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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告

基督教的宗教容忍

計畫類別: 個別型計畫 計畫編號: NSC91-2414-H-004-026- 執行期間: 91 年 08 月 01 日至 92 年 07 月 31 日 執行單位: 國立政治大學政治學系 計畫主持人: 郭承天 報告類型: 精簡報告 處理方式: 本計畫可公開查詢

中 華 民 國 92 年 10 月 30 日

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(一)、英文摘要及關鍵詞 九一一恐怖份子攻擊紐約的事件,再一次引起世人重視宗教容忍的議題。在 此之前,以自由主義政治哲學為基礎的功利主義論、自主論、國家中立論、和多 元真理論,似乎無法顯著的改善宗教之間的關係,反而在各宗教內部激發了基本 教義派的興起和擴展。以基督教神學為例,大部分的宗派仍然傾向支持排外論, 而不是比較容忍的包容論和多元論。一九九零年代的社會主義哲學家也開始批判 自由主義的宗教容忍主張,懷疑其缺乏重大的道德基礎以及實用價值。本文認為 過去十多年社會主義哲學家對於自由主義的批判,實際上提供了神學與政治哲學 之間溝通的橋樑,讓神學能夠在不違反傳統信仰之下,朝向更有實用價值的包容 論發展。結合「批判情境神學」與社會主義哲學的「情境批判性包容論」,認為 宗教之間的尊重和容忍,可以建立在批判性包容論的共同基礎上,一方面維持特 殊情境中各宗教純正的核心信仰,另一方面擴展宗教之間的和平、合作、與互利 關係,而不致落入極端基本教義派和宗教融合的後果。 關鍵詞:基督教、宗教容忍、自由主義、社會主義、情境神學

The terrorist attack in New York on 11 September 2001 raised the global attention to the issue of religious tolerance. Before then, liberal political philosophy proposed theses of secularization, pluralism, and democratization in order to improve the relationships among religions, but with little success. On the contrary, these liberal views kindled the fundamentalist backfire and expansion within all major religions. Christianity is no exception to this general phenomenon. The mainstream Christian theology and believers tend to support the exclusive view, instead of the more tolerant inclusive and pluralist views. Since the late 1980s many socialist political

philosophers have also criticized the liberal views of religious tolerance for their lack of significant moral foundation and practical values, which generated the huge gap between theology and political philosophy. This paper suggests that the socialist view constitutes a bridge of communication between theology and political philosophy, and will contribute to the theological development toward a more inclusive view without violating traditional belief. By combining theology and socialist philosophy, a “contextual critical inclusive view” can promote the mutual respect, tolerance, and cooperation among religions without falling into the extremes of fundamentalism and syncretism.

Key words: Christianity, religious tolerance, liberalism, socialism, contextual theology

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1 (二)報告內容 (1)前言 九一一恐怖份子攻擊紐約的事件,再一次引起世人重視宗教容忍的議題。在 此之前,以自由主義政治哲學為基礎的功利主義論、自主論、國家中立論、和多 元真理論,似乎無法顯著的改善宗教之間的關係,反而在各宗教內部激發了基本 教義派的興起和擴展。 (2)研究目的 本研究試圖結合社會主義哲學與批判情境神學,發展出「情境批判包容論」, 作為現代社會提倡宗教容忍的理論基礎,一方面提倡宗教之間的容忍與合作,另 一方面也部分照顧到基本教義派的堅持。 (3)文獻探討

以 Lock, Mill, Dworking 為代表的自由主義哲學,消極的認為宗教是屬於個 人良心的事務,無法藉由外來的強制力,來改變人們的信仰。積極的來說,為了 尊重個人的自主權,我們應該對於不同的信仰採取包容的態度。國家對於各宗教 應該採取中立的態度。況且沒有一個宗教可以聲稱包含所有的真理,藉著宗教之 間的相互學習,可以充實彼此的內涵,並且帶來宗教之間的和平。在基督教神學 界,受到自由主義哲學影響的,有宗教多元論和融合論的神學。某些神學家根據 這些新的神學,積極推動宗教之間的對話,甚至鼓勵投入對方的信仰生活之中, 以發覺自己宗教所沒有的真理。 然而,受到自由主義的挑戰,大部分的基督教神學和信徒,反而傾向支持基 本教義派的排外論,而不是比較容忍的包容論和多元論。排外論認為聖經已經包 含一切的真理,基督教不必外求來豐富自己。任何帶進其他宗教成分到基督教內 的企圖,都是撒旦的伎倆,為的是要從裡面消滅純正的基督教信仰。因此,宗教 之間的對話是無用的,更是危險的。包容論介於排他論和多元論之間,認為基督 教可以藉著與其他宗教的對話,發覺其他宗教所提倡的真理,來補足自己信仰內 容的不足。包容論仍然是以基督信仰為主體,但是對於如何採用其他宗教的優 點,並沒有詳細的論述,因此也可能落入多元論的結果,而受到排他論者的批判。 一九八零年代中期以來的社會主義哲學家,以 Mendus 和 Horton 為代表,開 始批判自由主義的宗教容忍主張,懷疑其缺乏重大的道德基礎以及實用價值。自 由主義容忍論點的缺陷,可以反映在至今未解決的一個困境:「如何容忍那些不 容忍其他人的言行?」大部分自由主義者主張容忍,是為了保障個人基本的自主 權,但是我們如何界定「基本自主權」,則必須進一步分析自主權的內容。這時, 社會的判斷和價值標準必須牽扯進來。否則「基本自主權」最後只會狹隘的包含 一些生活上不重要的事物,如個人衣著顏色的選擇、食物的好惡等。因此,社會

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主義論者認為,容忍必須建立在具有實用價值和道德意涵的「社會歸屬感」之上, 而鼓勵宗教之間的容忍。本文認為過去十多年社會主義哲學家對於自由主義的批 判,實際上提供了神學與政治哲學之間溝通的橋樑,讓神學能夠在不違反傳統信 仰之下,朝向更有實用價值的包容論發展。 (4)研究結果與討論 本文的第一節將分析自由主義與其批判者對於宗教容忍的看法,特別比較功 利主義論、自主論、國家中立論、多元真理論、以及社會主義論的宗教容忍。 第二節討論神學的排外論、包容論和多元論。排外論認為基督教之外無真理 可言;多元論認為每個宗教對於真理都沒有壟斷權,因此應該相互尊重和學習: 而包容論則認為其他宗教可能包含部分真理,可以選擇性的尊重與學習。本文以 嚴格和廣泛的聖經詮釋方法,檢驗這些論點的聖經基礎。初步的結論是,聖經大 部分的經文,都支持排他論;但有不少的經文可以用來支持包容論;而多元論幾 乎沒有堅強的聖經根據。因此,一個符合現代多元社會的神學,可以根據包容論 的經文,進一步的發揮,尤其是在多元宗教或者基督教佔少數的國家。 第三節結合前兩節政治哲學和神學的理論,本文提出「情境批判性包容論」 的主張,認為宗教之間的尊重和容忍,可以建立在批判性包容論的共同基礎上, 一方面維持各宗教純正的核心信仰,另一方面擴展宗教之間的和平、合作、與互 利關係,而不致落入極端基本教義派和宗教融合的後果。「情境批判性包容論」 的核心主張,是把神學對話或融合分為兩個面向:程度與內容。批判性的包容論 對於其他宗教的吸收和學習,程度遠低於多元論,但稍微高於排他論。就內容而 言,則分為神論、人論、以及儀式節期的規定三部分。批判性的包容論最排斥神 論的對話和融合,其次是與特殊宗教信仰相關的儀式節期,但是在人論的部分, 可以試圖找出宗教之間互補與相容之處。不過,包容的程度,仍須受到當時時空 環境的影響,而採取一個漸進審慎的步驟。 第四節舉出「情境批判性包容論」在台灣可能的實際應用,例如祭祖、基督 教與中華文化的對話、基督教與其他宗教團體合辦活動、以及基督教內部如何看 待其他宗教等議題。 (三)參考文獻 沈介山。1982。偏差溯源上古基督教思想簡史。台北:中華福音神學院出版社。 李哲修。1997。越界重生。台南:聞道出版社。 邱光輝。「以『宗教交談』做基礎再出發」。www.hukou.org/religion/chiu.htm 2003/9/16。 梁家麟。「書籍評介:《契合與轉化—基督教與中國文化更新之路》」。 www.cgst.edu/Journal/23/al.html 2003/9/16。 陳思賢。1997。「選擇信仰的空間-奧古斯丁異端導正論與洛克寬容論」。政治科 學論叢,八期,147-64 頁。

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(四)計畫成果自評 本計畫的成果已完成初稿,現正邀請幾位政治哲學家和神學家評論之。初稿 「宗教容忍:政治哲學與神學的對話」,將在十二月十九日於政大宗教研究中心 發表,由中央研究院的政治哲學家蕭高彥擔任評論人。發表之後,將再修改,預 計在明年一月初投稿國內 TSSCI 學術刊物出版。 本文主要的理論貢獻是,提出了「情境批判性包容論」作為當代神學與政治 哲學對話的橋樑。本文也藉著討論台灣的宗教關係,提出具體的建議,在自信和 互信的基礎下,增進台灣各宗教之間的容忍與合作關係,同時也顧及到基本教義 派某些神學上的堅持。

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