᗟ̈́ෞ̶̝ҖࠎķЕ ˢڱޠፋវّ๋˸Щಏ̚Ą޷Җ߆඀Ԕڱ үࠎҖ߆፟ᙯଂְҖ߆Җࠎ̝ૄώڱĂᙯ ٺ׎ዋϡĂҖ߆඀Ԕڱௐ3୧నѣኜкࢨ טĂௐ1ีАѣ׎΁ڱޠΩѣఢؠ۰ᐹА ዋϡ41_{Ăௐ2ี˫నѣ፟ᙯዋϡ̝ੵγఢؠ} 42_{Ăௐ3ีГΐ˯8ഠְีዋϡ̝ଵੵఢ} ؠĂֹ଀Җ߆඀Ԕڱ̝ዋϡቑಛ˘ฟؕಶ צזࢨטĄߤҖ߆඀Ԕڱ˜ఢטҖ߆඀Ԕ ૄώࣧ݋̝ૄᖂڱޠĂ࣎ҾְІ඀Ԕֶ໰ ڱޠĞnach einem GesetzğֶٕྍְІ̝ ώኳĞihrem Wesen nachğĂᑕ̙ዋϡҖ߆ ඀Ԕڱ̝ఢؠ۰ĂࢵАᑕ҂ᇋ۞ߏĂ૟࣎ ҾְІ۞࣎Ҿొ̶ځࢎ̙ዋϡҖ߆඀Ԕڱ ̝পؠ୧͛Ă҃ܧͽໄ߁͞ё૟׎ԆБଵ ੵٺҖ߆඀Ԕڱ̝ఢט̚43_{Ąѣᙯ҂Ᏼ׻} ᗟ̈́ෞ̶ඈְีĂᇇ઼Җ߆඀Ԕڱӈͽు ୧ځࢎዋϡ̝͞ёĂ૟ొ̶୧͛ଵੵٺ҂ ྏ඀Ԕ̝ዋϡĂֻ֖ણ҂Ąଂ҃Ăԧ઼Җ ߆඀Ԕڱௐ3୧ௐ3ีௐ8ഠٙଳໄ߁ଵੵ ዋϡ̝͞ёĂإᄃҖ߆඀Ԕڱϲڱϫ۞̙ ௑Ăѣጯ۰ᄮࠎᑕΩҖޙၹᙯٺ҂ྏ׻ᗟ ᄃෞ̶̝඀Ԕఢቑ44_{Ăѣጯ۰ᄮࠎྍ୧ഠ} ᑕࢨᒺྋᛖࠎĶّኳ˯ᄃ҂ྏ̙࠹ट̝඀ ԔఢؠķĂ͞ᑕଵੵዋϡҖ߆඀Ԕڱ̝ዋ ϡ45_{Ă൑ܧ୬૟ໄ߁ଵੵ๋̝˸ቑಛഴז} ౵͌Ąጯ۰ችࡷ૘݋໤ቁ۞޽΍Ĉ҂Ᏼ׻ ᗟᄃෞ̶Җࠎ׽ᛳૄٺТ˘ϫ۞ٙࠎ̝А ҖҖࠎᄃޢᜈҖࠎĂҭ҂Ᏼ׻ᗟ̙آዋϡ ̳ฟ඀ԔĂෞ̶Җࠎ݋ᑕ˧Ր̳ฟă̳ ϒă౅ځĂͽ᜕ܲᑕ҂ˠ̝ᝋӀćڶ҂ྏ ෞ̶ҖࠎᛳҿᕝዶгĂ଀̙צΦڱᆶߤĂ ݋ෞ̶Җࠎд඀Ԕ˯ૻ̼ϔ͹௚ڼ̝፟ טĂ၁ѣ׎υࢋćѣᙯෞ̶ૄ໤̝̳ฟă ዦᜓס؟ඈયᗟĂҬ̪ѣд̙Ӹᘣ҂ྏ̳ ϒّ۞݈೩˭ĂГ̟ᑭ੅ăԼซ̝۩ม 46_{ĄΦڱੰ̂ڱءϺଂѩ֍ྋĂ׎ᔵϏۡ} ତ੫၆Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ3୧ௐ3ีௐ8ഠܑϯ ຍ֍Ă൒ᙯٺТ୧ีௐ7ഠ၆̳ચࣶٙࠎ ̝ˠְҖ߆ҖࠎĂໄ߁ଵੵዋϡҖ߆඀Ԕ ڱĂᛖфௐ491ཱིྋᛖ޽ځ׎඀Ԕ̪ᑕЪ நϒ༊Ăּ֭ϯࡶ̒Җ߆඀Ԕڱ̏ځ͛ఢ ؠ̝඀ԔĂ֖ྤણ໰Ą ҂Ᏼొᜪᇋฟٸᑕ҂ˠዦᜓ̈́ᇆОס 41_{Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ3୧ௐ1ี̝ዋϡĂШѣໄ߁ଵੵᄲăԆБఢቑଵੵᄲᄃᚑॾఢቑଵੵᄲĂણ֍ĈӓطĂҖ߆ڱ̝நኢ} ᄃ၁ϡĂ݈͔ො32Ăࢱ544ć഼ᇇ؟ĂҖ߆඀Ԕڱ۞ዋϡĂ݈͔ො28Ăࢱ158-164ćችࡷ૘ඈαˠЪ඾ĂҖ߆඀Ԕڱ၁ ϡĂ2001ѐ10͡Ăࢱ16-18Ğችࡷ૘ેඊğĄ 42_{፟ᙯዋϡ̝ੵγఢؠĂҖ߆඀Ԕڱௐ3୧ௐ2ี่ఢؠଵੵҖ߆඀Ԕڱ̝Ķ඀ԔఢؠķĂ߇Җ߆඀Ԕڱ̝၁វఢؠᑕ̙} дଵੵቑಛĄ˫Ă૟ྍඈ፟ᙯٙࠎ̝Җ߆ҖࠎâޠଵੵٺҖ߆඀Ԕڱዋϡቑಛ̝γĂߏӎԁዋĂࣃ଀ᑭ੅Ăણ҂Ĉ ӓطĂҖ߆ڱ̝நኢᄃ၁ϡĂ݈͔ො32Ăࢱ545Ăችࡷ૘ඈαˠЪ඾ĂҖ߆඀Ԕڱ၁ϡĂ݈͔ො41Ăࢱ19Ğችࡷ૘ે ඊğĄ 43_{ᇇ઼఼ᄲᄮࠎĈ̙ዋϡҖ߆඀Ԕڱ۞পঅҖ߆ᅳાĂొ̶ߏЯࠎ็௚˯۞পҾఢؠĂొ̶݋ߏЯࠎЧ࣎পҾҖ߆ᅳ} ા۞পঅώኳඕၹٙ࡭Ą൒҃Ă̙ዋϡҖ߆඀Ԕڱ۞পҾҖ߆ᅳાĂҖ߆඀ԔڱಶҖ߆඀Ԕ۞౵ҲࢋՐĂ̪ᑕ૟׎ᄮ үҖ߆ڱ۞˘ਠڱޠࣧ݋̟ͽዋϡĄVgl. Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungrecht, 11. Aufl., Ő5, Rn.13,17.

44_{ౘୂĂҖ߆ڱᓁኢĂ2004ѐ11͡Ăࢱ748Ą}

45_{഼ᇇ؟ĂҖ߆඀Ԕڱ۞ዋϡĂ݈͔ො28Ăࢱ154-157Ą}

؟Ă૟ֹྏᗟႷཌྷᄃ෦఩९ІᆧΐĂऻϏ ֽདኛጯ۰׻ᗟăዦסՀΐӧᙱĄଘ҂ྏ ࠎ઼ର̖Ăࢦމ៍̳πĂ҂Ϡ̙႕҂ྏඕ ڍವՐҖ߆ାᑻĂѩࠎڱڼ઼छ૱࢖Ăᓂ ٕᆧΐ෦఩ĂϺᛳ̙ΞᔖҺĄՀңڶĂኬ ̟ᑕ҂ˠዦᜓᄃᇆОס؟̝ᝋӀĂߏឰᑕ ҂ˠٺ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̚௲ᗓԜقઃ঻ٺপҾᝋ Ӏᙯܼ̝జ͚੨гҜĂ҃೩̿ᑕ҂ˠᄃ҂ ྏ፟ᙯπඈ၆ޞ̝ڱޠᙯܼĄϏֽ׻ᗟٕ ዦס؎ࣶෞዦྏסĂυืՀࠎᆶຕĂٙԸ ˢ۞ॡมăჟ˧૟ົՀкĂ҂Ᏼొੵ̪ჯ ޺ዦᜓ෱ᄃ׻ᗟ෱Һᇈٙ଀ඁγĂዋޘᆧ ΐ׻ᗟ෱ϡᄃዦס෱ϡĞ93ѐ̏አፋĂҭ ಼ޘ̙̂ğĂ࠹ܫ̂кᇴ׻ᗟᄃዦס؎ࣶ ̪ᙸຍࠎ઼ର̖ĂႽ˘̶͕˧Ąߏ҂Ᏼొ ͽ׻ᗟᄃዦס؎ࣶᙱವĂࣤဳᑕ҂ˠዦᜓ ס؟ᝋӀĂ̙֭௑Ъڱڼࣧ݋Ă̙֖ͽү ࠎ١඗ᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟̝நϤĄ

ણă෦ᙸ඀Ԕ၆ٺ҂ྏෞ̶̝

ᆶߤ

˘ăᝋӀାᑻ౉श̝ѣड़ّܲᅪ

ጳڱௐ16୧ఢؠĈĶˠϔѣኛᙸă෦ ᙸ̈́෦఩̝ᝋĄķЪჍᝋӀାᑻኛՐᝋĂ дڱڼ઼ࣧ݋ˠϔૄώᝋӀܲᅪ઼̈́छ፟ ᙯᝋ˧̶ϲ۞ࢋՐ˭Ă෦఩ᝋ͍׎ܼˠϔ ࠎ၁ன׎ૄώᝋӀֶٙᏥ̝඀Ԕّૄώᝋ ӀĂ׎่̙Ϊߏܲᅪԛё˯ᝋӀܲᅪା ᑻĂՀซ˘ՎࢋՐĶѣड़۞ᝋӀܲᅪķĂ ѩΞ̶ҾଂĶႽΞਕฟٸڱੰାᑻგ྽ķ ̈́Ķାᑻυื׍၁ड़ّķ׌ᕇ៍၅47_Ăಶ ݈۰҃֏Ăૄٺڱщؠّᄃዋ༊̶੨ڱੰ ྤ໚ѣࢨֽّ࠻Ăϲڱ۰଀၆ڱੰାᑻგ ྽үЪந۞ࢨטĂּтĈҖ߆෦఩۞ᖎٽ ෦఩඀Ԕćಶޢ۰҃֏ĂּтĈ೩ֻዋ༊ ۞࿰ّ֨ᝋӀାᑻăᇶॡّᝋӀܲᅪăΐ ి෦఩඀Ԕඈඈ48_{Ą෦ᙸᄃ෦఩Ӯᛳϒё} ۞ᝋӀାᑻ౉शĂጳڱܲᅪˠϔ̝෦ᙸ ᝋĂϺдޙၹΒ߁෦ᙸ̈́෦఩д̰۞Ԇፋ ᝋӀାᑻ౉शĂдጳڱ၆ٺᝋӀାᑻ౉श ۞၁ड़ّࢋՐ˭Ă൑ኢ෦ᙸٕ෦఩̝ାᑻ ౉शĂӮυืְ၁˯ਕѣड़၁ன၁វૄώ ᝋӀ̝̰टĂྋՙۋᛉĄߏͽĂĶѣड़۞ ᝋ Ӏ ା ᑻ ౉ श ķ ၁ ன Ķ ѣ ड़ ۞ ᝋ Ӏ ܲ ᅪķĂᑕᛳጳڱௐ16୧ܲᅪˠϔ෦ᙸ̈́෦ ఩ᝋ̝८͕̰टĄ ෦ᙸ඀Ԕܼϒё۞ᝋӀାᑻ౉शĂͷ ࠎҖ߆෦఩۞݈ཉ඀ԔĂ൒҃෦ᙸ඀Ԕώ ኳ˯̪ᛳҖ߆඀Ԕ۞˘ᒖĂүࠎҖ߆ᝋ၆ ٺҖ߆఍̶ซҖ̰ొҋ࠷۞඀ԔĄߏͽĂ ෦ᙸ඀Ԕࣘ׍Җ߆඀ԔᄃᝋӀାᑻ඀Ԕ۞ ᗕࢦّኳĂ҃ᄃڱੰٙ೩ֻ۞ᝋӀାᑻ඀ Ԕѣ࠹༊मளĄ޷ጳڱٙܲᅪ۞෦఩ᝋĂ ˜ܲᅪˠϔĶזڱੰ۞౉शķĂ෦఩ᝋώ ኳ̰உٙࢋՐ۞Ķѣड़ᝋӀାᑻ౉शķĂ ຍдܲᅪˠϔ଀ͽኛՐĶѣ၁ड़۞ڱੰᆶ ߤ Ğ tatsächlich wirksame gerichtliche KontrolleğķĂಶրۋ෦఩ٙۋે۞Җ߆఍ ̶҃֏Ă൑ኢߏְ၁˯ٕڱޠ˯̝̰टĂ

47_{Hans-Jürgen Papier, Rechtsschutzgarantie gegen die offentliche Gewalt, in: Isensee / Kirchhof (Hrsg.), Handbuch des}

Staatsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band.Ǻ, 1989, Rn. 52ff..

48_{ણ໰ĈౘຑऔĂĶѣड़ᝋӀܲᅪķᄃĶҖ߆ՙؠ۩มķ၆Җ߆෦఩טޘ۞ᇆᜩĂќᐂٺĈҖ߆෦఩ኢ͛ຉበĂΦڱ}

ڱੰӮᑕүБࢬّ۞ᆶߤĂͽҺڱੰצט ٺҖ߆፟ᙯְ၁ՙؠᄃڱޠෞᆊĂ࡭ˠϔ ШڱੰኛՐᝋӀାᑻ̝඀ԔĂवࠎ௭౯˘ ॾĄ෦ᙸ඀ԔүࠎҖ߆෦఩̚ၣዚ෦఩ᄃ ኝͽཌྷચ෦఩̝݈ཉ඀ԔĂੵࠎˠϔᝋӀ ܲᅪ඀Ԕ̝˘ᒖγĂϺ׍ѣҖ߆඀Ԕᇃཌྷ ᚶᜈซҖّ̝ኳ49_{Ă݋෦ᙸ඀Ԕ၆ٺૄώ} ᝋӀ̝඀ԔّᇆᜩĂࣃ଀ซ˘Վ੅ኢĄ ޷෦ᙸ඀ԔܼϤ˯৺፟ᙯ၆˭৺፟ᙯ ٙࠎ̝Җ߆఍̶ĂүҖ߆˯̈́ڱޠ˯۞ଠ טĂߏࣧ఍̶д෦ᙸ඀ԔᑕצזБࢬّ۞ ᆶߤĂΒ߁Җ߆፟ᙯ۞ְ၁˯̈́ڱޠ˯ந ϤĂ෦ᙸ፟ᙯ֭଀ᆶߤྍҖ߆఍̶̝Ъڱ ّ̈́Ъϫ۞ّĂ̙֭צྍҖ߆఍̶̝ٲՁ 50_{ĂѩࠎጳڱĶѣड़۞ᝋӀܲᅪķࢋՐĂ} ٙਕ଀΍۞υ൒ඕኢĄ൒҃Ă෦ᙸ፟ᙯ၆ ࣧҖ߆఍̶۞ᆶߤቑಛĂдߙֱଐԛ̪צ זࢨט51_{Ăּт෦ᙸڱௐ79୧ௐ3ีӈఢ} ؠĂ෦ᙸְІঘ̈́г͞ҋڼဥវ̝г͞ҋ ڼְચ۰Ă෦ᙸ፟ᙯ่ಶࣧҖ߆఍̶̝Ъ ڱّซҖᆶߤՙؠćΦڱੰᛖфௐ382ཱི ྋᛖ޽΍ĂצநጯϠੜጯٕᙷѩ఍̶ۋ఩ ְІ̝፟ᙯٕڱੰĂ၆ٺ׎̚ঘ̈́ጯϠ̝ ݡҖ҂८ăጯຽෞณٕᘂ఍͞ё̝ᏴፄĂ ᑕ಴ࢦିर̈́ጯ७ώٺ૞ຽ̈́၆ְ၁ৌ࠹ ̝ሢۢٙࠎ̝ՙؠĂ่ٺ׎ҿᕝٕ෗ณ࿁ ڱٕព൒̙༊ॡĂ଀̟ၣዚٕតՀćᛖф ௐ462ཱིྋᛖϺᏜĂିर̿ඈְІώٺ૞ ຽෞณ̝ࣧ݋ĂᑕᏴЇЧྍ૞ຽᅳા׍ѣ ·̶૞ຽਕ˧̝ጯ۰૞छАҖᆶߤĂିर ෞᆶ؎ࣶົੵਕ೩΍׍ѣ૞ຽጯఙֶፂ̝ ׍វநϤĂજອྍ૞ຽᆶߤ̝Ξܫޘᄃϒ ቁّĂӎ݋ӈᑕ಴ࢦ׎ҿᕝĂצநѩᙷְ І̝Җ߆ାᑻ፟ᙯ̈́Җ߆ڱੰĂҋ଀ፂͽ ᆶߤߏӎᏲч࠹ᙯ̝඀ԔĂٕ׎ҿᕝăෞ ณѣ൑࿁ڱٕព൒̙༊̝ଐְĄ ЯѩĂд҂ྏෞ̶ְІ̚Ă෦ᙸ፟ᙯ ၆ٺዦס؎ࣶෞ̶̝ᆶߤĂߏӎ̈́ٺĶࢦ າෞ̶ķ۞ቑಛĂߏࣃ଀ᘃႷ۞Ą˘͞ࢬ ዦס؎ࣶಶྍඈ҂ྏෞ̶҃֏Ă࠹၆ٺ෦ ᙸ፟ᙯՀ׍ѣ૞ຽّĂΩ˘͞ࢬĂ҂ྏෞ ̶˜ዦס؎ֶࣶፂፋវ҂ྏዦס඀Ԕ̝វ រĂͧྵ׎΁ᑕ҂ˠඍᗟ̝ଐڶĂѩ჌གྷ រ൑ڱٺ෦ᙸ፟ᙯࢦனĂ҃׍ѣ̙Ξаೇ ّĄߏͽĂᄃ׎Тຍ෦ᙸ፟ᙯΞͽࢦາᆶ ८ෞؠ҂ྏĂ̙тᄲĂ෦ᙸ፟ᙯ۞ᖚయд ٺᆶߤ෦ᙸˠٙኳႷ۰Ăߏӎ֖ͽᄮۢ҂ ྏෞ̶ࠎ᏾ᄱĄΪߏĂ෦ᙸ፟ᙯᑕтңᆶ ८Ă̖ზႽ׎Җ߆̰ొႾ༛۞ཌྷચĂ֖֭ ͽܲᅪˠϔᝋӀĂ၁ᅫ˯̙֭ߏ֤ᆃटٽ ೠ೪Ą

˟ăᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ۞֍ྋ

ӍˠΞͽᇇ઼ڱטүࠎણ҂Ąᇇ઼ᓑ ֣ጳڱڱੰᄮࠎĂૄώڱௐ12୧ܲᅪ۞ᖚ ຽҋϤĂдͽ҂ྏפ଀࠹ᙯેຽྤॾ۞ְ І̚ĂᑕڦຍזΞͽᖣϤ඀Ԕֽԛјૄώ ᝋӀ۞ܲᅪĂΒ߁ώ݈͛̏ࢗ̈́۞Ϧኛኑ ߤјᒻăዦᜓס؟ă೩΍ᙋፂ̈́࠹ᙯྤफ़ ඈĄ͍׎ߏ઼छ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̚Ăᑕ҂ˠགྷ૱ 49_{഼ᇇ؟Ă෦ᙸ۞ϒ༊඀ԔĂќٺĈͩ඾ĂҖ߆඀ԔڱኢĂ2003ѐ10͡Ăࢱ406-407Ą}

50_{Eyermann / Fröhler, Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, 11.Aufl., Ő68, Rn.14.}

ߏјᒻ̳οޢĂ̖ۢଉ׎ඍᗟߏтңజෞ ᆊĂ˵˘ۡߏזளᛉ඀ԔĞ෦ᙸ඀Ԕć WiderspruchsverfahrenğĂᑕ҂ˠ͞଀ͽ೩ ΍ຍ֍ᄃԲෞĂЯѩĂளᛉ඀Ԕాඕ҂ྏ ̝̚Җ߆඀ԔĂυื˘రّޥ҂ፋវڱޠ ାᑻ̝ԛјĄᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ៍၅ளᛉ඀Ԕ ۞ซҖĂளᛉˠ׍ѣዦᜓס؟̝ᝋӀĂ଀ ͽߤዦ˾ྏෞ̶੃ᐂăዦס؎ࣶٺඊྏ̝ ࠺ Բ Ğ Vo r a u f z e i c h n u n g ğă Լ ϒ ڦ ྋ Ğ K o r r e k t u r b e m e r k u n g e n ğ ᄃ ඕ ኢ ĞSchlussbeurteilungğඈඈ52_{ćளᛉˠ଀ͽ} ೩΍ᙋፂᄃԲෞĂ҂ྏ፟ᙯϺ૟ྍඈளᛉ ਖ਼Ҍዦס؎ࣶΐͽᑭෛᄃޥ҂ćዦס؎ࣶ тᄮளᛉˠ̝ຍ֍֭ܧԁ༊Ă଀ͽྋᛖ֭ аᖬćዦס؎ࣶтᄮளᛉˠ̝ኳႷࠎѣந ϤĂϺ଀ࢦາෞؠ҂ྏ̶ᇴĄଂ҃Ăᓑ֣ ጳڱڱੰ޽΍Ăಶ҂ྏפ଀ેຽྤॾְ̝ І̚Ăૄώڱௐ12୧ĞᖚຽҋϤğٙܲᅪ ۰Ăдٺᑕ҂ˠ଀ͽણᄃ҂ྏ඀ԔĂѣड़ ೩΍׎៍ᕇĂֹ֭҂ྏ፟ᙯ଀ͽણ੩ᑕ҂ ˠ̝ຍ֍53_{ć෦ᙸ፟ᙯдགྷ࿅݈ࢗ۞ᆶߤ} ඀ԔޢĂቁܲᑕ҂ˠ଀ͽ඀Ԕፉܲ׎ૄώ ᝋĂӈ̏Ⴝ׎ᆶ८̝ཌྷચĂ҃൑ࢦາෞؠ јᒻ̝υࢋ54_Ą

ˬăԧ઼׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ3ี۞ᑭ੅

ϤѩΞ֍Ă෦ᙸ፟ᙯүࠎ҂ྏ፟ᙯ Ğዦס؎ࣶğ̝˯৺፟ᙯĂಶ҂ྏෞ̶ѩ ඈ׍ጯఙّă૞ຽְّีĂᑕтңᆶߤĂ υื҂ᇋז෦ᙸ඀Ԕ۞ّኳĂ่̙ࠎᝋӀ ାᑻ̝౉शĂϺᛳ̰ొҋ࠷̝Җ߆඀ԔĄ ᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰᄮࠎĂ෦ᙸ඀Ԕ၆ٺ҂ ྏෞ̶̝ᆶߤĂޙϲдϦኛኑߤјᒻăዦ ᜓס؟ͽ̈́೩΍ᙋፂຍ֍ඈ඀Ԕ̝˯ĄϤ ٺᑕ҂ˠ̝҂ྏ඀ԔኛՐᝋĂٺҖ߆෦఩ ݈ ̝ ள ᛉ ඀ Ԕ Ğ ෦ ᙸ ඀ Ԕ Widerspruchsverfahrenğ̚ĂϺצጳڱٙ ܲᅪĂѩ჌඀ԔኛՐᝋ׍ጳڱҜลّĂϲ ڱ۰ѣཌྷચϲڱܲᅪ҂Ϡᝋৈ55_Ąт҂ྏ ̝ኑߤјᒻඈ඀ԔĂଵੵ˞ᑕ҂ˠ͹ૺ඀ ԔᝋӀ۞፟ົĂּтԧ઼׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ 2ี̝ఢؠĂ݋෦ᙸ፟ᙯӈᑕֶፂ෦ᙸڱ ̝࠹ᙯఢؠĂኬ̟ᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟ăౘࢗ ຍ֍̝ᝋӀĂͽቁܲᑕ҂ˠ̝҂ྏ඀Ԕኛ ՐᝋĄѩ˜ૄٺ෦ᙸ඀Ԕ׍ѣጳڱҜลĂ ώ֗ӈᛳ඀ԔّૄώᝋӀćͷ׎үࠎˠϔ ᝋӀାᑻ̝ૄώᝋӀĂυืͽ෦ᙸ඀Ԕቁ ܲ၁វૄώᝋӀ̝၁னĄЯ̝Ă༊ᑕ҂ˠ ͹ૺ҂ྏෞ̶ࠎ࿁ڱٕ̙༊Ă೩੓෦ᙸĂ ෦ᙸ፟ᙯӈᑕಶ҂ྏෞ̶ְ̝І̟ͽᆶ ߤĂੵ҂ྏ፟ᙯ̝௡ᖐă҂ྏ̝඀Ԕඈܧ ᛳ҂ྏෞ̶̰ट̝ࢋІĂ෦ᙸ፟ᙯ଀ࠎ၁ ኳᆶߤγĂᙯٺ҂ྏෞ̶̝̰टĂ෦ᙸ፟ ᙯүࠎ҂ྏ፟ᙯĞዦס؎ࣶğ̝˯৺፟ ᙯĂ̙֭଀ซҖ၁ኳ˯۞ࢦາෞዦĄ˫׏ ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ีࢨטᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟ඈ ᝋӀĂߏͽĂ෦ᙸ፟ᙯӈᑕֶፂ෦ᙸڱௐ 49୧ăௐ63୧ඈఢؠĂࣞధᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס ؟ăౘࢗຍ֍Ă֭Ϥዦס؎ֶࣶፂ෦ᙸڱ ௐ58୧ௐ3ีăௐ4ี̝ఢؠĂٺඍ᜜३̚

52_{Knack/ Busch, Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, Kommentar, 7. Aufl., 2000, Ő29, Rn.22.} 53_{Eyermann / Fröhler, Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, 11.Aufl., Ő68, Rn.10.}

54_{BVerfGE, 84, 34(47).} 55_{BVerwGE, 92, 132(142).}

аᑕᑕ҂ˠ̝ኳႷĄ ᖚ ߏ ̝ ߇ Ă ׏ ྏ ڱ ௐ 2 3 ୧ ௐ 3 ี ఢ ؠĈĶ׎΁ڱޠᄃ݈ีఢؠ̙ТॡĂዋϡ ώ୧͛Ąķӈѣซ˘Վ੅ኢ۞υࢋĄߤ˯ ฟ୧̝͛ϲڱϫ۞ĂдٺĶ෦ᙸڱௐ49 ୧ăҖ߆෦఩ڱௐ96୧Ă̈́Җ߆඀Ԕڱௐ 46୧Ӯѣ༊ְˠ଀ࢋՐዦᜓăԨᐂăᇆ Оăᛷᇆѣᙯྤफ़̈́ס̰͛३̝࠹ᙯఢ ؠĄ޷෦ᙸڱăҖ߆෦఩ڱ̈́Җ߆඀Ԕڱ ̝࣒ϒٕטؠĂўдܲᅪˠϔ̝ᝋৈćଘ ઼छ҂ྏ̝ෞ̶ְঘ੼ޘጯఙّă૞ຽ ّăᛳˠّҿᕝĂтБࢬฟٸᑕ҂ˠዦ ᜓăԨᐂăᇆώăᛷᇆྏסĂ๕υૻধᇆ ᜩ׏ྏ؎ࣶણᄃ׻ᗟ̈́ዦס؎ࣶ̝ຍᙸĂ ጱ࡭ྏચ̍үซҖ۞ӧᙱķĄٙͽĂĶૄ ٺࣘᜪᑕ҂ˠ̝Ъڱᝋৈ̈́಴ࢦዦס؎ࣶ ̝૞ຽҿᕝĂ֭҂ณ઼छ҂ྏ۞щؠّă ̳πّ̈́ྏચ̍ү̝ΞҖّĂࠖણ੩ᒉຽ ৪૜ڱௐ14୧ௐ2ี...̈́થᇾڱௐ20 ୧...̝ఢؠĂࠖͽࣝ෸୧ഠ͞ёଵੵ෦ ᙸڱăҖ߆෦఩ڱඈ࠹ᙯఢؠ̝ዋϡĄķ ଘ˯ฟ୧͛ͽໄ߁͞ёଵੵ׎΁ڱޠĂ͍ ׎ߏ෦ᙸڱăҖ߆෦఩ڱٙఢؠ̝ዦᜓס ؟ăౘࢗຍ֍ඈ༊ְˠ඀ԔᝋӀĂ࡭ֹᑕ ҂ˠ൑ଂ଀ۢ҂ྏෞ̶̝඀Ԕă̰ट̈́ᇾ ໤Ă҃൑ڱಶ҂ྏෞ̶˙ְ೩΍ኳႷĂ෦ ᙸ፟ᙯăҖ߆ڱੰϺ൑ଂ၆ٺ҂ྏෞ̶ᆶ ੩׎ዋڱّĂҬ̙௑Ъጳڱௐ16୧ٙࢋՐ ̝ᝋӀܲᅪѣड़ّĂͷ൑ڱ႕֖ጳڱௐ18 ୧ܲᅪᑕ҂ˠ̝ᑕ҂ྏᝋૄώᝋӀĄ޷т ݈ٙࢗĂԧ઼׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ี̝ఢ ؠĂଵੵ˞ᑕ҂ˠٺ҂ྏҖ߆඀Ԕ̚͹ૺ ඀ԔᝋӀ̝፟ົĂ၆ٺጳڱௐ18୧ᑕ҂ྏ ᝋ̝඀ԔܲᅪĂ̏ѣځព̙֖56_ćତా˭ ֽ۞Т୧ௐ3ีĂ˫ଵੵᑕ҂ˠٺᝋӀା ᑻ඀Ԕ̚͹ૺ඀ԔᝋӀ̝፟ົĂ̙ಀֹጳ ڱٙܲᅪ̝ᝋӀାᑻ౉श̝ѣड़ّᙱͽ྿ јĂซ҃൑ଂѣड़၁னᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝၁វૄ ώᝋӀĄ

དྷăᑕ҂ˠ̝үඍዶгᄃዦס

؎ࣶ۞ҿᕝዶг

˘ăڱੰ၆҂ྏෞ̶ᆶߤ̝ҿᕝዶ

гநኢ

ڱੰٺ҂ྏۋ఩ְІĂ၆ٺ҂ྏෞ̶ тң̟ͽᆶߤĂᇇ઼ጯࠧᄃ၁ચࠧШֽͽ ĶҿᕝዶгĞBeurteilungsspielraumğķந ኢĂ೼࿆͚޺҂ྏ፟ᙯĞዦס؎ࣶğ၆ٺ ҂ྏෞ̶ٙүј̝Җ߆ՙؠĂڱੰٺᆶߤ ॡᑕ̟಴ࢦĂ̙ࠎᆶߤ57_{Ą׎நϤ̙γͼ} 58_{Ĉ҂ྏෞ̶ঘ̈́ዦס؎ࣶ࣎ˠ੼ޘጯ} ఙăିֈ૞ຽّҿᕝĂ׍ѣ੼ޘᛳˠّĂ ڱੰүࠎྍְІ̝ௐˬˠĂᑕ̙̟̬ˢć ҂ྏซҖ̚Ă̙ΞᔖҺצזγࠧЯ৵ᇆ ᜩĂჍࠎĶ҂ྏགྷរķĂڱੰᙱͽְޢన 56_{Т֍ྋĈችࡷ૘ඈαˠЪ඾ĂҖ߆඀Ԕڱ၁ϡĂ݈͔ො41Ăࢱ21Ğችࡷ૘ેඊğĄ}

57 _{BVerwGE 8, 272; 84,34,59; 99,74; 104,203. Ossenbühl, in: Erichsen(Hrsg.), Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 1998, Ő10}

Rn.35.

Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungrecht, 11. Aufl., Ő7, Rn.37.

58_{Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungrecht, 11. Aufl., Ő7, Rn. 43. Roman Herzog, Verfassung und}

Verwaltunggerichte-zurück zu mehr Kontrolldichte, NJW, 1992, 2601.ΩኛણዦĈ٬඾Ăኝ඀ҋ͹ă҂ྏෞณᄃጯఙҋϤĂќᐂٺĈିֈڱᄃ ጯఙҋϤĂ1997ѐ5͡Ăࢱ85-86Ą

֗఍г۞ຐညĂ࿇ኢᆶߤć҂ྏ׍ѣ̙Ξ а ೇ ّ Ğ ൑ ڱ ࢦ າ ซ Җ ć UnwiederholbarkeitğĂᓂֹᆶຕ۞ᓝᙋϺ ൑ڱдڱءࢬ݈ࢦޙ҂ྏଐېć҂ྏෞ̶ ߏдዦס༊ॡېڶ˭ĂϤዦס؎ࣶಶкᇴ ᑕ҂ˠ̚ү΍ෞᏴĂڱੰٺְޢᆶߤ࣎९ ॡĂ൑ଂͧྵ׎΁ᑕ҂ˠ̝҂ྏјᒻĂү ΍̳ϒ۞ҿᕝĄߏͽĂڱੰ၆ٺ҂ྏෞ̶ ̝̰टĂᑕ಴ࢦ҂ྏ፟ᙯĞዦס؎ࣶğ̝ ҿᕝĂ̙̟҃ᆶߤĂᓑ֣Җ߆ڱੰӈ޽ ΍ĈĶڱءࣧ݋˯಴ࢦዦס؎ࣶૄٺିֈ ጯఙ૞ຽ̝ෞณĂ่ٺዦס؎ࣶᄱᄮ׍វ ְ၁Ăઐᗓෞ̶˘ਠࣧ݋ٕણ੩൑࠹ᙯ̝ ְีĂڱੰּؕγг̟ͽᆶߤĄķߏڱੰ ၆ٺ҂ྏ፟ᙯ̝௡ᖐă҂ྏซҖ̝඀Ԕඈ ඈĂ֭ܧҿᕝዶг̝ቑಛĄᓑ֣Җ߆ڱੰ ٙ޽ּ̝γĂּтĈ҂ྏߏӎᏲч඀Ԕఢ ቑĉዦס؎ࣶߏӎ၆׍វְ၁ѣᄱᄮĉዦ סߏӎѣઐᗓ˘ਠ̳ᄮ۞ෞᕝᇾ໤ĉዦס ؎ࣶߏӎણ੩˞ᄃ҂ྏώ֗൑ᙯ̝Я৵ĉ ಶѩ҂ྏ඀ԔĂڱੰ̪ᑕүԆБ۞ᆶߤ 59_Ą ҿᕝዶгநኢٺᇇ઼ڱጯࠧᇃࠎତצ ۞ТॡĂԧ઼ጯ۰Ϻ૟׎͔ซ઼̰Ă֭ᄮ ࠎ҂ྏෞ̶ᑕᛳ҂ྏ፟ᙯĞዦס؎ࣶğ̝ ҿᕝዶг60_{ĄΦڱੰᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ̚Ă} ਃدϠă໅͟൒̈́ӓطˬҜ̂ڱءВТ೩ ΍۞̙Тຍ֍३ĂᄮࠎĶ...઼छ҂ྏ̝ ෞ̶૞ᛳٺ׏ྏ؎ࣶ̝ᖚᝋĂѩีෞ̶̝ ڱޠّኳѣᄮࠎҖ߆፟ᙯ෗ณᝋ̝Җֹ ۰ĂϺѣᄮࠎᛳٺҖ߆፟ᙯዋϡ̙ቁؠڱ ޠໄه̝ĺҿᕝዶгĻ۰Ą൑ኢଂ෗ณ̝ நኢٕ̙ቁؠڱޠໄه̝֍ྋĂ׏ྏ؎ࣶ ̝ෞ̶ᑕצ಴ࢦĂ׎΁፟ᙯࠤҌڱੰϺ̙ ଀ͽ׎ҋ̝̎ҿᕝĂ΃ആ׏ྏ؎ࣶෞؠ̝ ̶ᇴĄЯֶ׏ྏڱఢؠĂ઼छ҂ྏ̝ෞ̶ ᝋኬ̟׏ྏ؎ࣶ̙҃̈́ٺ΁ˠĄ...ķᛖ фௐ382ཱིྋᛖ݋޽΍ĈĶ...צநጯϠੜ ጯٕᙷѩ఍̶ۋ఩ְІ̝፟ᙯٕڱੰĂ၆ ٺ׎̚ঘ̈́ጯϠ̝ݡҖ҂८ăጯຽෞณٕ ᘂ఍͞ё̝ᏴፄĂᑕ಴ࢦିर̈́ጯ७ώٺ ૞ຽ̈́၆ְ၁ৌ෪̝ሢۢٙࠎ̝ՙؠĂ่ ٺ׎ҿᕝٕ෗ณ࿁ڱٕព൒̙༊ॡĂ଀̟ ၣዚٕតՀ...ķϤѩΞ֍ĂΦڱੰ̂ڱ ء֭Ϗஎտ҂ྏෞ̶ّ̝ኳտࠎ෗ณԺٕ ̙ቁؠڱޠໄهĂҭӮᄮࠎڱੰᑕ಴ࢦෞ ̶؎ࣶٕିर̝૞ຽّĂಶෞ̶̝̰टᑕ ̙̟ᆶߤĄ

˟ăᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ၆ٺҿᕝዶ

гநኢ۞࣒ϒ

ڱੰ၆ٺ҂ྏෞ̶̝ඕڍĂ೯͔ҿᕝ ዶгநኢ̙̟ᆶߤĂѩ֍ྋٺᇇ઼ጯࠧᄃ ၁ચࠧؼᜈкѐĂ̙ҭᓑ֣Җ߆ڱੰଳפ ѩ჌࠻ڱĂᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰϺܑϯ͚޺61_Ă ᄮࠎ҂ྏෞ̶ՙؠώ֗ࠎҖ߆඀Ԕڱٙ޽ Җ߆఍̶Ă҂ྏ፟ᙯ၆҂ྏෞ̶׍ѣିֈ ጯఙ૞ຽ̝ҿᕝĂҖ߆ڱੰᑕԆБ಴ࢦዦ ס؎ࣶ̝ҿᕝዶгĂ̙̟ᆶߤĄ๠ᇇ઼ᓑ ֣ጳڱڱੰٺ1991ѐ4͡17͟Т͟׌Іҿ

59_{ᙯٺ҂ྏڱ˯ҿᕝዶг۞̬௜ĂኛણዦĈHartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungrecht, 11. Aufl., Ő7, Rn.43.}

60_{ਃدϠĂҖ߆ڱੰ၆҂ྏ፟ᙯ҂ྏෞ̶̝ᆶߤᝋĂќٺĈͩ඾Ăڱڼ઼छ̝Җ߆ڱᄃΦڱĂ1994ѐĂࢱ65ͽ˭ćౘ}

୻սĂֶڱҖ߆ᄃڱޠ۞ዋϡĂќٺĈਃدϠበĂҖ߆ڱĂ2000ѐ3͡Ăࢱ197-199ćౘୂĂҖ߆ڱᓁኢĂ݈͔ො44Ă ࢱ202-203ćՂ೎؟ĂҖ߆ڱࢋཌྷĂ2000ѐĂࢱ205Ą

ՙ62_{̚Ăԛјڱੰ၆҂ྏՙؠᆶߤၗޘᖼ} ត̶̝ͪᑏĄᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ޽΍Ăᓑ֣Җ ߆ڱੰٺ҂ྏۋ఩ְІٙ̚޺۞˘రϲ ಞĈĶጯఙ૞ຽ۞ҿᕝ۞᏾ᄱĂΪѣдځ ព̙Ъந̝ଐԛ˭ĂϺӈ࿈෸हຍ۞ቑ ಛĂ࡭ֹڱء̙ਕ̙ኳႷ׎ҿᕝ̝Ъڱّ ॡĂؕ଀̟ͽᆶߤĄķ63_{࿅ٺٸЇዦס؎} ࣶ۞ҿᕝዶгĂͽ࡭дҿᕝዶг۞᜕֨җ ˭Ăᓂֹዦס؎ࣶѣෞ̶᏾ᄱඈଐְĂ׎ ༂ஷ̝ޢڍ̪Ϥᑕ҂ˠҋҖ࢑ፉĂ࠙ᛈૄ ώڱௐ12୧ĞᖚຽҋϤğͽ̈́ௐ19୧ௐ4 ีĞᝋӀାᑻğ64_Ą ྎ֏̝Ăᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰᄮࠎĂפ଀࠹ ᙯેຽྤॾ۞҂ྏĂࠎૄώڱௐ12୧ᖚຽ ҋϤٙܲᅪĂߏ҂ྏטޘυืਕѣड़ቁܲ ˠϔ̝ᖚຽҋϤĂᖣϤ඀Ԕ۞ԛјֽቁܲ ૄώᝋӀĂ˜ᛳ༊൒Ą၆ٺેຽྤॾ̟ͽ ෞᆊ̝҂ྏĂዦס؎ࣶυืֶፂፋវ҂ྏ ዦס඀Ԕ̝វរĂͧྵ׎΁ᑕ҂ˠඍᗟ̝ ଐېĂ൴ण΍މ៍۞ෞᆊᇾ໤Ă֭૟ѩᇾ ໤˘ਠّ۞ዋϡдՏ࣎ᑕ҂ˠ۞ඍᗟ̚Ą Ϥٺڱੰ෦఩̚Ă่၆׍វְІᆶߤĂ൑ ڱࢦၹ҂ྏෞ̶඀Ԕ̝ፋវਔඛĂߏͽڱ ੰт̯ధߙᑕ҂ˠᒔ଀፾ϲٺፋវ҂ྏෞ ̶඀Ԕ̝ෞᆊĂ૟࿁ͅૄώڱௐ3୧̝π ඈࣧ݋ĄϤѩ៍၅Ăᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ̪ٚᄮ ҿᕝዶг۞хдĂ֭૟׎ᄃૄώڱௐ12୧ ᄃௐ3୧үాඕĄ൒ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰซ˘Վ ޽΍Ăૄώڱௐ19୧ௐ4ีܲᅪˠϔѣᝋ Ӏାᑻ̝ڱޠ౉शĂ่̙ኬ̟ˠϔѣШڱ ੰኛՐାᑻ̝፟ົĂإѣֹܳڱੰԆБᆶ ߤାᑻ̝ϫ۞Ăڱੰ၆ٺҖ߆፟ᙯ̝Җࠎ ѣଂڱޠࢬᄃ׍វְ၁ԆБᆶߤ̝ཌྷચ 65_{ĂҖ߆፟ᙯٙү̝׍វՙؠᄃҿᕝ၆ڱ} ੰ̙ϠٲՁ˧Ąଂ҃Ăڱੰ၆ٺֳѣҿᕝ ዶг۞҂ྏෞ̶̪ᑕ̬ˢᆶߤĂ҃ܧԆБ ٸЇĂኳ֏̝Ă҂ྏෞ̶׽൒׍ѣ૞ຽّ ҿᕝٕፋវّෞᆊ۞পᇈĂ൒̪҃ืᏲೈ ˘ਠѣड़۞ෞᆊࣧ݋Ăѩ჌˘ਠෞᆊࣧ݋ ᑕྍߏމ៍۞ăΞͽᑭរ۞ͷࠎ˘ਠˠٙ ਕତצ۞66_Ą ᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ˯ࢗҿՙ̚Ăځቁ ۞޽΍Ĉᑕ҂ˠᄃ׻ᗟٕዦס؎ࣶม૞ຽ ຍ֍۞ڡளĂ̙ਕԆБଵੵΦڱᆶߤĄᑕ ҂ˠ၆ٺ׻ᗟٕዦס؎ࣶ૞ຽ˯៍ᕇѣ̙ Тຍ֍Ăڱੰ̪൒υืצநᆶߤĂυࢋॡ Ξͽؼኛ࠹ᙯᙷࡊ૞छםӄᆶߤĄڱੰٺ ᆶߤ׻ᗟ؎ࣶٙ΍׍̝ᗟϫĂٕዦס؎ࣶ ٙ೩ֻ̝ྋඍĂࣧ݋˯֭ܧۡତᄮؠ׎׻ ᗟٕྋඍ᏾ᄱĂ҃ߏᑕдٚᄮ׻ᗟٕዦס ؎ࣶҿᕝዶг̝ТॡĂϺᑕ಴ࢦᑕ҂ˠү ඍዶг67_Ą

ˬăᑕ҂ˠүඍዶг̝ٚᄮ

Ϥڱੰ଀ֶĶ˘ਠѣड़۞ෞᆊࣧ݋ķ 62_{BVerfGE, 84, 34; 84, 59.} 63_{BVerwG, Buchholz 421.0 Nr.121, S.195.}

64_{ѩ˟۰үࠎ҂ྏ؎ֳࣶѣҿᕝዶг۞ࠧࢨĄVgl. Harald Fliegauf, Prüfungsrecht, 1996, S.16, Rn. 10.}

65_{ΩΞણዦĈHans-Jürgen Papier, Rechtsschutzgarantie gegen die öffentliche Gewalt, in: Isensee / Kirchhof (Hrsg.), Handbuch}

des Staatsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Band.Ǻ, 1989, Rn. 75.

66_{ౘຑऔĂዦס؎ࣶ۞ጯఙෞᆊዶгᄃ෦఩ᝋܲᅪę౵੼Җ߆ڱੰ90ѐޘҿфௐ1433ཱིҿՙෞژĂ͡όڱጯĂௐ82}

ഇĂ2002ѐ3͡Ăࢱ225ͽ˭Ą

ᆶߤ҂ྏෞ̶۞ૄᖂĂᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ೩΍ ˞Ķᑕ҂ˠүඍዶгĞAntwortspielraum des Prüflingsğķ۞ໄه68_{ĄϺӈĂᑕ҂ˠ} ඍᗟ۞̰ट׍ѣ݈ޢ˘ర۞ѣड़ኢᙋĂͷ ᄲநܼЪͼទᏭ۰Ăӈᑕ૟ྍ֍ྋෛࠎΞ ତצ۞ĞVertertbarkeitğඍ९ĄٙᏜΞତ צ۞ඍ९Ăᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ੫၆ᗁरྤॾ҂ ྏٙү۞ҿՙ̚޽΍Ĉᑕ҂ˠ۞ඍ९׍౯ ᗁጯ૞ຽۢᙊ۞̰टĂ҃ѩ჌̰टд૞ຽ ३ᚱΏۏ˯അགྷѣ൳ྶĞӈĶ̳ฟ൴ܑķ ࢋІćVeröffentlichungğĂͷ˘ਠ࠹Тᙷ ࡊ̝ᑕ҂ˠٺפ଀ྍඈྤੈ˯̙֭ӧᙱ۰ Ğ ӈ Ķ ट ٽ פ ଀ ķ ࢋ І ć ZungänglichkeitğĂᑕ҂ˠүඍ̝֍ྋӈᑕ ෛࠎΞତצ۞ໄهĞVertretbarkeitsbegriffğ 69_{ĄЯ̝Ăᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰٙ೩΍۞Ķᑕ҂} ˠүඍዶгķĂӈᄃᓑ֣Җ߆ڱੰ˘ర۞ Ķዦס؎ࣶҿᕝዶгķ࠹၆ჍĄͷֶፂҖ ߆ ڱ ޠ ᙯ ܼ ᗕ ͞ ༊ ְ ˠ π ඈ ၆ ޞ ࣧ ݋ ĞGedanke der GleichberechtigungğĂˠϔᄃ Җ߆፟ᙯӮࠎዋϡڱޠ̝͹វĂᗕ͞׍ѣ ࠹Т۞гҜĂ଀ͽЧҋܑ྿׎Ъந۞֍ ྋĂߏͽâ͞ࢬዦס؎ࣶ׍ѣҿᕝዶ гĂΩ˘͞ࢬᑕ҂ˠϺֳѣዋ༊۞үඍዶ г70_{Ąᙯٺᑕ҂ˠ̝үඍዶгĂᛳ˘ਠෞ} ᆊࣧ݋̝̰टĂܼڱੰ଀ͽᆶߤ۰Ă҃ͷ дυࢋॡĂڱੰϺ଀ؼኛ૞छםӄᆶߤ 71_Ą ѩγĂΞͽܢ૲˘೩۞ಶߏĈኬ̟ᑕ ҂ˠዦᜓס؟ᄃᇆО̝඀ԔّᝋӀĂۡତ ֹᑕ҂ˠүඍዶгצזዦס؎ࣶ۞಴ࢦĂ ҃ਕૉར၁ᑕ҂ˠ̝ᑕ҂ྏᝋĄ޷ᙯٺҖ ߆፟ᙯֳѣҿᕝዶг̝Җ߆ҖࠎĂтঘ̈́ ၁វૄώᝋӀĂυืֹҖ߆඀Ԕ̝༊ְˠ ਕૉдҖ߆඀Ԕ̚೩΍ҋ̎۞ຍ֍72_Ąд ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̚Ăᑕ҂ˠࢋ೩΍ҋ̎۞ຍ֍Ă ዦᜓס؟ߏυࢋ۞݈೩Ą҃д҂ྏ඀Ԕ ̚Ăዦס؎ࣶҖֹෞᆊॡĂߏӎ಴ࢦᑕ҂ ˠүඍዶгĂ౵ۡତѣड़۞፟טಶߏٺצ Φڱᆶߤ݈ĂϺӈᑕ҂ˠ೩੓Җ߆ାᑻ ݈Ăਕૉฟٸᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟ᄃᇆОĄᑕ ҂ˠ౅࿅ס؟ዦᜓ඀ԔĂΞͽ൴னዦס؎ ࣶ۞ෞ̶ߏӎ௲ᗓ˘ਠމ៍ෞᆊࣧ݋Ăѩ ϒ֖ͽԺטዦס؎ࣶᑿϡҿᕝዶгĂ༊؎ ࣶዦסᆶ੩Տ˘үඍ̰ट̟ͽෞณග̶ ॡĂᜪ̈́ז͟ޢᑕ҂ˠ଀ͽኛՐዦᜓס ؟ĂႾෛ׎ෞ̶۞ᇾ໤ĂࠤҌۡତ߄ጼ׎ ෞณග̶Ăֹܳዦס؎ࣶٺዦסෞ̶ॡĂ ՀࠎᆶຕҖֹ׎ҿᕝዶг73_{Ąଂ҃ĂΪѣ} ૟ס؟̝ዦᜓᄃᇆОᔘගᑕ҂ˠĂዦס؎ ࣶ̙ؕ࡭ᑿϡ׎ҿᕝዶг᜕ܲ౳Ą

Ёăᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ̝Г੩

Φڱੰᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖĂܼણΐ78 ѐ૞ܝᖚຽ̈́ԫఙˠࣶ੼ඈ҂ྏ̝ችؖᑕ ҂ˠĂЯјᒻϏ྿ᐂפᇾ໤ĂϦኛኑߤј ᒻĄགྷ҂ᏴొבᖬЧࡊјᒻޢĂ̪̙ڇЧ

68 _{Wolff / Bachof / Stober, Verwaltungrecht, Band. 1.,1999, Ő31, Rn.29.} 69_{BVerfGE, 84, 59(70).}

70_{٬඾Ăኝ඀ҋ͹ă҂ྏෞณᄃጯఙҋϤĂ݈͔ො58Ăࢱ98Ą}

71_{Vgl. Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungrecht, 11. Aufl., Ő7, Rn.43. Harald Fliegauf, Prufungsrecht, 1996, S.16, Rn.13.} 72_{Eyermann / Fröhler, Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, 11.Aufl., Ő68, Rn.10.}

ࡊ̝ෞ̶ඕڍĂ೩੓෦ᙸĂ֭ኛՐᇆОЧ ࡊྏסĄώ९གྷ෦ᙸăГ෦ᙸӮ̟ᅺаĂ ችؖᑕ҂ˠᄮĶᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤ҂ྏјᒻ ఍நᏱڱķௐ8୧݈߱ఢؠĂܬϚᑕ҂ˠ ̝ᑕ҂ྏᝋăڇ̳ᖚᝋ̈́̍үᝋĂͷϏͽ ڱޠఢؠĂ׎ዦᜓྏס̝ᝋӀᑕ̙צࢨ טĂ೩੓Җ߆෦఩Ą९གྷҖ߆ڱੰᆶߤ ޢĂᄮĶ҂ྏੰࠎ઼छ౵੼҂ྏ፟ᙯĂྍ ੰᓝҖ҂ྏᄃᑕ҂ˠมٙ൴Ϡ̝ڱޠᙯ ܼĂܼᛳ̳ڱ˯̝ڱޠᙯܼĂ߇ྍੰֶڱ ؠᖚᝋࢎؠ൴ο̝Җ߆ఢౢĂᑕ҂ˠυื ᏲчķĂͷᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤ҂ྏјᒻ఍ந ᏱڱĶ֭Ϗ࿈෸ྍੰᖚᝋ̝ቑಛĂ၆ˠϔ ᑕ҂ྏ̝ᝋϺ൑ܬचĂᄃጳڱ̙֭࠙ᛈĂ ͷѩᏱڱགྷֶڱਖ਼ኛϲڱੰ౯ߤѣ९Ăҋ ᙱᏜ׎ࠎ࿁ڱķĂߏྍᏱڱ̪ᑕᏲчĄҌ ྍᏱڱௐ8୧݈̝߱ఢؠĂܼЯ҂ྏੰ ĶᏱந҂ྏ׻ᗟዦסĂӮ׍ѣ੼ޘ̝፟૜ ّĂࠎჯ઼᜕छ҂ྏ̝಴ᚑĂ̈́ૄٺүຽ ˯̝၁ᅫᅮࢋķĂ˜ѣ˯ฟ୧̝͛ఢؠĂ ᅺаࣧӘ̝෦Ąችؖᑕ҂ˠᄮրۋቁؠ௣ Ԋҿՙٙዋϡ̝˯ฟᏱڱĂѣ࠙ᛈጳڱ̝ ႷཌྷĂࠖᓏኛΦڱੰ̂ڱءྋᛖĄ Φڱੰ̂ڱءӈֶᓏኛү΍ᛖфௐ 319ཱིྋᛖĂᄮࠎĶ҂ྏ፟ᙯֶڱᓝҖ̝ ҂ྏĂ׎ዦס؎ࣶܼٺྏסᑓދॡෞؠј ᒻĂдᑓދฟٵޢĂੵֶԛё៍၅ĂӈΞ ൴֍ྍีјᒻѣព൒᏾ᄱ۰γĂ̙ᑕೈᑕ ҂ˠ̝ࢋՐЇຍГҖෞዦĂͽჯ޺҂ྏ̝ މ៍ᄃ̳πķĂᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤ҂ྏјᒻ ఍நᏱڱௐ8୧ᄃѩຍў࠹௑Ă֭Ϗ࠙ᛈ ጳڱĂĶଘ҂ྏјᒻ̝ኑߤĂߊࠎࣘᜪᑕ ҂ˠ̝ᝋৈĂѣᙯኑߤְี̪آͽڱޠؠ ̝ķĄ൒҃Ă௟ߤᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ̝ྋᛖ நϤ३Ăͽ៍၅׎ኢந࿅඀ĂΞͽ൴னࡶ ̒ࣃ଀ซ˘Վ੅ኢ۞ኢᕇĂͽ˭ྏ̶Ҿኢ ̝Ą

˘ăᑕ҂ˠϦኛࢦາෞዦᄃዦס؎

ࣶ̝ҿᕝዶг

ፋវ࠻ֽĂᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ၆ٺ҂ ྏ̝Ķࢦາෞዦķొ̶Ă܅˞౵к۞ቔ಼ үኢࢗĂ׎͹ࢋኢፂ݋дٺĶᑓދ̝ฟ ٵķĄϺӈĂෞؠјᒻॡܼᑓދېၗĂฟ ٵޢтГҖෞዦĂĶᓂГҖᑓދĂЯߊѣ ݈Ѩዦס؎ࣶ̝ࢍ̶Ă֭Ξਕۢଉᑕ҂ˠ ࠎ ң ˠ Ă Ϻ ᙱ ͽ ჯ ޺ ҂ ྏ ̝ މ ៍ ᄃ ̳ πĄķੵͽᑓދ̝ฟٵົᇆᜩ҂ྏ̝މ៍ ᄃ̳πࠎநϤγĂΩ˘࣎நϤಶߏĶ಴ࢦ ዦס؎ࣶٙࠎ̝ጯఙෞᆊķĂ൒ᛖфௐ319 ཱིྋᛖಶѩ֭ϏྎࢗĄௐˬ࣎நϤ݋ߏĈ т൴֍ѣྏס႒ዦඈព൒᏾ᄱ̝ଐԛĂր ۋᏱڱௐ7୧నѣ࠹༊۞ྃାఢؠ74_Ăᑕ҂ ˠ̝ᝋӀ଀ᒔାᑻĄ ଘߤĂྏסᑓދٺฟٵޢĂЯࢦາෞ ዦ҃ГҖᑓދĂߏӎΞͽᑓދԆБĂֹࢦ າෞዦਕ̙צ݈Ѩෞዦ̝ᇆᜩĂҬᛳԫఙ ّયᗟĂநኢ˯ߏѣΞਕ྿јГѨԆБᑓ 74_{1986ѐ11͡12͟טࢎ̝ᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤ҂ྏјᒻ఍நᏱڱௐ7୧ఢؠĈĶኑߤ҂ྏјᒻĂт൴னྏס႒Ϗෞዦٕྏס} סࢬס̶̰ᇴ̙࠹௑ॡĂᑕಡኛ׏Ğ͹ğྏ؎ࣶܜ఍நć׏Ğ͹ğྏ؎ࣶົ̏ၣዚॡĂᑕౘಡ҂ྏੰ఍ந̝ćтᓁј ᒻѣតՀॡĂֶ݈୧ѣᙯఢؠ఍நĄķௐ6୧݋ఢؠĈĶኑߤඕڍ൴னјᒻ൳੃ٕ८ზ᏾ᄱॡĂᑕ૟ϦኛˠБొྏס Ӯ̟ኑߤĂࢦາࢍზᓁјᒻĂ֭޷νЕఢؠ఍நĈ˘ăࣧࢍјᒻϏ྿ᐂפᇾ໤Ă҃ࢦࢍޢјᒻ྿ᐂפᇾ໤۰Ăᑕಡኛ ׏Ğ͹ğྏ؎ࣶܜၱႾྏ؎ࣶ८ؠޢĂྃҖᐂפĄ׏Ğ͹ğྏ؎ࣶົ̏ၣዚॡĂᑕౘಡ҂ྏੰྃҖᐂפĄ˟ăࣧࢍј ᒻᄃࢦࢍޢјᒻӮ྿ᐂפᇾ໤ٕӮϏ྿ᐂפᇾ໤۰ĂϤᏱநྏચ፟ᙯూҖೇۢĄķ

ދ̝ېڶĄߏͽĂͽГҖᑓދӈ൑ڱჯ޺ ҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πࠎϤĂӎؠࢦາෞዦ̝ ΞਕّĂӈѣޞથၻĄਃدϠă໅͟൒ᄃ ӓطඈˬҜ̂ڱءĂ၆ᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ ٙ೩΍̝̙Тຍ֍३Ăӈᑗ̷۞޽΍Ĉ ĶώІྋᛖྍีఢؠߏӎ࿁ጳ̝ᙯᔣĂ˜ дٺ҂ྏෞ̶ѣځព̙ڱଐְॡĂߏӎ̪ ଀གྷϤ˘ؠڱؠ඀Ԕග̟ࢦາෞዦ̝፟ ົĂͽྤାᑻĄкᇴຍ֍၆ѩϏ̟ځቁᛖ ϯĂ҃ͅ૟ྏסᑓދߏӎฟٵүࠎયᗟ̝ ࢋᕇĂᄮࠎฟٵޢĂ̙଀ࢋՐࢦາෞዦĂ ӎ݋̙֖ͽჯ޺҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳πĄ׎ ၁ĂᑓދฟٵޢГҖෞዦĂ̪଀̟ͽᑓ ދĂѣड़ܲ޺৪૜Ă̙֭ᇆᜩ׎މ៍ᄃ̳ πĂдѩଐԛࢦາෞዦͽ۬ϒ᏾ᄱٕઐ ε Ă ͅ ҃ ࠎ ੠ Ր ׎ ෞ ̶ މ ៍ ̳ π ٙ υ ࢋĄķଂ҃Ăྏס̝ᑓދᄃฟٵĂᄃྏס ࢦາෞዦ̝टధّĂٺኢந˯Ҭ൑ۡତᙯ ܼĄ યᗟᑕдٺᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖநϤ३ ̚˘੯҃ీ۞៍ᕇĈĶ಴ࢦዦס؎ࣶٙࠎ ̝ጯఙෞᆊĄķዦס؎ࣶٺෞؠјᒻޢĂ тۺؠᑕ҂ˠ଀ϦኛࢦາෞዦྏסĂ݋ዦ ס؎ࣶ࣎ˠ̝ጯఙ૞ຽّҿᕝĂтңٺࢦ າෞዦ࿅඀̚జ࠻ޞĂፋវ҂ྏଐېтң ٺࢦາෞዦྏסॡणனĂ၆ٺಏ˘ྏסซ ҖࢦາෞዦĂтңᄃ׎΁ᑕ҂ˠ̝ඍᗟ̚ ү΍ෞᏴĂддౌߏયᗟĄߏͽĂਃدϠ ඈˬҜ̂ڱءдᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ̙Тຍ ֍३̚â੫֍ҕ۞޽΍ĈĶ઼छ҂ྏགྷ ׏ྏ؎ࣶෞ̶ޢĂ̙଀ЇຍГҖෞዦĂ˜ ઼छኬ̟׏ྏ؎ࣶෞ̶ҿᕝॡ̝ᝋރֹّ ൒Ă׎ҿᕝٕटѣཉႷ̝఍Ăҭੵགྷֶڱ ؠ඀Ԕ఍ந۰γĂ׎ҿᕝ̪ᑕצЧ̝͞಴ ࢦĂѩࠎ઼छ׏ྏטޘనࢍ̝ຍўĄķϺ ӈĂѩ˜ዦס؎ࣶ̝ҿᕝዶгયᗟĄ ൒݋Ăҿᕝዶг֭ܧዦס؎ࣶ۞᜕ܲ ౳Ăֹዦס؎ࣶ଀ͽ̙צЇң߄ጼĄଂ݈ ࢗᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ۞ҿՙ̚ĂӍˠΞͽ ൴னĂዦס؎ࣶ۞ҿᕝዶг̙ҭֽҋ׎੼ ޘ۞ጯఙ૞ຽّĂТॡ˵ֽҋٺ҂ྏෞ̶ ඀Ԕ۞̙ΞаೇّĄΪߏĂдጳڱٙࢋՐ ۞ᝋӀାᑻ౉श˭Ăҿᕝዶг̪൒υืצ ז࠹༊۞ΦڱᆶߤĂ൑ኢߏ҂ྏ඀Ԕߏӎ ࿁ࡦڱ΄Ğּтዦס؎ࣶ̝ྤॾğĂְ၁ ᄮؠѣ൑᏾ᄱĞּтྏס႒Ϗෞዦٕࢍ̶ ᏾ᄱğĂѣ൑࿈෸ᝋࢨٕᑿϡᝋ˧Ğּт ણᗔᄃְІ൑ᙯ̝҂ณğඈඈĂ̪ܧዦס ؎ࣶ̙ٙΞܬϚ۞ҿᕝዶгĄ˫ᇇ઼ᓑ֣ ጳڱڱੰٙ೩΍۞Ķᑕ҂ˠүඍዶгķĂ Ϻӈᑕ҂ˠඍᗟ۞̰टт׍ѣ݈ޢ˘ర۞ ѣड़ኢᙋĂᄲநܼЪͼទᏭĂዦס؎ࣶӈ ᑕ૟׎ෛࠎΞତצ۞ඍ९Ăֶ҃މ៍۞˘ ਠෞᆊࣧ݋ග̶̟ᇴ75_{Ąᑕ҂ˠүඍዶг} ΞͽᔖҺዦס؎ࣶᑿϡጯఙ૞ຽّĂଵϋ ΁჌ጯᄲĂԛјጯఙ˘֏ૅĄტ˯ٙኢĂ ᑕ҂ˠ׽̙଀ĶЇຍķϦኛࢦາෞዦྏס 76_{Ăଘтᑕ҂ˠѣϒ༊நϤ֖ᄮ҂ྏ̝ෞ} ̶ѣ༂ஷ۰ĂּтĈዦס؎ࣶ̙׍ྤॾĂ ࡭ᇆᜩ׎ෞ̶ҿᕝćዦס؎ࣶͽĶ፾ܝຳ

75_{Hartmut Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungrecht, 11. Aufl., Ő7, Rn.43. Wolff / Bachof / Stober, Verwaltungrecht, Band.}

1.,1999, Ő31, Rn.29.

76_{ᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖჍĶ̙ᑕೈᑕ҂ˠ̝ࢋՐЇຍГҖෞዦķĂҬͼ˵࿰঻˞ᑕ҂ˠֶڱؠ඀Ԕ̈́ࢋІϦኛࢦາෞዦ̝}

ጡķĂଵϋ׎΁ጯఙ֍ྋඈĂӮᑕѣኛՐ ҂ྏ፟ᙯࢦາෞዦྏס̝፟ົĄ ྕ൒ֶᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖٙ޽΍۞Ă Ķ಴ࢦዦס؎ࣶٙࠎ̝ጯఙෞᆊķ׽ᛳ҂ ྏࢦࢋࣧ݋Ă൒҃Ă࠹၆҃֏Ϻ̙ਕಏ͞ ࢋՐٙѣᑕ҂ˠӮᑕ˘ק൑୧Іତצዦס ٕ׻ᗟ؎ࣶ̝៍ᕇĂᄏ̂кᇴ઼छ҂ྏ׻ ᗟӮϤઘି଱ͽ˯ᖚඈିर׻ᗟᄃዦסĂ റඈଂጯఙҋϤ៍ᕇֽ࠻ĂጯఙҋϤ̙ߏ ᜕ٕܲ፾಴ߙ˘ጯఙ֍ྋٕநኢ̝ҋϤĂ ҃ߏ˘჌ଣՐৌநăΞរᙋٕ᜜ᙋ͞ڱᒔ פۢᙊ۞ҋϤ77_{Ąᑕ҂ˠд҂ྏүඍٙ̚} ࠎ̝ጯఙٕܧጯఙ៍ᕇᄃኢᙋĂϺᑕТॡ ࢋצזዦס؎ࣶ̝಴ࢦĂዦס؎ࣶҿᕝዶ гᄃ҂ϠүඍዶгӮᑕπඈ၆ޞ78_Ąᑕ҂ ˠ౵௣៍ᕇᔵΞਕᄃ׻ᗟٕዦס؎ࣶѣٙ ̙ТĂΪࢋᑕ҂ˠдϦኢ࿅඀̝݈ޢ˘ర ኢᙋĂទᏭޥ҂՟ѣϬ࠼Ă౵௣֍ྋᓂᄃ ׻ᗟٕዦס؎ࣶ̙ТĂдෞᆊѩྏסॡ̪ ᑕග̟࠹༊̶ᇴĂ̙҃ਕ่ග̟˟ăˬ̶ үࠎᇐݍ̝ຍĄ಴ࢦᑕ҂ˠүඍዶгĂΞ ͽឰᑕ҂ˠ̙Гညྃ௫঱ё੠ు׻ᗟ؎ࣶ ۞ৠځൕĂ̙Гצטٺ׻ᗟ؎ࣶ፾಴ጯᄲ ̝ਜ਼ޥĂ҃ͅՀਕֹᑕ҂ˠ፾ϲޥ҂Ă൴ ଧ֍ྋĄтѩ҂ྏෞณٙᎡᏴ΍۞̳ᖚˠ ࣶٕ૞ܝᖚຽԫఙˠࣶĂ̙ؕГ઱઱Ꮪ Ꮪâ̷ඈЯ؇ѩĂ၆׎׍ѣ౹າă፾ϲ ྋՙયᗟ̝ਕ˧ĂυਕѣٙഇޞĄ

˟ăᑕ҂ˠዦᜓྏס̝ࢨט

ᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ၆ٺĶᑕ҂ˠϦኛ ኑߤ҂ྏјᒻ఍நᏱڱķௐ8୧ఢؠĂࢨ ט˞ᑕ҂ˠϦኛዦᜓٕኑОྏסă೩ֻણ ҂ඍ९ăࢋՐӘۢዦס؎ࣶ̝ؖЩٕ׎΁ ѣᙯྤफ़Ăᄮࠎᄃጳڱإ൑࠙ᛈĄ׎͹ࢋ நϤܼᄃ݈೬ࢨטࢦາෞዦྏסЪ׀ኢ நĂϺӈĶჯ᜕҂ྏ̝މ៍ᄃ̳π̈́಴ࢦ ዦס؎ࣶٙࠎ̝ጯఙෞᆊٙυࢋķĄ൒ᑕ ҂ˠϦኛዦᜓྏסĂтңӸᘣ҂ྏ̝މ៍ ̳πĂ˫тңᇆᜩዦס؎ࣶ̝ጯఙෞᆊĂ ᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ֭ϏᄲځĂߏѩ߱ୃࢗ ܼ੫၆Ķࢦາෞዦྏסķٙү̝ኢࢗĂݒ ૟Ķᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟ķৼˢኢࢗቑಛĂҬ ѣຳഭౘ̝ࣗ๻Ą Ҍᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖᄮࠎĂ˯ฟᏱڱ ௐ8୧Ăᄃ࣒ϒ݈׏ྏڱௐ23୧ĞனҖڱ ௐ28୧ğᙯٺĶᏱந҂ྏˠࣶᑕᚑч৪૜ķ ̝ఢؠ࠹௑ĂҬͽ࣒ϒ݈׏ྏڱௐ23୧ϒ ༊̼׎၆ٺᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟ᝋӀ̝ࢨטĄ ଘߤ࣒ϒ݈׏ྏڱௐ23୧ఢؠĈĶᏱந҂ ྏˠࣶᑕᚑч৪૜Ă̙଀ޡռᄅၑăሕ఼ ᙯ༼ă᏷႒ҏ᏾ć࿁۰ֶڱᘂ఍Ă׎Я҃ ᛈϚЖڱ۰Ăΐࢦ׎ЖҌ˟̶̝˘Ąķ˜ ̳ચˠࣶڇચڱௐ4୧̝পҾఢؠĂܼЯ ԧ઼ጳڱপҾ૟҂ྏᝋ፾ϲٺҖ߆ᝋγĂ ၆ٺ҂ྏᝋ˧Җֹ̝̳ϒّѣૻধ۞ࢋ ՐĂͷ઼छ҂ྏԾᙯˠϔ̍үᝋᄃڇ̳ᖚ ᝋĂᏱந҂ྏˠࣶт൑ڱܲч҂ྏ৪૜Ă ૟ౄјۤົ၆ٺ҂ྏטޘ̝̙ܫЇĂ֭ᇆ ᜩᑕ҂ˠ̝ᝋৈĂܬचໂ̂Ăߏٺ׏ྏڱ

77 _{Werner Thieme, Deutsches Hochschulrecht, 1986, 2.Aufl., Rn.62.} 78_{Harald Fliegauf, Prüfungsrecht, 1996, S.16, Rn. 11.}

পҾఢؠĂᏱந҂ྏˠࣶᛈϚЖڱ۰Ăΐ ࢦ׎ЖҌ˟̶̝˘ĄϤѩ៍၅Ă˯ฟ׏ྏ ڱௐ23୧ఢؠĂᄃᑕ҂ˠϦኛዦᜓྏס ۰Ă֭൑ᙯᓑĄͧྵᇇ઼ڱטĂᇇ઼ᓑ֣ Җ߆඀Ԕڱଵੵዦᜓס؟79_{Ăଂڱ୧̈́ጯ} ந˯̶ژĂΪѣ༊జዦᜓ۞ְีֶ໰ڱޠ Ğnach einem GesetzğֶٕྍְІ̝ώኳ Ğihrem Wesen nachğѣܲ૜̝υࢋ۰Ă༊ ְˠϦኛዦᜓס؟͞଀̟ͽᅺаĄᇇ઼ڱ ޠځࢎᑕ̟ܲ૜҃଀ͽଵੵٺዦᜓס؟ͽ γ۰ĂтฎԊ̝ܲ૜ཌྷચĞᇇ઼Жڱௐ 354୧ğĂᗁϠᖚຽܲ૜ཌྷચĞᇇ઼Жڱௐ 353୧ğĂඁચ৪૜Ğᇇ઼Жڱௐ355୧ğ ඈĂҌٺ̳ચࣶڇચڱఢؠĈ̳ચࣶѣ඗ ၆ܲч߆ع፟ᙯ፟૜̝ཌྷચĂ̙ਕүࠎ١ ඗༊ְˠዦᜓס؟ֶ̝ፂĄӎ݋ĂΪࢋ̳ ચࣶ׍ѣ˘ਠّ۞ܲ૜ཌྷચĂ඀Ԕ༊ְˠ ۞ዦᜓס؟ᝋӀ̙ಶјࠎ׍͛ĉ ಶώ͛ٙ֍Ăᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖநϤ ३ௐ˘߱Ăͽ࠹༊ܜ۞ቔ಼ୃࢗ҂ྏ඀Ԕ ̝ᚑᖰĂΒ߁҂ྏੰనཉ׏ྏ؎ࣶົᏱந ҂ྏ࠹ᙯְચĂ҂ྏְચ֭ϤႾ၅؎ࣶႾ ྏĂႾྏˠࣶ൴ன҂ྏѣ࿁ڱٕ̙༊ଐ ְĂϤႾྏˠࣶಡኛᑭ၅ੰֶڱ఍நඈ ༼ĂܼΦڱੰ̂ڱءಶᑕ҂ˠϦኛኑߤ҂ ྏјᒻ఍நᏱڱௐ8୧ଳЪጳ֍ྋĂ҃၆ ٺᑕ҂ˠዦᜓྏסᝋӀ̝ࢨטĂٙ׍ѣ̝ ׎΁ڱޠଠט͞ڱĄೱ֏̝Ăᑕ҂ˠ൑ڱ ϦኛዦᜓٕኑОྏסă೩ֻણ҂ඍ९ăࢋ ՐӘۢዦס؎ࣶ̝ؖЩٕ׎΁ѣᙯྤफ़Ă ࡭ֹ׎ᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝ܲᅪٕѣͣ৿Ă൒઼छ నѣ׎΁͞ё֖ͽႾ༛҂ྏ̝ซҖĂ֖ͽ ܲᅪᑕ҂ˠ̝ᝋӀĄтڍώ͛ͽ˯۞நྋ ֭൑ᄱᄮĂ݋ΞਕயϠΩγ˘࣎યᗟĈጳ ڱٙܲᅪ۞ૄώᝋӀĂߏˠϔϡͽ၆ԩ઼ छĂˠϔࠎૄώᝋӀ̝ᝋӀˠĂ઼छޮࠎ ૄώᝋӀ̝ཌྷચˠćтϲڱ۰ࢨטˠϔҖ ֹߙૄώᝋӀĂ׎நϤܼ׎΁઼छᝋ˧଀ ܲᅪྍૄώᝋӀĂࠤҌ΃ആˠϔҖֹૄώ ᝋӀĂдૄώᝋӀ̝ᝋӀཌྷચ֎Ғ஄஑ ˭Ăߏӎਕ఼࿅Ъጳّ۞ᑭរĂӈܧ൑ ႷĄ ྕт݈ࢗĂᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ̪൒Ϗ ਕٚᄮᑕ҂ˠ̝үඍዶгĂ̪ٲڪٺ็௚ ᇇ઼ᓑ֣Җ߆ڱੰԆБ಴ࢦዦס؎ࣶ̝ҿ ᕝĂ࡭ᑕ҂ˠުтཉ֗ᙷҬٺপҾᝋ˧ᙯ ܼ̝̚Ąтңֹ଀ᑕ҂ˠ଀ͽѣड़۞͹ૺ ׎གྷ࿅࠹༊ኢᙋăᛳٺ˘ਠމ៍ෞᆊᇾ໤ Ξତצ۞ඍ९Ă၁னᑕ҂ˠ̝ᝋӀ᜕ܲĂ ੵ˞ዦᜓס؟ăᇆОྏס̳̈́οෞ̶ᇾ໤ ̝γĂҬ൑׎΁౉श80_{Ą͍׎ߏዦᜓס؟} ϒ֖ͽᔖҺዦס؎ࣶᑿϡ׎ҿᕝዶгĂϤ ٺᑕ҂ˠ଀ͽዦᜓ׎ෞ̶Ăߏዦס؎ࣶ༊ ਕᆶຕሢᇋ81_{Ăቁؠ׎ٙԲԼ̶̝ᇴӮਕ} ତצኳႷĄᖚߏ̝߇Ăᛖфௐ319ཱིྋᛖ ಶዦᜓס؟ᝋӀ̝ӎؠĂӈѣГ੩̝υ ࢋĄ

ౙăඕᄬ

ྵኜ΁઼ϲڱּĂጳڱௐ18୧পҾఢ

79_{Vgl. Wolff / Bachof / Stober, Verwaltungrecht, Band. 2.,1999, Ő60, Rn.97.}

80_{Т֍ྋĈౘຑऔĂዦס؎ࣶ۞ጯఙෞᆊዶгᄃ෦఩ᝋܲᅪę౵੼Җ߆ڱੰ˝˩ѐޘҿфௐ˘αˬˬཱིҿՙෞژĂ݈}

͔ො66Ăࢱ228Ą

ؠ۞ᑕ҂ྏᝋĂүࠎԧ઼ጳڱٙܲᅪ̝ૄ ώᝋӀĂ༊൒ᑕ׍ѣૄώᝋӀ̝үϡᄃΑ ਕĄ੫၆ᑕ҂ྏᝋĂώ͛পҾ೩΍ૄώᝋ Ӏ̝඀ԔܲᅪүϡĂдԧ઼ڱጯࠧ۞ᚶצ ᄃ൴ण˭Ă̏ుՎ͹៍̼ĂଂЧ࣎ૄώᝋ Ӏ̚૟඀Ԕܲᅪүϡ٩ᗓ΍ֽĂјࠎ˘჌ Ķ඀ԔૄώᝋӀķĄߏͽĂጳڱٙܲᅪ̝ᑕ ҂ྏᝋĂ׎υืͽ඀Ԕܲᅪүϡ၁ன׎ૄ ώᝋӀ۰ĂΒ߁҂ྏ̝ᓝᏱᑕ౅ځ̳ฟĂ ҂ྏ඀ԔᑕЪநϒ༊Ă҂ྏ̰टᑕ׍ᝥҾ ޘĂ҂ྏෞ̶ᑕቁ̳ܲϒ̳πඈඈĄዦᜓ ס؟ӈࠎᑕ҂ˠ଀ͽ၁ன׎ᑕ҂ྏᝋ̝ૄ ώ੨౯̝˘Ăᑕ҂ˠᖣϤዦᜓס؟۞͞ ёĂ଀ͽᒢྋ҂ྏ፟ᙯᏱந҂ྏ̝඀Ԕă ዦס؎ࣶ̝ෞ̶ᇾ໤â͞ࢬᑭរҋ̎۞ ඍᗟ̰टĂүࠎણΐ˭˘Ѩ҂ྏ۞ણ҂ć Ω˘͞ࢬĂᑕ҂ˠΞͽ൴ன҂ྏ፟ᙯٕዦ ס؎ࣶ۞᏾ᄱĂፂͽವՐାᑻĂͽܲᅪ׎ ᑕ҂ྏᝋĄ͍׎ߏĂ҂ྏ඀Ԕ׍ѣপঅ ّĂᑕ҂ˠ൴ன҂ྏ඀Ԕٕෞ̶᏾ᄱĂк ܼٺ҂ྏјᒻ̳οͽޢĂѩॡĂዦᜓྏס ̝ᝋӀՀߏυืᄃ෦ᙸ඀Ԕү˘׀҂ᇋĄ ఺̙֭ߏຍק඾෦ᙸ፟ᙯΞͽϲٺ˯৺፟ ᙯ۞гҜĂࢦາෞዦ̏གྷዦס؎ࣶώ׎ጯ ఙ૞ຽٙүј̝ෞ̶Ă҃ߏᖣϤ෦ᙸ۞඀ ԔĂֹᑕ҂ˠ଀ͽߤዦෞ̶੃ᐂăᆶߤຍ ֍ᄃ࠺ԲඈĂፂͽ၆ٺ҂ྏෞ̶೩΍ኳႷ ᄃᙋፂĂ֭Ϥࣧዦס؎ࣶ၆ٺྍඈኳႷࢦ າᑭෛᄃޥ҂Ăтᄮᑕ҂ˠ̝ኳႷࠎѣந ϤĂ଀ͽࢦາෞؠ҂ྏ̶ᇴĄ тѩ࠻ޞᑕ҂ˠϦኛዦᜓס؟ă೩ֻ ෞ̶ᇾ໤ăኛՐࢦາෞዦඈᝋӀĂ˜ܼૄ ٺૄώᝋӀ۞඀ԔܲᅪүϡĂͽ̈́ᝋӀା ᑻ̝ѣड़ّĂٙү۞៍၅Ąᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱ ڱੰ඾ѣҿՙ82_{޽΍Ă˲ঘ̈́זᄃ̍үᝋ} ࠹ ᙯ ҂ ྏ Ă ૄ ٺ ᝋ Ӏ ѣ ड़ ା ᑻ Ğ a u f effektiven Rechtsschutzğࣧ݋Ăυืܲᅪ ҂Ϡֳѣѣड़ାᑻ۞҂ྏ඀Ԕ83_Ą҂Ϡυ ืٺ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̈́ॡăѣड़޽΍҂ྏ᏾ᄱٕ ༂ஷĞIrrtumerğĂͽֹ၆ٺӈ૟ٕ̏གྷү ј̝҂ྏෞؠඕڍĂГࢦາᑭ੅ĄߏͽĂ ዦס؎ࣶ၆ٺ׎ෞ̶ᑕܢ࠹༊நϤĂ֭ࣞ ̟೩ֻ҂Ϡዦᜓ҂ྏס؟Ąੵѩ̝γĂ҂ Ϡ଀၆ٺዦס؎ࣶ၆ٺෞ̶ٙܢ̝நϤ೩ ΍ඍ᜜Ă֭ࢋՐ૟ྍඈඍ᜜Ϲ;ዦס؎ ࣶĂֹዦס؎ࣶਕૉᒔۢᑕ҂ˠ̝ᄲځĄ ዦס؎ࣶٺυࢋଐԛ˭Ă଀ֶ׎ٙᒔ଀̝ ᑕ҂ˠᄲځĂࢦາᆶߤ׎҂ྏෞ̶Ă֭଀ Լតෞ̶̝ඕڍ84_Ą т݈̝ࢗҖ߆̰ొࢦາᆶߤ඀ԔĂ̪ ൑ڱ႕֖ᑕ҂ˠ̝ኳႷĂૄٺԧ઼ጳڱௐ 16୧ٙܲᅪ̝෦఩ᝋĂᑕ҂ˠ༊଀Шڱੰ ವՐାᑻĄ൒҃дҿᕝዶгநኢ᜕̝ܲ ˭Ăڱੰਕӎͽ̈́тңಶ׍ѣጯఙ૞ຽّ ۞҂ྏෞ̶үᆶߤĂјࠎᝋӀ᜕ܲѣड़ّ ྿ј۞ᙯᔣĄᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰٺ݈೬҂ ྏෞ̶ҿՙ85_{Ăಶ҂ྏ඀Ԕᄃᆶߤ۞࿅඀} ̚Ăڱੰᑕтң၆̙Тຍ֍णฟᆶߤăώ ٺᖚຽҋϤ̝҂ྏ඀Ԕᑕтңనࢍă҂ྏ ؎ࣶ۞ᆶຕሢᇋཌྷચ̈́૞छᝥؠඈĂ೩ֻ 82_{BVerfGE 84, 34.}

83_{Salzwedel, Handbuch des Wissenschaftsrecht, hrsg: von Chr. Flämig, Band 1, 2. Aufl., S. 745.}

84_{BVerfGE 84, 34(45ff.); BVewGE 92, 132,(136f.). ૄٺπඈࣧ݋Ăࢦາෞዦࣧ݋˯ᑕϤࣧАዦס̝؎ࣶࢦາෞዦĄ}

˞֖ͽԧ઼ણ҂۞֍ྋ86_Ą ᖚߏ̝߇Ăаᐝᑭෛᛖфௐ319ཱིྋ ᛖĂͽ̈́׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ีăௐ3ีఢ ؠĂ˭ЕۋᕇҬࣃГ੩Ĉ

˘ ă ᄃ ጳ ڱ ௐ 1 8 ୧ ܲ ᅪ ˠ ϔ ᑕ ҂

ྏăڇ̳ᖚᝋӀ̝ຍўϏЪ

ᑕ҂ྏᝋΒӣ౅࿅҂ྏפ଀̳ચˠࣶ ྤॾᄃଂְপؠᖚຽྤॾ̝ૄώᝋĂѩ჌ ᄃૄώᝋѣᙯ̝҂ྏ඀Ԕᑕдጳڱѣड़г ᜕ܲ˭ซҖ87_{ĄଂૄώᝋӀމ៍Αਕֽ} ࠻ĂՏีૄώᝋӀ۞၁ኹĂপҾߏ׍ѣ௡ ᖐᄃ඀ԔֶᏥ้Ш۞ૄώᝋĂ׍ѣĶ඀Ԕ ܲᅪĞVerfahrensgareantieğķ۞ᅮՐᄃΑ ਕĄዦᜓס؟ߏᑕ҂ˠ၁ன׎ᑕ҂ྏᝋ۞ ૄώ੨౯Ăਕᑒӄᑕ҂ˠ൴ன׎ᑕ҂ྏᝋ ߏӎٕтңצז࿁ڱ̙༊۞ܬचĂ֭ፂͽ ኛՐାᑻĄБ൒ଵੵᑕ҂ˠዦᜓס؟̝ᝋ ӀĂऻᄃጳڱௐ18୧ܲᅪˠϔᑕ҂ྏăڇ ̳ᖚᝋӀ̝ຍўϏЪĄಶᛖфௐ319ཱིྋ ᛖ̝ԛё˯ኢ̝ĂྍཱིྋᛖүјॡĂᑕ҂ ˠϦኛኑߤ҂ྏјᒻ఍நᏱڱإ൑ڱޠ଱ ᝋֶፂĂݒࢨטᑕ҂ˠ̝ዦᜓס؟ᝋӀć ಶ၁ኳ˯ኢ̝Ăࢨטᑕ҂ˠዦᜓྏסĂҬ ͼϺᙱͽವՐЪጳّ۞ϒ༊நϤĄଂ҃Ă ׏ྏڱௐ23୧ௐ2ีఢؠĂБ൒ଵੵᑕ҂ ˠዦᜓס؟̝ᝋӀĂᔵѣڱޠ̝ԛёĂ൒ ׎၁ኳ̰टߏӎЪጳĂਕӎ఼࿅ጳڱௐ23 ୧̝ᑭរĂإѣႷཌྷĄ

˟ăᄃጳڱௐ16୧ܲᅪˠϔ෦ᙸᄃ

෦఩ᝋ̝ຍўϏЪ

ጳڱௐ16୧ٙܲᅪ̝෦ᙸ̈́෦఩ᝋĂ ࠎ඀Ԕૄώᝋ̝˘჌Ăጯ۰၆ٺ෦఩ᝋ̝ ̰உᔵѣ̙ТࢬШ̝ኢࢗ88_{ĂଘТᄮᝋӀ} ାᑻ౉शᑕߏ൑႒߽۞ă̳π۞ăѣड़۞ 89_{Ă݋൑˟࡭Ąߏᑕ҂ˠٺ׎ᑕ҂ྏᝋצ} ܬचॡĂ่̙Ξͽ೩੓෦ᙸăҖ߆෦఩ವ ՐᝋӀାᑻĂ҃ͷጳڱௐ16୧ܲᅪᑕ҂ˠ ଀ͽצז̳π۞ᆶҿĂኜтĈڱੰ௡ᖐυ ืЪڱă෦఩˯ᝋӀ଀ͽԆፋҖֹăڠጡ πඈࣧ݋̝ࢋՐඈඈĄдᝋӀାᑻ඀Ԕ 86_{ਬಶ݈ࢗᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳڱڱੰ֍ྋᖎࢗт˭Ĉ˘ăڱੰ၆ٺ̙Тຍ֍۞ᆶߤĈᇇ઼ૄώڱௐ19୧ௐ4ีܲᅪˠϔѣᝋӀ} ାᑻ۞౉शĂڱੰ၆ٺᑕ҂ˠᄃዦס؎ࣶมᙯٺෞ̶̙Т֍ྋĂ̙ਕ่ͽ಴ࢦ҂ྏዦס؎ࣶࠎϤĂ҃ٸୢᆶߤཌྷ ચĂͽ௑ૄώڱ˯ฟ୧͛ٙ೬ϯᝋӀାᑻ౉श̝ѣड़ّĄ˟ăώٺᖚຽҋϤ̝҂ྏ඀Ԕ۞ዋϡĈૄٺૄώڱௐ12୧ ٙܲᅪ̝ᖚຽҋϤĂ઼छ҂ྏ඀Ԕ̝నࢍĂᑕ֖ͽቁܲ҂Ϡѣड़ܑ྿ҋ̝̎៍ᕇĂ҃ܧಏ͞ࢬ۞צז઼छ҂ྏ፟ᙯ ۞௚ڼĄˬă҂ྏ؎ࣶ̝ᆶຕሢᇋཌྷચĈዦס؎ࣶ׍ѣᆶຕሢᇋ۞ཌྷચĂ҃ܧ೯͔ҿᕝዶгநኢĂ١඗೩ֻЇңᆶ ߤ۞ΞਕĄ҂Ϡѣᝋ೩΍׎៍ᕇĂዦס؎ࣶѣཌྷચᆶຕޥ҂ෞ̶Ąαă૞छᝥؠĈዦס؎ࣶᑕֶ˘ਠෞᆊࣧ݋̟ͽ ෞ̶âਠෞᆊࣧ݋ᑕߏމ៍Ξᆶߤ۞Ăࠎ˞ঐੵ҂Ϡᄃዦס؎ࣶ̙Т៍ᕇ̝኏ࡎĂҖ߆ڱੰٺυࢋॡ଀ᔛኛ૞छ ᝥؠĄVgl. Harald Fliegenauf, Prüfungsrecht, 1996, Rn.13.

87_{BVerfGE 84, 34; 84, 59.} 88_{ጯ۰ਃدϠଂ෦఩ᝋ̝͹៍ࢬ៍၅Ăᄮࠎ׎̰உΒ߁Ĉ൑႒߽̝ᝋӀ᜕ܲă׍ѣ၁ड़̝ᝋӀ᜕ܲă̳πᆶҿ෦఩඀} ԔĂણ֍ĈਃدϠ͹በĂҖ߆෦఩ڱు୧ᛖཌྷĂ2002ѐĂࢱ2ͽ˭Ąጯ۰ӓطᄮࠎĂ෦఩ᝋ̝ܲᅪቑಛΒ߁ĈѣᝋӀ ӈѣାᑻࣧ݋ăצጳڱ˯ڱءᆶҿ̝ᝋӀă෦఩඀Ԕ̝ڱޠܲ঻ᄃڱڼ઼छ̝ϒ༊ڱޠ඀Ԕࣧ݋ăᆶ৺ାᑻᑕ൴೭ ၁ᅫड़ڍĂણ֍ĈӓطĂጳڱ۞ྋᛖᄃዋϡĂ2004ѐĂࢱ130ͽ˭Ąጯ۰ᆒ؟ᇇ޽΍෦఩ᝋ̝ܲᅪቑಛࠎĈצ፾ϲڱ ੰᆶҿ̝ᝋӀĞ፾ϲ۞ڱੰାᑻܲᅪğăତܕڱੰ̝ᝋӀĞԆፋ۞ᝋӀାᑻܲᅪğăצ̳ϒѣड़ᆶҿ̝ᝋӀĞѣड़۞ ᝋӀାᑻܲᅪğĂણ֍Ĉᆒ؟ᇇĂጳڱྋᛖᄃ෦఩ᝋ̝ܲᅪęͽҖ߆෦఩ࠎ͕̚ĂΦڱੰ̂ڱء93ѐޘጯఙࡁ੅ົኢ ͛Ğ˭ΊğĂ2004ѐ12͡4͟Ăࢱ10-13Ą 89_{ڱڼ⎒ă཭ܲݱЪ඾ĂጳڱາኢĂ݈͔ො9Ăࢱ260-265Ą}