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消費者理論遞嬗過程中的經濟學方法論意涵The Evolution of Consumer Theory and the Methodology of Economics

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行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告

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※ 消費者理論遞嬗過程中的經濟學方法論意含 ※

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計畫類別:

R

個別型計畫

□整合型計畫

計畫編號:NSC-89-2415-H-110-011

執行期間:

89 年 8 月 1 日至 90 年 7 月 31 日

計畫主持人: 劉 孟 奇

共同主持人:

計畫參與人員:

本成果報告包括以下應繳交之附件:

□赴國外出差或研習心得報告一份

□赴大陸地區出差或研習心得報告一份

□出席國際學術會議心得報告及發表之論文各一份

□國際合作研究計畫國外研究報告書一份

執行單位:國立中山大學政治經濟學系

90

10

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1. 中文摘要

此研究計劃所探討的焦點為在消費者理論史中的三個重要更迭階段— 從勞動價值說到主觀價 值論或邊際學說;從基數效用理論或邊際效用分析到序數效用理論及無異曲線分析;從主觀 效用概念到顯現性偏好理論— 中所顯現的方法論問題,其主要議題包括:有哪些問題推動消 費者行為研究綱領的更迭?這些問題是經驗上的謎團還是理論的形式邏輯問題?這些問題有 哪些科學方法論上的意涵?消費者理論的更迭能不能以 Kuhn 的「科學革命」的概念予以說 明?新研究綱領的擁護者根據哪些方法論原則或理論評價標準來批評先前的研究綱領,以強 化新研究綱領的正當性?這中間是否涉及不同經濟學方法論原則的衝突?而從「內部批評」 (internal criticism) 的觀點來看,新研究綱領有沒有實現其在方法論上的承諾?其次,我們運 用經濟學方法論中的三個主要流派— 先驗方法、工具主義、以及證偽主義— 所提供的科學理 性原則對消費者理論史進行理性重建,藉此對不同消費者理論以及不同經濟學方法論的優缺 點都有更深入的了解。

2. 英文摘要

The purpose of this project is to study the methodological issues raised by the evolution of consumer theory. It is generally recognized that there are there major stages in the history of consumer theory:The marginal utility analysis replaced the labor theory of value in the first stage, which was in turn overthrown by the ordinal utility theory or the indifference-curve analysis in the second stage, and in the third stage the revealed-preference theory provided an empirically operational basis which was absent in the previous consumer-behavior research programs. As modern philosophy of science emphasizes the heuristic value of studying the actual history of science, in this project we will investigate important methodological problems associated with the history of consumer theory: Which reasons caused the consumer theory to change? Were these reasons based on some methodological ground? Were the development of new consumer theory driven by theoretical puzzles or unexplained empirical findings? Which criteria for theory-appraisal were adopt by different consumer-behavior research programs? Why did economists prefer a new research program? Was the new research program more general or more realistic? Could the new research program predict some novel facts? To apply the internal criticism to the evolution of consumer theory, we will examine whether these consumer-behavior research programs achieved their officially-claimed methodological goals. This project applies I. Lakatos’s meta-methodology, methodology of historical research programmes, or MHRP, to the methodological study of the history of consumer theory. The criteria for theory-appraisal of three most influential schools of economic methodology, including the method a priori, instrumentalism, and falsificationism, are

used as principles of scientific rationality for the rational reconstruction of the internal history of the consumer theory.

3. 計劃緣由與目的

在 1998 年國科會「全國人文社會科學檢討會議」中的重要議題之一是如何強化國內社會科學 界對於社會科學哲學的研究與認識(黃光國,1999)。此研究計劃基本上延續計劃主持人在先 前針對經濟學方法論的一系列研究(劉孟奇,1999a;劉孟奇 1999b),並且延續提案人在 1999 年度的國科會研究計劃中針對經濟思想史與經濟學方法論的研究。在先前的研究計劃中,提 案人主要透過經濟學中的生產者理論,特別是寡占理論中的拗折需求線理論,來探討經濟學 方法論中不同思想流派的優缺點,並藉由實證主義的科學方法論原則來評價拗折需求理論的 成就,進而檢視國內經濟學教科書中的方法論取向。在此研究計劃中,我們希望能藉由檢視

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經濟學中另一個核心文獻— 消費者理論的思想史,來與經濟學方法論中的重要議題進行對 話,藉由不同經濟學方法論的評價標準來解讀消費者理論史,並探討國內教科書對於消費者 理論的評介中所蘊含的方法論意涵。

4. 結果與討論

本計劃探討在消費者理論演進過程中的經濟學方法論意涵,並將焦點放在 1930 年代消費者理 論中的實證主義運動。我們發現,雖然序數效用 無異分析研究綱領與顯現性偏好理論的奠 基者都強調推動消費者理論變革的驅動力在於效用的不可測量性,同時他們的方法論目標在 於將消費者理論的基本假設建立在基於經驗事實的可觀察概念之上,但是他們的研究綱領並 無法完成他們所設定的方法論目標。雖然他們普遍反對透過內省經驗建立假設的正當性,甚 至嘗試去除經濟理論中所有具有主觀性與心理性的成分,但是在目前消費者理論的基本假設 體系中,訴諸內省仍然是重要的說服手段。 我們針對消費者理論史的研究顯現出,儘管 1930 年代消費者理論中的實證主義運動顯現 出某種素樸性格,其方法論思考也與較細緻的科學哲學發展有所落差,但是考量到在經濟理 論中進行間接測試的困難,這樣的方法論思考並不能說是缺乏合理性的。導致新消費者理論 的奠基者在 1930 年代之後逐步改變其方法論立場的因素,與其說是方法論原則本身的缺陷, 不如說是這些革命者發現他們提出的研究綱領難以實踐他們自己所提出的方法論原則。而在 這場革命中所出現的,被認為是建立在經驗事實之上的新概念,不管是無異曲線、邊際替代 率遞減、或顯現性偏好公設,逐漸不再被強調其可能具有的經驗性格,而被視為是新奇的分 析工具。事實上,一旦我們檢視目前經濟學教科書正當化這些概念的方式,就可以發現訴諸 內省仍然是非常重要的說服方式。一方面,這可能反映出經濟學研究在認識論上所受到的嚴 重研究限制,特別是如果價值理論難以避免主觀性及心理性的成分,要如何測量這些成分仍 然是個難以解決的問題。除此之外,一個值得注意的現象是,雖然強調經驗事實的重要性, 新的消費者理論的提倡者同他們所批判的基數效用的奠基者一樣,幾乎一致地強調他們所提 出的概念與心理學的研究無關,而這些「屬於經驗事實、無庸置疑的概念」不必藉由心理學 的實證研究來加以檢證。

5. 計劃成果自評

本計劃的研究成果相當豐碩,目前已完成「失落的革命— 1930 年代消費者理論中的實證主義 運動」(劉孟奇 2000)一文,並交付<<東吳經濟商學學報>>進行匿名審查。

6. 參考文獻

Allen, R. G. D. (1936), Professor Slutsky’s Theory of Consumers’ Choice, Review of Economic Studies, 3, pp. 120-129.

Blaug, M. (1992), The Methodology of Economics. Or How Economists Explain. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press (first published 1980).

de Marchi, N. (1988), Popper and the LSE Economists, in N. de Marchi (ed.), The Popperian Legacy in Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 139-166.

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Caldwell, B. (1994), Beyond Positivism: Economic Methodology in Twentieth Century. London:

Routledge (first published 1982).

Edgeworth, F. Y. (1881), Mathematical Psychics, 20-29. Reprinted in Utility Theory: A Book of Reading, A. Page (ed.), New York: John Wiley and Sons (1968), 160-167.

Fisher, I. (1927), A Statistical Method for Measuring “Marginal Utility” and Testing the Justice of a Progressive Income Tax, in J. H. Hollander (ed.), Economic Essays Contributed in Honor of John Bates Clark (New York: Macmillan), pp. 157-193.

Hicks, J. R. (1939), Value and Capital, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2nd ed., 1946.

Hicks, J. R. and Allen, R. G. D. (1934), A Reconsideration of the Theory of Value, Economica, 1,

pp. 52-76, 196-219.

Houthakker, H. S. (1950), Revealed Preference and the Utility Function, Economica, 17, 159-174.

Hutchison, T. (1938), The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economic Theory, Reprinted New

York: A. M. Kelly, 1960.

Hutchison, T. W. (1994), On Verification in Economics, in D. M. Hausman (ed.), The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, pp. 158-167, Originally published as “Professor Machlup on

Verification in Economics,” in the Southern Economic Journal, 22(1956): 476-483.

Knight, F. (1940), What is “Truth” in Economics? Journal of Political Economy, 48, 1-32.

Jevons, W. S. (1970), The Theory of Political Economy, Penguin Books (first published 1871).

Johnson, W. E. (1913), The Pure Theory of Utility Curves, Economic Journal, 23, pp. 483-513.

MacCrimmon, K. R. and M. Toda (1969), The Experimental Determination of Indifference Curves,

Review of Economic Studies, 36, 433-451.

Machlup, F (1955), The Problem of Vefification in Economics, Southern Economic Journal, 22, pp.

1-21.

Machlup, F. (1994), On Indirect Verification, in D. M. Hausman (ed.), The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, pp. 168-179, Originally published as “Rejoinder to a Reluctant

Ultra-Empiricist,” in the Southern Economic Journal, 22(1956): 483-493.

Marshall, A. (1920), Principles of Economics, 8th ed., London : Macmillan.

Mill, J. S. (1994), On the Definition and Method of Political Economy, in D. M. Hausman (ed.), The Philosophy of Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 52-68, Excerpted from

On the Definition of Political Economy and the Method of Investigation Proper to it, 1836, Reprinted in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, 3d ed. (London:

Longmans Green &Co.), 1877, 120-164.

Mishan, E. J. (1961), Theories of Consumer’s Behavior: A Cynical View, Economic Journal, 28,

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A Book of Reading, New York: John Wiley and Sons (1968), 168-181, 375-383.

Samuelson, P. A. (1938a), A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumer’s Behaviour, Economica, 5,

61-71.

Samuelson, P. A. (1938b), A Note on the Pure Theory of Consumer’s Behaviour: An Addendum,

Economica, 5, 353-354.

Samuelson, P. A. (1947), Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press.

Samuelson, P. A. (1948), Consumption Theory in Terms of Revealed Preference, Economica, 15,

243-253.

Schultz, H. (1935), Interrelations of Demand, Price and Income, Journal of Political Economy, 43,

pp. 433-481.

Sippel, R. (1997), An Experiment on the Pure Theory of Consumer’s Behaviour, The Economic Journal, 107, 1431-1444.

Slutsky, E. E. (1915), Sulla Teoria del Bilancio del Consumatore, Giornale degli Economisti, vol.

51, 1-26; translated by O. Ragusa as ‘On the Theory of the Budget of the Consumer’ in G. J. Stigler and K. E. Boulding, eds., Readings in Price Theory, Homewood, Ill.: Irwin (1952),

27-56.

Stigler, G. J. (1950), The Development of Utility Theory, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 58,

307-327, 373-396. Reprinted in Utility Theory: A Book of Reading, A. Page (ed.), New York:

John Wiley and Sons (1968), 55-119.

Wong, S. (1978), The Foundations of Paul Samuelson’s Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

參考文獻

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