對強姦受害者的態度研究：她們真的有罪嗎？

全文

(1))n & Psychology uly 15,1986. m1z:ieUEr*~ r~1fNiU,,~m:~ N: 75,9 Wl , 97 - 118 l'{. J. m~~~w~~g~~~:~~~~~~~? ~. Ft.. ~. M r *~~~tW¥ll::l1'll)t ~. *i~~OO~~3@:*. 1M. J. '11'@~~s~li~1.lf'Fm~~$l1IiIift'M5Iffl ~1il. , -&lX~t±l~~ Affs~li~~1!f~{'fiHl~Jl '. Ji,W,~lm. '. tnHI~:I1'~:tz: AIOi. t ~A~~trg. ~.~J~o~~Am~~~.1!f~~~~§a~I1'$~.~o~~.m~~A~M~t~. fii!l~.1!f1Etr'C.\~~li:k~tJStz~ between. ip. subjects of 9th graders were the. y. titude Test. 's statistical related to. y. indulgence,. r:. rejection,. ;ence; 2)For. It adjustment erstrictness,. ~~~t§a-&1E~~,§.,~~r.~§~o. Lemer(1970 ) ~. t~@IAlire-Ji:~I1'1ff~. rl. 0. Afr';.f:§~0lEtttJit±~~tz;:j~~~;.f:§~~tttJit~m$~, Iij~m. *m~~~~m-.A;.f:§~r0lEtttWJ~WJl~r~W.E$.J~.g,~~ •• ~ff~li~#~m~t~Rff~li~~1!f~.~WJlo~*~m:~m~0lEtttW~~~t. ~~.m~~1!f~~~~'fu~~.~~~~fi~~~fi'~~fu~~.~~~1!f°~H~ ~~~1!f •• ~.:tz:~~~1!fm@~~@I~lEtttJittti.5m~~W.Em.'.~~~~li. 1!f~.~:k'.I1'.~~li~~1!f'~~1!f~~~R~,.ftWJl'~~.~~M~li~~ ~-&IHIJ ~fr~~s~li.*#~!fiH~~ff~~1!f ~.~WJl. ,. ~.§.t-J~!ltm~~*ff5~li~~1!f,. very. rejection,. the parents' ower in the. : ~~-@I0lE~i!tJit t 1ff~~m. ~~ti~~(BJo. ~~m~~j1o. to rejection,. Lerrer~~ftfr'i5;.f:§~. m(BtW~~~M~oM~.~~m.I1'.~~1Eft~~1ff(BA.~tW5mli~~1!ffu-Ji:. ~~t-J~*~~~. of those in. 0. jus t wor ld ) (B1Jl~ lijf$g~-~A~{t1lfff5mli. ~~~1ff(BAtri,~~~m~~~~~Atr~o~~'~*I1'$~~m~~~~@IAtr~. , attitudes of a. r 0lEtttJit J (. ~~1!f1fs?l~rtrr~gUl1ff~m". lsted group;. was. t ttttl1'mc~~ t -&11'~~Wfil~ t l1'@iilsilimm. ~ v.# .§. "' If13. '. *)(m:f~.I;.{ Lerner~lEi!tW~m. *' AI!M ,iPIlt~~R-~ffd:~:k~. ~. ilRU. •• ~~.(~~74~)~m~~~t.~~~+A~~~+=~' ~.~~~~. ~#~~.~ti~Wft+~#'~~~+=~~ •• ~W=+=#,~gJ~li~W~+= #,~.~+ft#'~~.~i5ti~:tz:~~o~~~~$~~g,~~~~~~,.~~~ a9Alt*fg~~+ftf~~. 0. ~lfAjJjjj{1jj~fi.~. •• ~~fi~~A::tf1fB<~li'. , ~@I~~Jii t ~fitxftWJJt. ~11'~Rti~@~~~ A::t"fB<s~li. 0. 0. ~11'~Rti. ~~~tIJ., ~,~.

(2) 98. +.~~.A, • • ~.,~~,~±,~~,~~.,~~~~~§o~~~fi~&~*. ~~~j@j~~. ·-A~E~~~~E.~ff~.~.~.~§·-AAE~~~.~.~~ •• ~-~.. (1971). •••• ~H.'.*-~.~'.~§~ ••• ~ • • +~~-o ~.~§.#~B~~.'~~~§.#~~5.~~li* • • ·~§.#~~.~.. ~a9§:~it€:. ~a9~~*€:. ~+~~m~~~.~M~-·~~~*~&~M~~§.#~7-@fi~'~~~W~~. ~/JI~§~fflIf. ~~~~r~§*J~r~~§*J%fi~fi~'~~A~.~~.~.~d~~~§.#. i¥lJ~~a9'/9c~. ~a~·~m~~~7$~§*~~.%fi'.~§*.m-~A,~~~.mmT~.~. (1976). tQ. ~~§.#o~.7$~g~M·.m~.~.~mMH~'~~·W.~~§.#~a~. .~3(lm:. r. o ~~~P9~~$ . JFIJ • •~,$J~~~a9m~~~r:p'L'~~7~~~::t5iIDa9lif~ °. m~§~{4:o. ~~5·. I It. ~~§~5*%fi::t5iID·*$~a9lif~~~.$m-m$~M,m-~.~,m-~. t6.!i!tU~~. A 1r'~5i1iii~. m:~@a9~5*($.Ma9~fi'+=~~+A.~OOa9~5*~§~~~+Em~)~. .~(t:i:$~. ~1ff:ll.~~*(~~f:ll.~§~~3+E~E·m~~.~§~~~+~)·~7~5*. t:i:$%~fi~. r:pa9~*~.. -~;jF~a9f1. 1ff:ll1!t~~£~5. ~m-~fi.' m@m~T~~£51~37tiE~U«Il~'L'~~. 0. 0. m.~gam~.~:t:~a9tmm.~, .Jr..t~~~.#t;;JJt1r'~~~Hi!l~. §*%fi~.$ ·~.~H~fiAD~'. • •~.~~~'**it.1~7fi*~ttt· m~~ 5*ili.~~~~=~@~'W.~5*~~~~~·.1ff:ll • • ~iliit~~~-~~-~ fiBe.7m.)o~M~·~~~@~~5*~~.,m~$~dfi~.a9.~& • • ~ 5' •• ,!J!'-EZ1i- ' ~fi~~a9~fi&~~~5 W~/J\~~1i- ' .1ff:ll.itli~~fi &~OO~~o.~fi~~&am·~5*~fi • ..t~~-@R~'OO~~~~~.~.:t:.. :±.. 0. :rt5~.. j. ; .~. Br i ckrnan t'l .Gi$~~$,. 1979). a9lif'. .~§*Jf~:. ~@fi.~~~A& ••• ~'R~~~~~~$'~H.~37tiEWBom~.~~~-&. ~a9fi~-~:. ~fi~~mOO.~~'~~~%.a9£~.*.o. #a9m~. 0. ~I. {$//~~mJ~~m~a9M*' M~5~§m*~@.~~a9. ~.*~~~J. ·~~~~a9'~~~%.a9A.%@'~~&~'~.~~~'~.~~~~~.a9~.. iMbh~~.~i. •• a•• ~,~~§ma9~mw~~.~~~::t5iID'fi~~ m ' ~§m-~iB~~'L,~)I(~' JHRa9llU~rE~' ~ZIS~a9'Ld~IH~~ , fi~a9 A~rHlffi' ~1r,-jftltflJ-B3:~~ffiiB~H. f!e~~1rH!t'~*A '~~~A~~Ha9 ' ~JIt~1r'~§~ Ao. ii.#~~~. i!".Gi~~~. fi~*~.'~§m~m~~§~A~~~~~~fi~.~(~§*r:p3~~-~.~'.. *~. ~~5~;. r ~§mJ. a9lif~::t5iID. ·. ~ •• ,~~~oo-mwm!. Ji . keller (19. m~~~H.~;d~AEM·~~.mit~M7;d*~~7·~-mA~8~.om~. ~Jt. i. ~7ri!f. *~fi{$fg). ~~. ·.-{If;:~~~.1. -aJW~1r~~¥fm$ m~~m§~~§ (~~~, ~. ~~ii*;jF.~. • ~.~~a9,*~~~~~'L'~fI*·. ~§m~~a9~'L'~~~1ID~~~ /lI~. 0. Field (1 97 ~. ~~~~~~=*~~'L,j=fIb1J. 0. ~m-~A. @~5*~1tIii. RJtIE.i1:rHlffia9~#~~~it~, ~~5~§~#M¥~~~~*~; m~§m~~=~~#. ._.~m. ~. 75$). 0. 7J1i-~~!J!*fi~5~§ma9~~it~~1m. 19fJ~Abel ~A (1977).

(3) ~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~~?. ~~EBiF~tB~m :5t.~;;fj-~~. S;;fj~i\11jEB~J.!jit~. ,. ~Mm5D1~m~-,'NA~~-~~~Uag. 99. 0. j37!-Atwood & Howell. ( 1 9 7 1 JRm~flHJ95m~m~~~R:"T~~tI~51~ag~~.tgi(~/J\R:"~agfJUlm51. -0. i!1ag~~.~~, @~5D1~/J\R:"~ag5D1~m· ~O~/J\R:"~agf*:tI~lt~~~R:"Tag1;U'~51. ;${4:i1l00~~~. i!1ag':EJ.!j.~~~. 15D1~$#EB~§:. i'EiJfH311J iii • Clark & Lewis (1977 ) Hm : 5D1~mlt-~A:I!:ff:]~ . ;;fj1Jl5D1~agjjilfJli (rape myth) 'ffll~: rR:"A:l-§IU!l5D1lHl'!J J rR:"A~5i~4'tBff J!Ha~ag~~ J r tlIl*R:" AJJ{ag/l'Q. ' ~~ e:fiiJ A lij tI.5ai~UJ T~ J Gager & Schus (I 9 76) tBHm5i~m.1itJt~~~.ag~ft:l-: r ~it~~-I«m.J!ag • /l'~I!\t? Jo • • ~~: r8JJ{ag~ • • ~·/l'.~?J~:l-~m5i~m~.®.*·~~~~-WN.. 'iF~. m!Mi~~{lfo. : • Jt4'fiWm:~ '~/}/j ll::5D1~${lf. .~m ~ T m:'ii~ 0. [.~, m-fl~. i~. 0. ta*IU~H. 0. 0. 0. 0. ~Tr~5D1~~JHr5i~~Jag • • ~'H7!-tB;;fj-8iF~~afiW~®~ • • ~. Air~Jt5D1~~iti~ag.ff.~. 0. fflJtlIl Jones. & Aronson (1973 ) ~m. :. -1iItC)t#1ia9~. :Im+ 1i:1!i-t ) If<. ~~(~.1E • • ~·JltR:"'~B~1CiR:")·A~tt~ag.om·*~j(Il'~#1iag~~~(. fIST ~~~ :ir~j4:~;;fj H:mt5D1. ~• • flfj~~q~). *~~'PJft1~. ~~J!ti\11jEBR:"ii. : ~UJltj(~.B9~~1!f ' A~*.OIUtbB9~~.~T~B9. ~5i. ; ~«J/l'~IIB9)t~~ , A ir'~Um~1R-~~~B9fj~#t*5D1.;ft Sel igma:r;t ,. Bri ckman & Koulack (1977 ) B9iF~-&Jlfmlm.ag*6W: i'E~~jjiii ' AirHI:;~Il'.:ts:. .0001f:~~~*C/J\B9)t~~ • @.*lJ1it1lt-ffJt6l1f:@agR:"ii Calhoun"Se lby & Warring (. lIij~~~.:t:~. 19.79) B9iF~tBmtl:l' tlIl*~~~~.5D1~~. DD§IPJ*o@~. .5D1~~ .UJ.~1!flit1jjij~;;fjiilHl~. t1~~e:fiiJ-&. lfij:agfj~-:iE~m/l''I'' ~;ft:t:/l'/J\'L.'T. 1!t/l'@~;;fj~EB. ~JlJ~~EB?'a1.l. {lfagiil2SJ {9IltlIlCalhoun et al (1976) ~m: A~~JlJ-{lf5i~${lfJlf~. ' fI/l'futOlif ~~;ft 7ic:iE 1R Jft 1£1Jt m:1'I~§: B95D1 ~ ~ {lfB'9 ~~ , ~ ,A irH~)§/l'fI:ts: it 0Iif)t~ 1!f ; ~j>, A ~~"~~~~~-~~fi~..tB9~~ Krulewitz & Wash (1979-) Jlf·m : ~~.i'E5D1. ~1JiID'iF~H. ~.{lf4';;fj~:fj~1Lm~tB"~.A ir'~~ir'B9. e:m~. I) ,. i-(5; Ck-~1:-iiIft EB~R:"tlz'ii'ii)t. ,. -Ift~F~~fjm;;fjft ~~~. keller. -·fI~Ham~ag~I2SJ:l-Air'~.' "H!}i1l#itagA~/l'''fBi~ag. ,. ~lit·A~1it'ii:l!":ts:. om~~. Calhoun' Selby'Cann. 0. &. (19 78) agiF~tB~m. 0. 0. 0. 0. t. A~*.~~.~~-rtuB9fi~/l'1iI&'. WtlIl*)t~1!f /l'~~5;~~ 0. 'i'~. ,. ~U AX" J\1~1R~'I'. • iF~tBJlfm • mm~.tB$~tm5D1~.. 0. ~ag A~!JIf*. •. fIB ir, 5ai ~ R:" A 0 Z.-;;fj~T',ij\G. L.' ~ 1ll:1J 0 I2SJ Jlt. 0. ... ~*)t~1!ff)i;;fj ~:1Jtit1E. • Air'. oo... om~lf'm~~?E;tlIl*)t'li1!f.m:1J&m·)t{li't~'A~::tlt.i(/l'''.OIi~oj3~ Field. (I 978) iF~jij)t~1!t;;fjll'mJ 1i.~J!tag~lIit1!f. ' 1!!fi5fill '. 5D1~;ft,. .... ~~-,'N. ** • Hm5D1~~lttC~~/}/jll::5i~-I:R:"iiag.e:' ti~~mB9.·Ii.I/l'IJi~:t:m: • t1~~~ .• {4:a9~~ • • _1!fB9fim~~~51~B9 :I!1I!J!B9-1: Field am : ~~fillB9~l'ti~~ 0. ~. .5i~;ft~.1i1'I·~mtB:ff:]~·5i~)t~;ft.;;fj.e:ago.~filli'E~~Ifij:1itllt.~/l'~. ~m-,'NA. ~.~1!fB9m~·s~~~1!fB9~;-~*~tB-I:-.,~rtu~~.~1!f~fl.e:B9;Rfl. f8~1R=.~Jt. .~.~m·~~R:"ii~~.,lt~~~'mt1tBlti(1i)ti't5m~.·w~~5i~mB9.ffi. ;:§"(I!«1f••. 7).

(4) I!'. 100. •• A~m~.~~~.,~~.m.~.~~ t ge~E!SI1iNfu~fi~ , ~Hm.I1'~#m:~~~~ t t=lU.IZSI1iNt!l~~WwtJl~ ; Jt. m~:&'r'8~mtj. .*o~~~~~@~~~t~.-.~ ~~~. A~~~~~. j. fr, 13 a 11'!if .11'!J& 51 A T. .Pk5IA~~~~' 1'itmlZSl1iNt!l~~.' Jt.I1'!J&51A~~~~' ~U~mlZSlm~~@1'¥fi~. 0. ;OO~~~~'~.~m-~~fi~~~'I1'~~~~~,~~m~~.~~fi~~~I1'.. •• ~tW~ft~l1'ft.~~~~.mS~A,ft~~ ••• ~fiml1'&o A~~~~_~~~~~~~mE!Sl'I1'@~~§.~I1'~~~'& •• T~~~.~§ r~~,c,'~~Kio Bulman (1979)• • : *$:St~~~~. ':tE~.r~ '~Tli'l'8?i-' =m~ ;jF~~?,q~ I3ft.~ ( Self-blame) '~~l3ft.Mt~~~fr'iI:~~~~' ~~ EI al1'N ~iJJ' I1':PH~s ' .~n~ ~~.I1' • • VID EI a~fim (behavior bl arne) ;p 1!tJ~. MtElB::tl1'/j\'L'" 11'~-mA~~j!g 'J.Wi~miiTiL1:~~ , ge• • ~Ela~~'N ( Char acteristic blame) ,1!tJ~~ml3a::t~~~§" I1'tt~;JEiUJrjA' ::t!J&51~iUe~~ ~ •• l3a~-~ •• '~~.A:tE~m~.'~~~nm'I1'@~.~~~l3ft.~ t&~.~~~~m~~o.~~~:tE~~ •• ~N~~.~'.~~.tl3§EI~'wt~ ~~~1~8 t 1J&I1'~~IE#~mT ~T~.~~~.§ ••~,c,'~~~?i-' .Mt~ •• ~.II~m~ '&~-~A.~~~ •• M~~«~~~~~lZSImm@~~_~~m~~~t.lZSlm~•• Ela.~::t~.,~ .::t•• ,~~::t**·.~1'itJt.I1' •• ~ •• 'WW~~~.~8~Tofi~A~~ffl r~~~.~I1'~'.~~~.~~~?J* •• ~~~'.~.~'-~•• ~.~Ela ~.'~~.~~.H~'~~~ I1' •• '~~m.~~.~.xm.~o~&.~~ m~.mm~~1$gilhl'f~5Im ~-1ij~W ' Wll fffi~-m--m-:tE~~J:J!)j(~ ••• ~PI~ , .-~~ •• AI1'~.~~.D~T~'.~~~.~.~~'1$~ •• ~T~.I1'.~. W~fR*~fli~~U5di§~ § ~ @.fffi~f±tt~J~T :tE7J*wt••1Jtr9. ~.'g. o~. .:I*ti5~~. f •••. 0. '. -m-. :. ~.~.T'~~A$~IZSI~mW~§.~tl1'~~~'I1'~~~'~~~~~~~o Brownmiller:tEr3F~Z.J. (against ourwill. )--':i!~1it~ml±l: )(ft~~. t. ~. ~M~U.fjmfit~. ~~~.11'~1 ~1It:tE~~J:~. ~li. 0. ... ~-m-l. ~lItit~~~~. 0. 0. ,. '. ~18J~3. *Qm,* '. 1ZS11.. A~mftJ ~~. Peggy Sc. -m~ fj(1lIl~li ~.~~~. 1970). r. o Lerner. t. (j. ~I1 ~11. ~~:tE~~A~ ~.;f;jI1'$~ij. .mmftllfH'::I: ~(p;JA~(p;Jt1M. ~~.~~,/f'. I1'/j\'L\ ,. ~.~. Afr'i{l@~. •• ~~~@.T5di~_~~~~o~.I±I-B~~~m~T:r~A •••• ~~ ~~J; r.~~A •• '~~~~A~~~~~J ;r~~-M~m~~A'~*.~~ ~ , .~'~g;JE~~.~ J ~B~1H15dl~~m!~ , B~~q:~if~ •• jHIAfr'W~~~. =ls{j~~~~; ~i{l@J:~~B~~~A' ~11'.~5dl.~ •• , ~~mttt!lfr,~~mEla~ I1'$JaJt (Check & Mal amuth , 1983) , ~mi{l@~B~~{iwt~A.~~_~~. ~.~m~ •• '&~~~~.IZSIWI1'~~~tfR.~~'~ •• I1'~~~m±J!~~IZSI.. f±f±1Ji~.~~. :M.~~~'M~.~EI~I3~'M~~m~~g~,~~~m.~~.~~~o~.$. r ~1fiIJ~~. mnw~~o~~~~~•• :~ •• *.~tr9=mmm:J!M~'~*.:M.m'M~~. m¥~'A~m@. ~~~. ,. •. ~ ~ tJimU. '. Iij. ,. 0. ~:tE~~A!fJ: ~.OM~~~,~. J:,msm.l1'..

(5) 101. ~.~~.*~~~~~:.~~~~.~?. ~M~Ijt#m(J9. ~.~~~;. ltl. ~m~M¥m. •• o[tSJ~t~§~.1!¥~~.ft'M' •• a9&~~ •• ~~.I~t~-M.. A~.~.~o~*~9tY1M~~~M~?±.~[tSJ~*$~a9A~/1' •• ~~1!¥t~~~.. fffo. Field (1980) B9if~~ffl. tfl-"¢tU:~~M:~~~~3cM::tr~591~T~lt ~/1'~5IA T ~T'f\SA~~Z?'f. t ~~1!¥-tf;~lh~¥~~~.Jj!!;· if~~~ • !it$591:li$# ~.W·~.~~~1!¥B9~~.~ •• ·~Aml!;@~.t~~-¥M¥·~~.~ff~.. !T~5m~~~~. m•• ~~~~~~t.~~1!¥.OM.~~~*.~,a~·m±~a9~~.[tSJ~~~B. nNt!l tB ft1'¥:fj ~ tBrr~:flPJTIF~. T 'iHS?'f. t ~:fl t~~!3a/1'fIJ. 1me-) J f9l1 tm:Jt ItB~.. ( Char. ~51591~m~~. 0. P9tY 1M tB !3 ~tl~lt~ !3~!3~t~~. !-~Al'tt591~~. ~tHI::.*@PJ~. .. tx.. A'M''M'ffl :jiH~591§~ !3 a. •. 0. ~B9. ~~. 0. ~-tf;~~~. t~1!¥~~JtI~. t. lI'~!3a/1'H. 0. 0. • 1~HmR.~~:fj~, ~=1!¥~~9it~fiI ~rp'¥lJ.fi~III~B9rJ'l ~ iH.lH'WJ$M 221 -il r tt591... ftffi ... fW~Jj ~jtftB15$ W~~./1'~&~W§~ZJ t::t•• ~~Bt:tr~~.m~~•• ffiW/1'.~·/1'.Zo ~~~l!;.~~.~~§B.~.:V:t~.l'tt~~~@.~~~.ff~·~~~~ •• ~'M' .~·tn1~~~~=*~§",~@.~ •• ~~~,~~~9tY1M~.W.o~~m-tf;[tSJ~ it.~~ · [tSJ~/1'~~tm, ~fjI!~frnll'~~1'a~591~ ••• ~~§ t 1ng.e~lijtg-mMmT A1M~*~.~~~R.m •• ~~.?frn1M~*~•• ~.~/1'$~~5.~?A~ •• Peggy Sandy ~~~~a9Ji~~¥lJ-@)(fl::[tSJ~a9~.' f9lJtm~3cB9.& ... ~Wl~!m ~~llfIliJ;,{Edlttfl iUi~~i1:ft~3cM:~~~~~ Brownm i llert!lJg~~iI AlI'~;f:IH~:fl1ll ~~~~~, fjI!~ftBfr~'M'.~jjij~ •• • @., ~1t~AlI'r~;t{j1'a~~OO~IYE? Lerner( 1970) r ~1EtJt~J ~m~, 1ij.~-~A~*~~5~§~~.m~.~rm.a9*H$" oLerner ~~~fr'~;ffl~ , ill~ -1I~1Ea9tJtW. • tff-~.m~~~fff~ A:!t ~ • .~.m ~.*5-&IDt· ~p~j]i1:H:'g~*5it· 591~B::t,q)(;:v:. ,.J... 0. 0. 0. ~~~.~A:!t~t-MA~~~a9~.@PJT~~~·M~~~~.~ftB~~~~o~~~. tm~fl/1'$~.mJi~~~1IA.~·.MA~-~./1'tff-~·t~aA1M.l!;$"/1'H~. j Ttm~/1'~~~. .m~*.~~~'~m~*r.~~5.J OL~n&~m'U~~~~~/1'.~M~~. EJ]*~~ .1Ja9. ~~A~~ ,~.§.~~m~AZ~ tJ~W!' .~[tSJ~ftBfrHlt~93J. Ur~9tiil~ ~mlli. 0. : )(fl::r:p~. ( A~~:a:.~5m. (A. t. tm~JJt~.. IAlI'~~5m~~~. tfjll'~~~~!3aa9. "lm5i§$#a9. ~ft±~~I*[tSJ~ &~~~. 0. l!;~$. : tSJil6UJ{ ... I~Smbt. ... /1'/J\,[" .. ~EB!3~. ~~.~~'/1'$~~*~~A'~m~.~~~/1'~~A·~.'M'~m.~~~ ~/J\'U. '. ~.¥i~. ,. ~IUE'M'JlS9~jT. 0. ~~'~. .. Mm ... 0. A1Mm1'a~1EtJt~~fi~±~~~M~[tSJ,.-m~[tSJ.A1M~.~MtJt9it~. •• ~,. .mJ;,{H.'mtt~.~'W/1'.~~~o[tSJ~tm*~tJt~.~~~,m~~~$~mft~ ~~~MA.~·~/1'$~$ffl-tf;mftH~~!3a.~oA~/1'M.~~m~~~,[tSJ~R. •• W:fl~~~o~~~~,~~~~,/1'$R.R~~~tff-~A.. ~.~~w.,~m~~. ~,m.~/1'fl~~~!3a~.fff~A.~To.~~~~~Am~-m~~$#~~~' tttt~~.~~'lf.o. (illusion of control )~Afr'm~~1EtJt~~~-Ml*[tSJo~~ A1M;ffl1'a!3 aW${tj:~~mJ~1J ' }(i!}@ftBlI'~JJt1E~~1fjIJ~~. Lauger(1975) Jim '. r~1fjIJB9~~U. 1Ii¥~'. 0.

(6) r-.. i. 102 ~~.~n~~~a~M$~'A~~~ft~~~mM.~~~MM~~o~~m~.~, ~~A~~~~ft~~~.~ • •~~~Mo.~tttt.~~.~:r.~*~~.~?J. 'r~~*~~*.~~m?J ,r.~*~.~~.T~?J'X~~~'~* • • ~~ ~.T'~~$~.~.~~To~~.~.~~~~.'m~~~~~§'m~~~.~. ZPMo *if~M~. m~~1!~lE~~M1!~' ~~~A~1!i/(.~-~.1WJI"k~" !!I~1itHJBM~$1t. .'. H"k~~~-e-llt~.M. Hurt , 1977 ). 0. 121 A : 20 ~. (Burt,1980; Field, 1978 ; Brownmill, 1975;. ~I1t4i'l'-M~~$-f4:~~~ , A ~1I*i1~ & !!I. r M!d~* ~m~/F/J'. 'L'? J ' r~*~~-MA~~~? J ' r1<H~~*~~m~a>? J ~ r~*~§I!IUi3~A. 4A '. :If: ~Jfij;;. , *4H~~~~. m~.Dft" M~~~.A. ~~J:'ff.J~ii. M.~'~mi/(~.~~.~~~li*n.Z~'tttt~.~~'&~.~fiWA'.~.. tk2A'.*~. ~*?. J 1J;(~R~~tt~-I!i' ~/J"L,-m,. m~$61-' !3B*PR~IFa!3tktIL' .~fI. .m./l'.~~7. "13.. 0. "~11 ,"~~-ilt, -il!ft~fiM!J~jll. o. ~~41!H~~1i. ~:e~~EE(iiJ~. ~I1t'§I!~.@r~.~JM~mm@'~M!J~~~~ • • "~lmm~~.~~~.. -iltAti~.~~1trtiJ~JJl'R*'I'A~~"~1!m~~IJI~.M1!!!~'~ftt!t~*IJi¥~&. 22 A~~5mli' M~5m~~ J J:. ~~.~~lE~'A~~~~.m~~~• • ~~~M'~~~"~JJl.~'.~~~.~. ,. rm~~~M!J~. ,·f;fM!J1mlfttf:l:t\tj6:M-'F '. rm~-~~.fiM • .lJfJM!J~m~ft'L'. ,3lj!!lft.. 0. *if~±~. ~T**~M.fiI!A~~s;§~.~ijf~:JrifM~$'tt~~:jl;fm~ff$M~~'*if~ ~m7rmM:I:~. ,. *~t-J-~Ati~§$~~1mJlt~ff$. 0. ~lEi!:!:~.I:~ (The Just. World Scale) IQIJlI~~~1! r m.-M~lEM~~J M@Jlt ; "kM:~t9~rr:f1iiJ:lJ~JI:~ (. ~~f'F • m=J:; .I:~. ,. ('::')~5m~. Sex-role Stereotype Scale ) ~fT-M A~M:1JU~t9tf9~l:t&m~@fJt ; ti~§~.~M gJJt.l:~ (Attitude Toward Rape Victim. Scale) if~~~~JjSi§~.~M.~. @Jlt,r.~:I:~J~M~~rJ~~.!t~~.-f4:Mm§l!~~'if~M~M±§I!.: ~~$-HAJj~lE~~~M:W.:t&m~M~.@fJtIJj~~~.~Mff$~~~@fJt. Rub in ) lJ. s:!P. £tL 1dj ,~= PJT. '1kM~o. --:~$-HAfj5i§~.~Mm~~~fJt, ~(iiJ~~J~ff'~~1!. r ~lE~~J ' r M:1JU.. '. .:e.~.~~ti. r ~lE~~J 1k r. M:1JU.:f1iiJ:lJ~. ~:efl ~.fmff"Jj5i §$ ~M .~1k Jj~ ~~.~ M.~@J.{t. J ~~.~fJt,. 0. *. M~J!fo ,~1L.. :t&m~JM@Jlt~~~~5i§.~M~~~.o. ~~t-J~~MM:1JU. ~lE~W..I:. (R;. 1091 A~lQO ' ~irr~*'3trJJ~. 1ZIf.:e~~5i§~.~.:e"~.~~ff"Ji5m§.-f4:MM~~Jj~§~.~M.~@Jlto. ~~~ 10~oil. ~~fi1J=:~Mjj~, .JC~@JtMjjDn. =~"==~,,rm. '. JjSi§.~Mff~1kJj~.A~~fJt.~1i~.?. m~~~~if;t,.

(7) 103. .~&~.~~~~~~:~~~~~~~?. jJot;5J~:ii• •. *,. ~~ftmlf'~lUj.? J. ~"Wf~1J~. ~~'mJ*~_IUj. .. ~~':iiiit:WiI~~. !~mt3a~If'$~. ~if~f!~. r~ft.~.lfa§:A. 233 ~~§: , 1!!f.5~§: 112 A t :t(§: l21A: 20~30il#116At 30$40il#103A' 40$50~10A' 50$60. 4AJ$~M*$~~.~20$40~OOo~~~W~.~~:~.$ • • d~.~16~ ~*~*.d~.~63A'if~m •• d~.~3A'~~*~~W~~*$~~.$~. Ult ... t;5J~~§A. .~~,m.~~o~*~e~~@:.~115At£.~16A'~±~40Ata~*. ~1!rHffjUA ' .5aia. ~2At~*~e~2Ao. rnmi11,. 1975 ;. f tlli ~ft JfE1JIS M~/j\. - ilf ft!~f.~tlli ~jfJ. *if~~~~1\ia;;~{;-tIl!!l$~J6(*~"PfjW~. o~tlflIij#;t~nOO. •• nOOR~~~~ • • I~~~'~~13A'W~I~21~ t, .:!t~ 100 A '~j(l129 A ' Mj(I 2 A t :tE~:t(~frl~~'l:ZPj$J :fEr 0. ~~~~~~B9~§~.~J~g~'*$~B9~~~~~~~§~.~'#210A'~~. t.~B9it.~at. ~fH~:tlt:W ~ IJi!f ~~ ~6It. ... t;5J~~~~. ~{". 'llliUd:-. t~~ ~t;5J , *iTf~ @31(JJ~m~t.~. J. ~. t. 0. -:if~IA. *if~±~i*r~~~~i*. ' IE a:~~fIiIj~r~~~~~~~ ,. wtOOf'F.~~.. '. EI:I$~~. ~.~,.=~~~~.~oOO~#1!!f.5~.$~:H~~iit:W •• ·b:t(~~@.fim~. (. ;fJ5ai~~~~tB. t1~~lf~~.~. :. B~i* '.~~m:. t~,~~~§~.~~~. •• ~'.m~.~tW •• ~Mt)t~wtoo~~:. H~1Ei!t91tJt~: ~1Ei!tW. ••. (The Just World. Scale. fliifi JWS). t. Alt1f!.:lf:EiI:t. ( Zick. )(1975) =a;;mlii~' ~:t.a;;:tE1Bl±rni~J! j7g$-3?5ci1: (KR- 20 ) ~.80~ .81 '.§.~~*~ffl~~~. Rubin) :&W:Wtl (Letifia Anne Peplau ~t5L~,~=m*~'Jf~~m'. t:WJ • fM:jU1(IJ ~. tI9~~§~. 0. (The Just. B±~~. •• -.~gr'l:.~.~~g~'~$~~~~~~~.m~~ 1E1R*$)t~~~1!fif~~~i!l~§~ • IZ5l~R~ 13 ~~~.r~ (He). 22A~~~§~.~o. tI'ge~o. (a;;71:$) ~~~tlt91t.t~I3~{~V,ijl(;"P)(rJ:J~ , ~il'tII*~~:~lf~*~~§: 1091 Am7,QIJ '!lHj~~.~~1Jt~ , .§.1!l-rJ:J~OO~~IH'~~IAHi' Jfta:~# 20 ~ t ~.lz: • • V1\i$)(r~~~1JnA =l§' # 23l§ *if~f,R~.~iYT~m~ 20 .~f::'J a"P~rtul§l3t ~~1!l-10~oH9~~~~:~rtu~'~r~~~.J~r~~~~.J '9~M~-)t .. =)t'=9,@)t,~~ .. ~)t~{;)t;13trtu~~13t~'M~.~~)t'M~~.M.)t, ,~.lz:.. J ~ /ijJ;t:~m: '. :lf~~.~~m:o. Irmm:-'lf'llfatl!?. 0. ffl~~)ti\il1fi. t. ~m. r ~lEi!tw. J t¥Je~i\1Ifo. 0.

(8) 104. ~ T ~m~~ T$1}lEfftW.=Jk :±lJl!mIJ¥U TImI\~mJ!~ rtiJlft ~Ll:~f.!}0". ~20il~§~ffl{;*;tITi*. ' ~.PJf:fj~~:tEW:-illij (Principle factor analysis) Jt:zf'F'lZSI. ~0'~ , ~tt.:1Jm:*~ ( var imax ) ~fJm:3tMiWI ' tt%'WOO: ( Eigenvalue ) *~ 1 ~ 1&~e~ ~§. , #fI:Ilf.!}=MIZSI~. #1Lm( ~8). 0. :tEm-MIZSI~J:' 1ZSJ~j'trojt(. factor. loading). *~. o·. 'IZSI~*~~§ ~~~~1lW.~~"~~If~ mHI"f('58Jfl1TIH1tiii'.*?'!-" ~ lUI. WlftlZSl~~If1}2JSIZSI~. 0. '. 4~ ~fJt1r'. :tEm=MIZSI~J:' #:fE=:M~§(H. )21ZS1~~?ifjit*~0' 4d:§~. ~~m-M~~,.m=M~~J:~?ifj.a~~§~~~f('*:fj~.,m:fj • • "~~*~ 1Ul~'&~W:Z~1}2JSIZSI~o. • • ~~:tE*=M~~J:~f.!}0'~aMit.J:f.!}0'~~lUli~. *if~~ ~fJg~3&~I ~J7sn~. , L;. lit 100 m5H. mi\ If !lt~. tt~-~~~$1}~fft~~~*~~~~~#~.~~~~~~~~~~~1ft2~~H~o. g. .fZSI.~ ~ . . . . .11:. :t('lij§1§~Jf&ep~jt=Jk. 1980. ~~*.C$~. (Sex Role Stereotype Scale ff!WSRSS) r.JEbBurt T. $m~I!!' lft.=Jk#:fj:nJIU~§' :±J!m~Jl-@AWf£7JUj§1§~~J:f&ep~ o~Burt. otE@Ift1iDIi' Check & Malamuth. (1983)~m~Speme &. ) Pfi.~i\!~ f£7JU j§1§~J:f&m ~.=Jk:Z~1UI ~-. 730. =~13ZrtiJ lij'. aT. ~:1J~$~7m~.i*'lE13ZrtiJ~~13Z~0"0'.~~,.~r~f£j§1§~:f&ep~J~~o. ft!! frl. Jim7lJl± ~O r~~~. J. *~~M~~. (He) , :ft3~ f('f*~~f£Ili:fj~fJ~". m~§~~~. ~H'W~1*~~f£~~o. lft.i:.r.Jif~~~~. t. 1t7iU.i:*~0. • • PJf~~~~0'.,~-~Jtlft9M~§~ttlZSl~0'~'R~mT- • •lJl!~IZSI~o. (-=lJt~~~~~~~J:tjt.. ft!! fr,f5. mJg~J:to. Helmreich (1972. *••§:ft!i-t;lijlE rtiJ lij ,. .Jft~,*J:' 1ZSI~~?ifj.*~ O· 4 ~~§#~1L~. .m. ~ tt?'!-. ( 1980 ) 2Jtmif~ ; Jft.l:=Jk:ZJ7s$-3&f£~lf( Cronbach Alpha Coefficient) ~.80. jj. .r~*.1i 1li~1i1II.~~ti. ( Attitude Toward Rape Victim Scale MJWA1RS). (1i) 15' jJ{- jt ~. Burt (1980) r J4'~.$#/iiIIJ~z~~~J:t J (Rape Myth. Acceptance Scale) ~ Field (1978) r. ~5~HJ.#:mtI1lJ ={~.I:=Jk' Pf~i5l*{,d~*m. ~~~'#~if~"~'.~~I!!T1L+iI~§'tt100~~~~H~'.~§0'fi'~~ TE~J:tfi~29i1~§'®M~~wJ:ta~21 iI~§~i\!%ffl{;* • • oa~m21~:. r. ft• • ~~-~~~~~ffl{;~~~~~KJ'R~~f£~~~o.=Jk#§glErtiJ~+1L~· 13ZrtiJ~~~'lE13ZrtiJ~~0'q~ttm13Z~0'o0'• • • '.~ • • ~~~~§~o ~~0'fi~~*f.!}¥!J=M:±J!IZSI~. 0. m-Mf!Q~§:I§T1LM~§ (H0). ':ft3~'i'$A. ~5m~f~.A~e~~~Kfi~~HK~ft~-OO~H· mjjW~ r~~~~~~~~MK~~~ Jf!Q.om=Mf!Q.&§~T1LM~§(H0) ':ft3~.~~~~m~~H'fi~r.~~. m.JIZSI~o~.If~~~~~W:MIZSI.J:~~0'·~jj.-~OO~~~.~~§$#~~. *if~~ ~~. .. ~ t41HIi~. ~§~o.

(9) ~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~~?. ;fj~~:a:4i-~~ )Jt~{'F~. (sis. *1R 1 ~ ing ) *1R 0 • 4 fB i~?i-" :fij rMJ ' :ftfr, ~.It *1Ro· 4' fEl~ Ilvalue ). ;fj~~"tB~~;fj -tf{l?tfB~IHI'fi]. rg II ~ rdJ fBlHI-ffi. ~. 0. (B~~(BB*.~~.@m.~.~§.(Ba~o (~Iff ~. Jt 1i.. •• ~~,m.'~.~~M ~.~ft~§.#~~(Bg~,.~~~~~m-M~.B9m~ii'~7~~.~ •• B9~ *fi~r:pIff~Jt1i.#7}~=*~'.-*~~w~§~,. .~n.'~1i.~@~(B8$o.=*~.~.~100m1i.m~M~.m~ii(B~~,W~ ~loOm?t~~~~~M~.~,f{l~~~:t:~(B~. fi~_.(B.~*~~W7~1HI.5i§~mMfi]~.ft5i§.{lf:(B~ii'OO~:. T. @ Burt. Coefficient). (1972. ~lmreich. ••*. •• ' •• 7.~§.B9fi~,.~§.(B~.,~. ~~*.~.~~OOfi].(B.~,m.~7m~.(B~~,.~~.:a:.a~~.~n.,. s ) P.1IE Bu r t 0. •• ~.m.,~~m~.~(B~ ••. 7R:t:I1'm:~o. ~.B'.k*~.#'~~~~.~. zrn~. 105. '=~NrtiJ~,~. Y:4&E:P ~ J :t:5i -Mm~fB!~H~. ~.m@~~.-M~.m~iifB~~o~~~r.@J-.'~~.fi]~~W~.mM.. ~~~,@~.~~~~ •• {lf:.~B9~~'~H~.~~~~~5i •• {lf:~~~.~~~ m~;§l~o. ftPJf~UllifBlO.MfZSl.fF~.~~~*B *.mrltlO.fm.~' ±~mUtf:l7 -Ml1'fiijfB~.. '. Wr~ftaJ~.,r.~ftaJ~.,~r~*~~J~.o~r~ftaJ~.~'~.. 0. jt7iiJ_*1R o.. 0. *:st.OO~!b51~7JUA$*~fta' ~:&~m*If'~lNio~ r.~ftaJ ~.~ffij, #~~. :ii@:fij (Bfi~ ". 4~.~#:nOO'. 1!!.M: •• *~:lHl '.k*.~'. £*~.oomfta,*. M~§~.~7iiJ.~~O.4,1!!.M:ftA*~~~'~~~~.~'~:&~~.*~.~o. ~r~*~@J~.~'#~=OO~§~.~~.*1RO.4'1!!.M:~~fF7~$~~*.. I.lIlit 1i!Il%rSi. lfiJAmS). ~i5(*lc,\~*m. 7};ffi. 'fI/lIl~. ttr:pm21~:. ~PJf ~ .5i.. 0. (1i)1J'.~~. Rape Myth ~~ §. 1:J.. r. *fi~~~.~£*~M#~8~,7}W.:iiW'.~$~,.~;§lM'*.B~' ~~,.a~~,B~.~~M~~§~. ••. ,lit~3~~~'IGr:p.~~~~M.~~.. 5i~~o. IErtiJ~+li:~' ~~o. $~li}f~~*. ) ':I$J~~$A !fi~mt~: ~U2 {,!ij. 'iJ~ r.Oi~ ~5iiPJ{lf:~~. H~r~IE~3'I!JfBB* ~7IOO:WilPJf~~~.~~~IE~3'I!B*fBm~,t.{litlf'fiij1J'.fB~. ••• ~~~IE~3'I!.

(10) /. 106. w~~~m~~,.~~. •• &~.~r~~~WJ~ • • H=M~.~M~~'~.. ~~'~~~~~~Mm~~~o~*~m,m~~.~~~tt~~m~~.~~M~~~ .~ 3.61 '1lIUfHj:1J:rtilm~~tt~~M~~' lfti!HI~:~.tt1L~(. R;73.1F). m~ r#iIt*~. ?EfJC.~if~JMk6~m~-ft° ~11:~U::1Jrn:i. '. ~W~11:ft5(11:J!:ff:~~tt~~M~~. ( t=-3.04,p=O.003 ). 0. tk~~. ~::1JOO,~.*.~ • • ~.-m'*~ • • • • • Hfi~m.~ • • • •-m'=m~fi lt~~M. ' k6*Hm '. tk~@I!t~.~~m~~ttilt~M~~. :tE=1i~.M~~~' ~U11:~U~. r. ~ZjS~.J. Hr. ( t = 4.44 , p =0.036 ) ifjj. ~~ztS~.J ~$~ M~M~.'o ifjjtk~. ~I!tN.a~~~~.7:tEr~~ztS~.J~~~~o~11:~.~r~~ZjS~.lNr~ZjS ~. J 1: ~~:I$}~3l."11:~ • • ~. ( t=-2. 39, p=0.OI8 N t = - 2.28 , p=O. 024 ). ,~. ~~11:lt3l."11:J!~m~~~~~~~ZJSM,ifjjJ!m~~i!t~~~ztSMo~~~I!t~.~B~ M·~.':tE r~~ztS~.J 1:Mt!}~~~, ~~~~.nx;~ ri!tW~~~ztSMJZJti*o. (. t. = 3.90, p=0.049 H t = 4. 17' p=O. 04 ) ( ~.JiI.~- ) ~-:~tti!t~~.~,~~ztS~.,~ztS~.z~~lt~. ~~i!t~.JIt~. ~. ~ZP:~.. ~~ZP:~.. 3l.". t. P. 3.54. 3.69. -3.04. 0.003. .*. *. f\ ~ 1:. t. p. 3.65. 3.53. 4.44. *. 0.036. ~. **. 3.38. *. 3.62. r'i'ij* *f\ ~1: 3.57 ¥~. 3.62. 3.34. a. 3.40. ~. t. P. -2.39. 0.018*. t. 3l.". 2.81 3.12. t. P. -2.aJ 0.024*. p. 3.90 0.049* t 4.17. p 0.04*. *P<.05 t:l3l."11: fiHs ~ljfim ~ :tE r J.t3l."11:fiHs~Jfimj{J Mm:j,~~ 1: ' ~3l."~~Ii~M~IWJ&~ {jiltm~11:~.lt3( 11:~.J!m~ r -1i3l."A~;f!Hllj~a:f!1*~~~WM J ( t = - 4.09, p=O. 0 nO* *), 0. r ~T:tE~• •it~t{@~&~~M3t~ J ( t=-4. 24, p=O. 000 * *) , r 3l." A!JS~~~lt~.

(11) 107. ~~~~~.~~~~~;~~~~«~~?. §~t1:a3~7t. A~!J$m*~ff~. ' 7t1k. 7t.IS~. ~ 11.1: ~ .1: ~ zP :1$)7t ~). fiff. r. ~m- m. ~~a3~.'o ffij~11. t{t!.I:~*~. 3.14, 1;(11:ZP:l$} 3.35 ). 0. am Air'i>~M[Rj .m1a1;(11:fiH'~~J. ~1i~~~;ij;fl.uIJ~:;tj(:~1;(i$~~*~5i. ( t = - 3. IB, p=o.oott. • ~M:~?tI'i~:lIf!~tk11:m~ (. t. = - 4.16, p = 0.000) '. Mm~M:Jt11:.f1:j!. : 1;( 1i ~ 19 *'1lliH:O ~1fl. {$*'E 1;(11: IZSI * .1: ~~ 5.t It ~. ~. ,~. ~ 11 ~ JJt ~ ifii ~ B till. 3.14. 11:. 3.354. P. t -3.IB. 0.002**. ( t 1~Hdt1;( 1i ~ *. : ~. 1;(. t. p. 3.12. -2.~. 0.024*. p. t. 11:.. 3.-{l1;( AIf':tlH.:fi~4fI,j~~~~If'::::tWIJ~ 2.B571 ~~~~. fiff~~~~a3.ZP:1$). ,. 1;(1i ~ 19 ~j;HiH:O ~. A ~ :. r ~zP. ~ZPa3 J ZIDti*o. 0. IZSImJlt.~ ~*?t~~M*.R~~J-{lfSff11:.1i~* t~JIttEJltIZSl*.1:~ft?tM *~Il. ~=. !4 , p =O.036)ffij. • p=O • 024 ). ~1iZP:l$). ~. ~~1;(11:~~~~~M1;(1iffmo(~~~=). t =mjfgff. ~zP~* J 1fl.. 0. .I:~~'I'-ft. .JC~~. 0. 4 ~.I;.{ l' (. . ;f~U:o~~~Jtf.ftE '. il'tIJ*~. ). 1.003 ). J (t=-2. 67, p=O. OOB**). 3.5417 -4.09 0.000*. ~~TtE~~~~If'.~~~~~~~. 2.B01B 3.4545 -4.24 0.000**. ~11:.A:fi$~~~.I;.{~~a3t@~~4fI,j~~~. 2.1161 2.3383 -1.94 0.053. {J}~~!l~a3o. ~1;(A~Mm~lt~A~!J$m*ftM~. 2.3604 2.7833 2.67. 0.008**. ~-m*A.~nttm~~s~*~If'W~ . 5.0642 4.8017. 0.163 0.000**. ~ *'E1;( 1i f~r;tull7t. II ' . *p< .05. 1.40. 3.0839 3.4033 - 4.16. . **P<.Ol. (=ltgm~~~~~m=. !. ~. .%fi.m-&~~~~M~m=A~.1:a3~7t'~7t • • ,~~~~~~~~.~o~. ·'M-*fi.m&~~tEjI~=M'±~~*' r.'f~5ai~~mJ!lt~~mtH~ J 1fl. r .m~~~ J .1:~~5.t. 0. *6*!lm ' fiff~~~~~M.I:~.1:ZP:l$}a3~IH~~1i 4.B6. ;'f!rdJ~1fc 4 ' ~m-jttVI~~' ~~~~tJ~~~5m~~.~~. 0. t. 1J::1i 5.09 ':t$)*1R. @~11:.1ilt~1iit~~~~. ::~~.~ ( t = -3.02 , p=0.003**) o~J~{I.~~.ZP:l$}M-' :tE=M'±J!fZ9~.1: I. o ~Jtm~1i~~Jt1;(. S9m.?t'. 11:.1i~~~~it~~I'i'U~~1i~~~. ". '-0.001 ) , ~01;(1i~~1i~*"5m~~.~. 0. (t=-2.B7, p=O.004]k. t. = -3.37,. ~M- ' J!OOfJi~~ , tE r .6ii~.~. J. P. =. ~#.1:~. , p=O. 000**)'. m-M~§t~~11:.1i~?t.~1iI'i'U'~~-.a3.m~1i~~~11:.1i~~If'~~5ai§~~. -11:.A~~m~lt~. _~(~~~~)o~J1i~a3~~M-,:tE.?t]kr.6ii~.~J~#.1:':1$)!lm• • ~a3.

(12) 108 ii~.fi:.. ~7tltB~~OI~~~ (t::: 3.425, p=0.06lk t=6.67 , p=O.Ol) '~O~~1!f~B~~ !IUfi5iii~~~. 5iii~~.'. 0. .=:~~R~5~~~~·~M~~~.M~.~~~.·lk.~~5A~.~~~ 7tlt~. ~. "k. 4.86. 5.09. ¥~. B~. 5.06. t. P. -3.02 0.003-t. *M*'1ftJ.~ Itt!~~~.. .~~5~~.. ~5mii~5~~rm~. *.~ fIB 11'~*. ¥~. B~. t. P. 4.97. 4.69. 6.67. 0.01-. k6~~m ~~.. ·5iii~~.. P. 4.92 3.43. 3.015. 5iii~~.lk. 0.06. tif1~~'~ ~.m~M:~. ~M~5~.M~.mc~~.. ). ~. "k. t. P. 6. tlD ~;ft S9 M ~ i'i5i ii • If' if ~ S;ft 11" zrm~~tt 0. 5.1071. 5.2479. -0.93. 0.351. 7.;ft~.-1Ii9: AUR~If'~~~T. 5.2946. 5.3802 -0.55. 0.582. 5.1607. 5.2231 - 0.49. 0.625. 0. 9.;ftIiUU~Mi'i5iii~ ,QX;.;ft~H;t 0 -. 15. i'i5iR~ ~mc-oo ti~)j<_~;fIfU 0. 5.0893 5.5372 -2.61. mHm 100 ~JM~ftH~. -. 0.010. 21.;ft1rt.!i*fi-{sLi'i5mii~ d;ft~"kM~o( ~~reJ~) 4.4018 ~. 7t. F = 8.261. 4.9772 5.2737. -2.87 0.004*. 9j 3.R;fjms~n1'H~~f7j • • ~"k A-::t if i!l5iii. -9:. 4.5536. 5.0000. t P -2.53 0.012. m5iii.#zm~~~·.~.i'i5iR~~~.~.. 4.6696. 5.1818. - 3.03. ~;ft~.i'i5iii~*.~Mfi.If'.M. 4.7679. 5.1074. -2.16 0.032*. .;ft~.i'i5iii~ifi'i5iR·.~.If'~~~,W.. ~.9732. 4.5785. - 3. 42 0.001. 5.2321. 5.2562 -0.17 0.863. 4.6246. 4.9810. 0.003. m:. ... '1J!.~~:t:fl§:. 19. H"k~.If'~i'i5mii~ F=ll~. 349. P=O.OOOg* *P<.05 (~~5iR.#~ii~. ii~~1tMi~ ~~~~!j5i;. r .5iii~ J I ft.5iR;;!f~. .om~5~~.. 7t. ~* .~:;fj:m:. .~·W"k~. p ::;::().OO44-. ~. 0. -3.37. ... 0.001. *.m:m~M. @Mit.5iii; 3.979 , p::: (]. ~~~;;!f • ii!. J jij. r.*:m~. ~.It*~*.. r. iU~. ;fjMl!~U~ ii~ • • ~. J!M: • 7.t~~~ ~lk~~~IJ!~. **P<.Ol. *M-mWJ~If'* ~.~~~ZJS~.

(13) ~~~~~~~~~m~:~~~~~~~?. ,~p ¥:!t::f!f~Blif~. . UIt~ ~ A llSl ~Ll: S9 ti. IiH~.II:~S9m-*J!§5t"JtHTlmm5m1i.flI:RJ~~~S9~~. .67. ,. -§'f.575;~~llSl~'. fl. ~1i~llSl*,a.S9~mllSl*B • • llSl.,~~~.ea~~~,~~m • • ~.~-~· *.m~~~ti.M~~S9~~~·~~m.ffi~m~o~m=*~·~wOm.m~m~. *S9.~'~~M.mlOO~~~~~~ImM~.~·~~m.~.S9llSl.~m~,~~~ It~~S9llSl*.m~/f'm~. t. 109. 0. k6~~m. p. ~llSl.. 0.01**. • tElmMllSl*S9 7 m.m~M:~JIT1.fiIii' 5;1i~~.S9ZP:l$)~~ 1.91 m • ~5m 3.0 m, mmllSl. 2.30 1& • • • llSl. 3.29 m ·~P.7J\~M~~~5mli.#S9:a~~. '5;1i~llSl.'~~Ii~~.'~~S9mm~.'.~llSl.:I$)~~7-M~~S9~@o~~ ~1i~1ZSI.:a.1lt.S9~mlZSl.~~·~5m~~~.B • • IZSI.~~]@m~@. • tEM:5JU .. 1j::rti ... ~.fi ... ~~ • • m8~.~~M:~ITS9~.1.fiIii·.R~~~S9M:~ • • 7@~.~~ tzg.m~M:S9~JIfi· :tc~~M~~~~~j'{~S9"~ • • S9tzg.m~ ). t. 0. P. ~.100m~~~~MIZSI*~·~:amr~~~~~~~.~J~r~~.~ff~~5. 79 -0.93 0.351 02 -0.55 0.582. - 0.49 0.625 172 -2.61 0.010** ~31. ~ j .~t!BIH'W~~~~.1ZSI. 0. [FJ~rJj~~. ,. :ff~~U~~~S9~~~.5m~:1!i~.S9MIZSI. .*·~~~~ff~~~~S9~~W5;1i~.IZSI~\'~.~.·~.~~~~S9~M~~ ~~S9.9fU~·~*. (. t. = 4.289 , P=O.0395*)' .. tiftBfr'~j\S9.ff~*. ~~5l:Mti~~~.llSl~~.· .5m~~:JUft~~*. 737 -2.87 0.004**. (F=8.576. P=O.004. r~~~~. J. (. tzg.S9.IZSI~*~· ~U~.~S9M:5JU~~. 0. ~Yi-' ~~~5. o3f~tt. t. =3.523 , P=O .0618 ). 0. ~M:zP:l$).1ZSI251'i~J~5m~:1!i1ZSl. *~'W:tcM:.lZSlnm~~~~~S9llSl.~'&.~~M:~:tc~]@.UIt~5m~~'~ ft~5m~~~j\]@*S9.ff. t P ~ )000 -2.53 0.012*1 [818 - 3.03 o.oor. [074. -2.16 0.032*. ;785. - 3. 42 0.001. . !562 -0.17 0-.863 ** }81O -3.37 0.001 -. .~. JIm ~S9 (. zP:l$). 0. IU~~~M.tzg • • *~. ·. PJT:ff5l:~~iS~m5$~~S91ZS1. 43·12 ) • ~~~ • • ff.~~fJJl5m~~S9Jt~~/J\ ( ZP:l$) 23.05) ,. @~ • • 5m~~.MIZSI.*:!t*~'5l:~:1!i.~tzg.S9.~~~~~.~~~~~(t=. 3.979 , P= 0.0473*)otE r~.mm~n~J ~'~/f'~~.fi.~~~.S9~5JU'~.fi .i\~~' .1ZSI~ummlZSl.S9Jt$i\* ( t. J iij r. = 4.256, P=0.0403*. ~~:m~J ff~~~~ J zrm~~1It*S9H-ffi. B9Jt~~*. '. )o.IZSI~F'i'lJ#ilmlZSl.. ~~Mll~J~5~S95l:~m~~U ~mlZSl.. • rm~ :m~J5l:5~S9~~mllSlmmmlZSl.~lt$~/J\ (. t. RJ~~:ff:m~U~'li~S9~~~-e.5m~.{4:S9~IZSI.IZSI~5m~;1tf*:!t. Ml2Slit.S9m= *~~Jt±l710.'(i~1JA1~5m~;1tfS9~~ ,. ~~~. = 5.16 , P=O.024*). 0. (~J2..ll!n. 1 r&.fl~*~JIIJf1:fr'S9m:. .~'~~.~'.7J\~~ • • ~~o~*~~fi~~ • • ~~~B9.fi'.~~;1tf~fi~ ~~IZSI~~~~=MIZSI~o@IZSI.~~S9k6~'~71ZS1~~~llSl~Yi-·~@S9=MI2Sl*~~. *~HMM/f'ffi~om=MIZSI.~r~:tcmlZSl.J~r.~:tcmlZSl*JoPJT~5l:.tEm=M 12Sl.~S9~ZP:l$)~IHi:!!:tcmllSl.: ~~. 2.51 ,:tc'li 2.69 ; .~:tcm~*: ~ii 3.52 '. .

(14) 110 ~~Jl5m§~~. ~;j(~1II ' k6~ 1.~1Et!tJ\!j. ~~~~1ff. t. /1'~.~ ;If ~. 49.762. i'il. *. 28.03. ;mJlJ~~1ff .~lIJlJ~. P. ~. ~ fij is ~~JIJ ~. P. t. M~M. 4.256 0.040* t 5.16. ' JlR:'t.. •• M1E~H. P. 0.024)' ~1 ( r = 0.1227. 1ff. 25.15. 15.92. 3.523 0.0618. 42.·493. *~.!;1J:. 23.48. 4.289 0.0395. 42.364. 52.917. P. t. ~;fj~J~ ;If ~. ~J~~;If. 0.024*. .~1Hl. • @*P~. ) • ~/J'\~~ fI 2.~~UfijiS~. JlJl5m§~~1!. P. 25.00 21.29 3.98 0.047* . 3.067. 3.521. t. P. llSI.ti • • ~1JI. 8.576. 0.004**. 0.2384 , p< •. **P<.01 R:'~. 3.67. '~/J,~q:rOO7.t.. 4'. 1lSI.:SR:'.~. ~~~IlSI~~~. '~.~~R:'.~.~~m.o.*'~.=m~.J:fi~.~~~R:'~*m~~• • ~' $~~~.~~5m§1ff'@~*~~fiJ:M.***o~~'. • p :::0.05 ; r. • • ~*M~~'~~$~.. 3.12 ,. R:'~. 3.28 '. ~!j:{tj:MIH~~1lSI. '. $:lta/J,~q:rOO~.. ~~. 2.49 '. R:'~. 2.70 • ~~1ff~.~. :. ~~. ~H'~*m1Jil. -0.127 • p =. 4 • ~m~fit1ff:l$)ag~~!ff1ffMfif£N:~.~.it9.1i. .q:r~ • .!;1~~1ffMfi~~~.~. 0. =. .1ZSl1:~J:m. ~~~rfi~J~r~.J=M~.·~~R:'~fit;lfM7.t~~~~.·M.~.~M~~=. :. = 0.02C. 3.~~JI:~J. ~/J'\~fit{rHf~~=m[;~g~tE.~5mlH"{tj:J:ilHi~mJJ~ . m~.J:Mf'FJS~7.t"~~~1fffif£~.. ( r. I. 1fjj~~U-&~.JlIlt=~ • • ~~M. ft~,~~~fit~R:'~~fit1ff • • M.~~5m~.{tj:M~~~~~~~1ffMfi~J:(t=. -1.92, P=0.05 ). 0. ~~$.R:'~~.IIf~~~~1ffM~.J:.@*~f1tfiJ:M.*. ~'Hif~q:r. ** 0 ~~~fElm~.~/!!M~~J: • Qg~;fj.*M~~U~~ '~ll~fit1ff-Ii~t~/1'*m~ ~~~5m§!J{tI:M.~ ~~ (2JS~~~ 5.36 , R:'~ 5.28 ) @:if: :if:*~IHE(iiJ~5m§1ff. H~Mttr~1E. 0. Quttllf!!SJ~ 1lSI.~!(IM~.;fj M*M~. ' ~.~~1ff M~fit./1'~.~~1ffM~fit*tlj.1ZSl .~.IlSI./1'.~. ( t = 5.11 , P=O.025 ). 0. '. ~if~.&mP9 ~M~1Et!tJ\!. ~~M~1Et!t ~. 3.21 • M;. M2JS:Ita ~IU!£.

(15) 111. fi • • ~~.~~~~~:~~~~.~~?. t29:&W~li~~~~.~fiLfi'zr~~IJA1~' lm~~,:(EmHI.~:&:;;§~±J!t29~J:~~:$1][. ~~~M'~*~m~~~If~~H~'.¥~~~T:. 00 1Ni:$1~ ). ;6. 1.~1Etl!:9It.~~;ttftBJt~zr~a9lJA1ffi. o.:~·1. p. iij§fS~J~~~J:~:$1tilf~~IE~H. a .. ~IEtl!:9It.~J:~:$1~:k. t. ( r = 0.3714 , p =0.001) •. ~m~~~~ IEtl!:9It. ~~~'~:kii~~~~~~~~; b .. ~IEtl!:9It.~J:~:$1~~t29i1:.J:.MmJ!t29~," i{~~IE~IJI' .m~~~~IEtl!:9It~~~~iUtDli~~~~{I~R"f*. ( r=O. 1293, p=. -&~... Mt~~~~fT~. ( r = 0.1227 , p=O.031 ) ; c .. ~IEtl!:9It.~J:~:$1~OJl:iI:.J:~.~:$1!ifU~r~'"1i ~~IHI. • {!H~Il~1mJl:.fI:.J:m-MI2SI* ( . Mtil1l~ii~ ). ,"1f~~1HI. ( r = 0.162,. P~.007. )'.m~~~~IEtl!:9It·~.rmOOIf'.~~~~o. ). 2ii~j§~~~m~ • • ~Mt29:&OJl: • • ZOOa9IH1.:a~~ii~j§fS~~m~~~Jl: ~~~ii~~7i~1mIl&ti i{~~H. p. 6. ::l:~,"=MRm. 0.024)' ~ • • Mt~~~tI9!ffJf ( r= 0.0883 , .p =0.09 ) ,. 0.024*. !6i1:~. :. ~~tili~~H. 0.004**. '. .m·. ; b .. ii)JU j§fS~J~~~.ft.J:~?t~~f2SI".J:.~. ~~~ii)JUj§fS~J~~~' ile.rm~~7i~{I~R"f*. 0.2384 , p< 0.001 ) ~~~,s:kft ( r = 0.13'64·. Jf (. (. r. =. p= 0.019) • {g~ . . . rm~~~~~. r = 0.02006' P<0.001 ) ;ij\tfTf£ ( r= 0.2532 • p<O.OOI ). 0. ~OIl" • • ~~ • • 200~IJA1~:~m:(EOJl: • • J:~:$1~~a9~~:(E~I2SI • • ~={I. .{lfJ::m~m~tl9. ~~rtt~~m~· lI~·lmrtt$:$1.. *~m~~:(E~=·. ~*:~:kf*f2SI~'~~:kf*I2SI*'I2SI*~~f2SI*J:~:$1{g~~'~~~~~ii~{lfZ~~ H~~f2SI~~~7i~M!J:kf*. • ~.~~~7i ( r = 0.1042 • P :::0.05 ; r =0.0073 , p = 0.06; r =0.166 • p =0.006 ) ~jf.. 1m1l• • J:a9~:$1~ ,f;:iij:kf*'. ~12SI*~RI~ A. 0. i\'lJ~it.J:m-;If! (-t;INi• • ) •. ~~ft~~:~ii. ~H. • ~*~il1l~7i. ~:&~.~.~~. -0.127 • P = 0.028 ). m=,li!! ( 100 1Ii.fl:.) J:~~~{l;;I~~~?t$;fjll*a9. f2S1~mJ!~~~ 0. (. • ~1f'.~il1lstiiii~ ( r=O.17 •. p =0.038 •. Jfl. r =. 4l-.*Zrclj~~lJA1mJ!*1i). rtt=~~m~ii~ '~fT~J:. (. t. !~. =. ,. ~t. ~. ilRlJ. ,*~~gf J:~If¥§. ;7i- ~~If'*~~ :~. 8:fii1 il1lstiili7i. !ti 7i ~ ~ ~ *~ t29. ~ir'Jt~li~{lf~.. ~~~~$m~lli~~~·*~~~~*~lliJ.M~~: H~~~. r ~IEtl!:9It J a9~~~Jl'. ZJS:f$)7}Ik~ 3.61 ·1UifjHif!l{rPJ~m~IEtl!:9It. a9if~Jfl.~I?:~L~1L.~t'i~*5*-fZ. 0. Mll:f$)~m~~ir'~~lZPJfl.-~ii. .. fIB*ii~rnUm. ii~~IEtl!:9Itil:ll~~;If!·.~~R~$OO • • ~a91L~'@.~M~~ ~iiB9~IEtl!:9It. IlrJ:!;If!· .~ ~R~;JE.ff~ 3L~. 0. ~ 3.21 • IfmAir':m.rPJ.~.~:kiia9~ttzm~ ~ZJS:f$)7).~ 4. 86 • :kii~ 5.08·. • ~~~. .. Aaii;ij\tM. :tE r ii)JU ~J~m~ J 11 rni • ZJS:f$)7}1k 0. :(E~~~~m~~:@Jl11rni. ~m:f$)f!l{~.~stii~~m~. 0. • ~ii. ~fZSI.it .B9*5*~m.

(16) It;. ~. ~~~=~~~. ... ~f.t~ . ®.. ~o~.~~~~oao~~~. 0lE1!!:9i! ~0lJ'l~;«. 0.496 p=O.OOI. 02JS~.. 0.4506- -0.1276 0=0.001 p=O.026. O.3.71r 0.3099- 0.0906. p=O.OOI p=O.OOO p=0.084. 0.0510 -0.1781- p=O.219 p=O.003 0.0486 p=O.23. -0.1121" 0.OU5 p=O.OH p=O.249 0.1291- -0.1061p=O.024 p=O .053. -,-. -0.0844 p=O.100 -0.0353 p=O.296. 0.5280p=O.OOO. 0.4686 p=O.OOO. 1IJ1t.~ . 0.0712 p=O.139. mt&m~. IiBlJ ~ is. •. 0.0608 p=0.178. 0.0077 10=0.454 0.2006 p=O.OOI. p=0.019. 0.0349 -0.0610 p=O .298 0=0.177 0.0128 0.0773 P=o.423Ip=o.120 0.188S*- -0.0972 . p=O.002 p=O.070. p=0.010. p=O.006 o. 1516*-. II 0.0883 p=O.09. 0.1546" 0.0361 0.253t*" 0.0767 p=O.009 10,..0.292 p=O.OOO p=0.122 ***P< .001. -.. .. _.. 'i!f~.. ~ .1fI~W. r~. 0.0711 p=0.14. p=0~325. '!r~=I~. * iW\. Xi!J"'""~. *. ~~.~~-M~. 0.2690 P=O.OOO 0.1180. ~. I§J!JiIJ. p=0.006. 0.6407 0.1357 p=O.019* p=O.OOtr'. ~.~. :j'j.~~. .. tt:iij3cf&. p=O.OOO. p=C.OOO u.bu23'. p=0.036 ' 0=0.012 0.8285-" 0.6436- 0.1629. 0.1474*. (IOO~ lJ3c~~. ~. -0.108~-. p=0.053 p=O.OOO - 0.0248 0.4479--- -0.153<1- 0.7511'" P=0.353 p=O.OOO -0.011 p=O.OOO. 0.0025 0.1633- p=O.485 0=0.007 -0.0563 0.0822 p=0.196 p=O .10S. 0.0611 0.4156p=0.176 0=0.000. -0.0858 p=0.100 -0.0207 p=0.379. -0.0506' -0.2981 0=0.225 p=0.000 0.0300 0.5179- -0.1283 p=O.OOO p=0.027. -0.0982 0.0361 p=0.069 p=O.293 0.1028 p=O.062 0.0280 P=0.335 0.0380 P=O 282 0.2689p=O.OOO 0.0783 p=0.117 -0.0272 p=0.340. I~~&. ~ I • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lli ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,rmg ~ ~ (4 ~ :lji MIl it! 11; :Efi ~ ~ ~ ~ iii.: ~ :Efi ~ 5 E • ~ !I!!K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ;J;; 'll! :ffi ~ MIl ~ ~ :ffi :&i ~ ~ ~ \IH!ll ~~I~ I!f 1m P& :&i ,~ :&i ~ ~ Ii ~ ~ ~ ~ l4\ fEI ~ ~ ~~*®~~~~~~~~~~a~~~~~iW\~~=&~*~~.~~ ~~.~~IiE"~.$!:&i;J;;K-~~fg1 !l!miW;~.~:Efiie (!t~ !l!m~~~. 1] l!.l m H=! ~ . . iW ~ it!. I§. •. ~n:~m.~~~.~±~~*~~~L~H. lJ'l ~. ~. 0.0783 p=O.ll 7. •. ~It m~. • •. ~lE1!!:9i!.~ft~. lJ'l. ~. ~. ~. ~. Ii BlJ It. .fj~M:&:iit~~I§.. 0.1620" p=O.007. is. Il. III ~ ~ ~ ~ •. •. 0.1293p=O.024. .~. \jtI. (. •. ffil:: ~. ~. ~. ~. **P<.OI. *p< .05. 0.1227* =0.031. 0.0219 ~~3cf&~. p=O.37. ~. •. ~*~II~ ~. :j'j. 0.09730=-0.069 0.1661--. 0.1174 -0 •.0456 0.0663 -0.1399-- 0.0753 ~~'i!f~JH 7U~) p=O.246 p=O.159 p=O.017 Ip=O.128 p=0.038 0.0174 0.0188 0.0300 -0.1274-0.0214 ~~,.~* l00U~ ) p=O.398 p=O.028 p=0.390 p=O.327 10=0.375 0.2305-- -0.0223 0.2384- 0.1042* lJ 3c ~ I§ p=O.OOO p=0.367 p=O.ooO p=O.056 0.1364--. ..... ...... N.

(17) ¥I;=I. ~~~::t:, gij~:!too.~' ~~,. 0861) PIa!.'!. · ?W~l!¥~~YIil--~li'ij}~~~ (. 0. ~W'~!M¥l~f!;J~J}:ll'f~~JPM~~¥":m. ,~~~~ ,~g:lit11~!M:t::'~~~~~o 1II}8i~~. W~~ •• ~.~~'~.~.~'~~~~~~.~MM·~.~U~.a~B~·*W. ~~~~~~.4=. · ~4JfW~~::r*N¥~~!iI~~BY~:2£-~JHiJtB~ · ~~~~!¥~~¥. .~·::r~Y~~~~~W~~~'::r~Y~H~~~W*~Ha~~·y~~~~~~~. ~:~~~~.~~.¥.DH-WV~~'.~Y.'~M~~~~M*.~~~* o¥M~~ •• ~W-W'ij}.~~~~'~li~#.~~~~.~~~. lEI QI!. lc. ... M lEI. ~. liM Ii! ~. IRlIEI ~M .jl\. III iil'1EI. ~~.~MM~~ID·~M~.~~.~~~MW~.~#*~~M•• ~~W.~.~~ o~~~lJ. ~::r~.~.~N.ID·f!;J~~~M~~.B.m~.::r~~~·~~~~.~~~~~ ~~~~~W'ij}~w~~.J}:ll'fB~o~m~::r#~~~~~~~M~~*~~~~~~. ~~~fuJ:B~~~.'ij}~~~ ~~~~~i.f~. 0 9J~ ~~~.+r~~::r~H~#.~!¥~~. ~~~W~~·~~~~¥.+r·~~~~M~~~~.~~~ •• '~~o~.~#. ~~M~Jt~~ L•• ~&lJfi!:~~~~~~fi~.s!:if~~:lJW ~M~~~~fuJ:B~~s!:.~. ~~.~WB~.~ •• ~~'~.~~~~.~~~~~4+r'ij}~~~~o~~~~~. ~~~~~WH~li~a~~~·~4~Wif~.BM ••• ~BYB~if.~~~.a ~~·~.~~¥~~~~4+r~~~~o~~!M~~'ij}::r~~~.~ •• ~~~gW~. •. ~#~~~~~~~4~&~·~~~~~r~ru.~~4JWr~~~~J.~ll'fB. ~o9J~~~ti~~.:2£-~~4W.~M~~B.~.'ij}·~~~~W~~~~ll'f~.. M'~tiM~.~~~~::r~~:lJI'. •• M~'m*B.~MM~B~ ••. ·~.~~. .B~~~409J~~4~.~~~~.~~4B~~.'ij}·~~~if~~~&~.+r~. W~~·Wti~~~~ ••• ~~~~~.'m*~.'~.~ •• &~~o~~~::t:~. ~~J}:~4~W'~ifoo..lli.rm~~.~":pj!·9J~~4~tl~~~i1~4W~~~~3!:~W -~~a~~.~~~4.~£lJ~~~~~o~8~.~ •• ~~~MW'~.~#* ~~M'~m~r~ru~~M~J'~&~r~~~~J~WL•• ~.lJ'M~~~~~ o•• ~~~~:!t~~~~.~~~~~~::r •• ~~~.~~~~.~.¥ ~M·BY.~~~~.~.¥"~'ij}·~4~~~.~4~1il-.~.~B~if~H~~ :t::'#~~~B~~·~~~.ru~~M~W'.~~~~~~m~~·~8~.~~.~~. ~MW~.~#~~.MYW-L •• ~~ •• #r~ru~~~~JMrS~~~Ja~~ oq:ji'.:m!l~*~. ~li~W¥~~~ ••• x.~ •• ~~.w¥~~~~~u·9J~~~mW-L.Mfi!:. a.. ~. N. cR. (t: .l.j. • lEI. iIIII.. ~ ~. MDM t<1EI. III .ltIII. II •* II!g. ~. ~.. «e ~~ i!l~. M lEI lEt (4. lEI **'lEt· (4 ~ ~cR :I=J~ P-:l~. (4.. • •• .. • ~ ~. ~. g[. ~. ¥~liif '.~.&1i~~. '~M.~~Ii'~~W' ::r~~~#.~!¥~:aBI1~Jt~~.

(18) 114 m.M~~N~~.~ft~~M~m·mff~Mm~o@~.~~.~~~.?~~~~. H 3. : 0. ZjS 131 ~. fi~~.'.~~H·~ft~.T~.·~~~*.~.?m •• ~m~~~~G~m~.. ll.~~ffl. ~·R~~9Z~~~~~§.#~~.A~.~oft~.~~~~~~~*.~m8~$. 14.~A!i!I. ~~ •• ~o~~lli~~~-8fi~~~~.·~~-@A~~~~.'-MAmHfi*'. 19.~3Ff. ••W* •• ~'~.~T~~·~~lli~~~-8M~~~~~·~~~~~~A'~ ~§~ '~~51 A' @~m~~~Alli.~B9~fllDfi~ · ~ir'R~.It~~$· lEtfH'LI::37~ ~. H. 4 : f*§f~~. 3.7"""" 1I:tl. WB·A~~~~~r~~§.R~~$WB·~~~~~~J ·~~*M9~~.~~~. 4.~T~. ~·@~~~&mOO~~·~AmOO~*®·~AmOO~~~~·~OO.lt~~.~·mff~. S.~A~. ~§.·OO~~§.&~OO.lt~~~~a·m~~.ft~o. 6.~A~. 7.-M:tl. ~§~.~~.A~~~·~a~~~m$'~~~ •• ·*fi~~~*~m~~**. •• ~~~~~~·~~ •• ~~a~~T~~~ ~·@~tttt~~OOm~m@ •• · r~*~.~~~ •• ~·OO~~~~~A.~·-~ ~~~a~8Jo •• ~~~~~~~lE~·~@~mff'~m~~ •• ·oo~.~ ~ *~{"~{!. ~!ft$ll.~§~ •• ~$11~~ • ~@~.W1~ •• m~~,c.., · lli~~~$II. X.A,~~~~·.@@~m$~§.#~~~·~ •• ~.~~~~~~.OO~~o~ ~.It~~~~~0lE~~·~~~~~~. H5 :. 6.~*;fJ. ••. 7.ftOO~. 9.ftlOii. 0. 15.~~~ 2l.ft~i. §m~~m~~.~~oR~~mA'~M~~ft~**·~~*~.#~.~'~~'$II ~~, -mtAiBOO~& r~ir'R~~$WB' ~fI"J~~~~~J '~~~.~OO~t&~~W. ~~~il. H6 :. .UIfi~~. ~~.~~.·.W~~,w •• m·~~§m.z~~·m~~.·~a@~~~~~~. 3.R~»I. ~.~~~oOO~ •• *.lli~OO~t&~oo~ •• ·~~~$·OO~~~~~~~~~.~. m~§jJ. 1I$~7JIlA~. •• f;tW7k~~f\:;fl. 12ft~:m. 0. 18.ft~:m. -t:r. l1...:x::.,. •. 19.~~~. •. *~~~~.'~fi~~~*~·fi~W1~~~~5W1X~~W·~~~~~~H~m ,~!ftitWo. HI.: ~~~Ii~~~im~m~· PJT~~8~I~Hf!AIi~~ 233 A. H2 : ~~~~*:. - , $)(M{5J. I.ft.~~~A~iittfl~~~JIl~o. IDIE5~. ~~~.lE~~m.~~~"a~~W.~~~o. m~~~.ItW$·~~M~.~.mm@*~."~~o 17.~ftfr'~~~¥~JifilJ~r '.~~~~~Zlf~J 2O.m:~*'I!~~.~A.~lf.o. 0. 0. : ~~. #~#~A:.

(19) 115. ~~~~.~~8~m~:~~~~~~~?. ~~. ? Jlt B'-J ~ ~ :F.£. &3. : 04S~*: 1l.~1j~¥Il' ~:fl~¥i. ~$'L'B'-Jif~fi I*JtUli~g:IJ'*. MA*ff~$'. I::;t ~ EE ~u A . .. ::;t. , • 1E1fHI1:37~. & 4. 0. K.A •• ~OO-.~~·@~A.~~1:M~~~~$t&A.~M~o 19. ~~~fF 37~If'~~~·o : .§f17:.~~~ : 3.:--1117:. AlJ'm.~wrI@~~~~IJ'::;tJHYJtJg 0. ••~IJ'~.~~~B'-J~~o. ~~B'-JfI'ij:~~ 0ZJS. 4.r~0. :IJ'Jt (jjf • ~ff~. ~17:.A~ ••• ~~~~B'-J·@.wrf@~~~0••• ~B'-Jo. &17:.A~.~.~~A~.M*~mgo. i~fH~~jt~~**. f. a B'-J ~ r fiJ.17:. D:.. =~Ij A~ 1:. ~. • -:q:. 1fjj~RX;i)t~~~. •. -tf1,~,~~*'1~. ~~tfjOO 1JB'-J ~.~. 05'. ... w'§' ... *'I. r::tOO ~ ~ B'-J ~ tH t ftlrtlii 17:. $e ~ f!Jt!l. f ~ 13 3tfiJ.I3.~. ~-m17:.A.~fttt~~.~1jftMIJ'~tJgo. &5:~.~§~.~aMD:.fiJ.~.~.: &m.ftB'-JMD:.~~§'IJ' ••• ft~~OOB'-JD:.mo. ~ft~.-M17:.A~~§~ •• If'f!J~.To. qftm•• ~t!l~§~RX;:F.£ftB'-J&D:.° ~.~§~B'-J~.~.~.wrB'-J~~o. nft~~.~-&.~§~.:F.£ftM17:.MD:.°(~~~.). & 6 : i!t 6Iti:f~~~. : 1R~mg:n~~~ffi •• B'-J17:.A::t.t!l~§o. m~§.~~m~~~·~~:F.£t!l~§*~1j.1J.~o. 12ft~:F.£~~§**$7t~fJ:F.£If'~M. 0. ~ft~:F.£.~§~.~~§·.~.If'.~~,~ .... ~~OO1J::;tMo 19.&17:.f*.If'''.~§M. 0. ~ !&~~ Kift ff 7t;iff. ~:1f)(JiX - , $ j(J'flH5J. 1!iR*fli[ : ~~$B'-J~.:. ft!!irHMtM~~:ft. ;f;PW:.f*WA : ~~~~A1itf~. 0. 0. ~~~JHIj. , 97 WI ' 85 J{"'-' 89 J{' ~75.. i*J%$-tTrm~ll1itf~~~iX§1itf~~IH!f' ~74.. 0. 0.

(20) 116 Abel, G., Barlow, D. H., Blanchard, E. B.. &. Guild, D. The components of rapists'. Lerner, M. J.. sexual arouSal.Archives of General Psychiatry, 1977, l,!. 895- 905.. Berkowit2. Atwood R. W., & Howell, R. J. Pupilometric and personality test score differences of. some ante. female aggressing pedophiliacs and normals. Psychonomic Science, 1971, ~ 115. MA,L.C.&S. 116.. study of '. B rownmiller, S. : A gainst Our Will. Rape, Women and Men. New York. Simon &. Seligman, Bric. Schuster, 1975.. responsib. Bulman, R. J. : Charcaterdogicial versur behaviorial self blame. Inquirier into repress.. ion and rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 25, 268-275.. Burt, M. R. : Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social. Psychology, 1980,. ~. 217-236.. Calhoun, L., Selby, J., Cann, A., and Keller, G. : The effects of physical attractive. ness and sex of respondent on social reactions to victims of rape British Journal of. Social and Clinical Psychology, 1978,l:Z..! 191-192.. Calhoun, L., Selby, J., and Warring, L. : Social perception of the victim's causal role. in rape:. An exploratory examination of four factors. Human Relations, 1976,. ~. 517-526.. Clark, L.,. &. Lewis, D. Rape: The price of coercive sexuality. Toronto, Ontario,. Canada. The women's Press, 1977.. Feild, H. S.. Attitudes toward rape : A comparative analysis of police, rapist, crisis. counselors, and critizens. Journal of. Personality and Social Psychology, 1978,. ~. No.2, 156-179.. Gager, N.,. &. Schurr, C. Sexual assault. Confronting rape in America. New York. Grosset & Dunlap, 1976.. Jones, C. & Aronson, E. : A ttribution .of fault to a rape victim as a function of respon. sibility of the victim. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology,. 1973,~. No.3,. 415- 419.. Krulewitz, J.,. &. Nash, J. : Effects of rape victim vesistance, assault outcome, and sex. of observer on attribution about rape. Journal of Personality, 1979,. i1... 557- 574.. Langer, E. J. : The illu tion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975,. E". No.2, 311-328..

(21) ~~~~. lts of rapists'. •• ~~~~~:a~~~.w~?. 117. Lerner, M. J. : T he desire for justice and reaction to victim. In J. Macaviay & L. Berkowitz (eds). Altruism and helping behavior: Social psychological studies of. differences of. , 1971, ~ 115. some antecedents and consequences, New York: Academic Press, 1970, 205-229. MA, L. C.. &. Smith, K. B. : Individual and social correlation of the just world belief. study of Taiwane?e college students, Psychological Report, Simon &. irier into repress:. , 25, 268-275.. mality and Social. V"sical attractive. 3ritish Journal of. tim's causal role. J,. ~. Ontario, .. , rapist, crisis. :hology, 1978,. ~. . New York. lction of respon. .973, ~ No.3,. utcome, and sex. 9,. .!1.... 35-38.. Seligman, Brickman, C., and Koulack, D. : Rape and Physical attractiveness: Assigning responsibility to victims. Journal of Personality, 1977,. ltions , 1976,. 1985,~,. A. 557-574.. u Psychology,. ~. 554-563..

(22) 118. Jurnal of Education & Psychology Vol. 9, Pp.97-118,July 15,1986. ill JL~iEl'*!i! r~ J3!; 75 ,9 AA , 119. Atti ude TOJVard Rape Viet ims :Are They Really Gu i I ty. Jeaw-Mei Chen. Abstract *Iiff~§frj. ll.!!. J?J. ti .#flJli "You can't thread a moving needle" was not only cited by. rapists' attorneys but also reflected. the. people's. phrase. attitudes. most. often. toward. rape. M~~3:tEfJIt~ ft-J~~~~~~ fllJl:tlY.t~j)I£.!J!;~. ~~"&If'Fll.!!~. victims. Implicit in this phrase is the belief that no woman can be raped unless she wants. to. be.Many. people. believe. that. the victim is responsible for. her own. *~$':tt flBf3j. *. f'Fl!!!It-=.$J?J.T. ~ M ~ ( :;I:1t~:ijit •. misfortune and blame the victim.. ~\UfC" 15 iIfi:it. mi. Lerner's "just world" hypothesis seems to be the best explanation for this negative attitude toward rape victims. Lerner proposed that we all believe in a just world. Good things happen to good people, while bad things happen to bad people.. ~~:tEmJ. If something bad happens to somebody, he/she has to be a bad person. People believe. ..~m:~~j. in just world mainly because they want. Willfi fk.~,. to believe that the world is predictable. &. ~.I!I1zJ. controllable rather than unpredictable and random. Thus bad things won't happen to. \I. good person like me, and the victim himself /herself is responsible.. ~~li.*~~. The present study was designed to investigate how one's belief in a "just. 0. flllfJ£:1'f. (~j. in. 1fWl~T~.&l. rape cases and his/her attitude toward rape victims. The results showed that the more. At), 13 B~m. one believed in just world, the more one blamed the victim, and the more one blamed. % ) .& ;ltfmiU. her for her behavior and/or characteristics, the less one accepted her. Male subjects. ~• •iillfk.t. tended to believe in a just world more than female subjects. They also held stronger. -84 ) ~¥f~i. sex- role stereotypes, attributing more responsibility to the victim and accepting the. lim'-WJ'R:. victim less. Respondents' marital status, educational level,. ~51%WJffil~1!. world" and "Sex-role stereotyping" affect his/her attribution of. responsibHity. and acquaintance with. the victim aU affected attribution of responsibility and study concludes with a discussion of Lerner's just world hypothesis to victims, relatives, counselors and average people..

(23)