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浪漫主義與現代政治:赫德的思想資產Romanticism and Modern Politics: The Heritage of Herder

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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告

浪漫主義與現代政治:赫德的思想資產

計畫類別: 個別型計畫 計畫編號: NSC94-2414-H-110-001- 執行期間: 94 年 08 月 01 日至 95 年 07 月 31 日 執行單位: 國立中山大學政治學研究所 計畫主持人: 曾國祥 計畫參與人員: 許家豪 報告類型: 精簡報告 處理方式: 本計畫可公開查詢

中 華 民 國 95 年 10 月 30 日

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一、中英文摘要

(一)、中文摘要 以赫德作為討論主題,本計畫的研究目的,主要有三:其一,解述赫德的歷 史哲學,尤其是探索其中所蘊含之「歷史性個人主義」的原始素材;其二,經由 赫德的歷史哲學,耙梳由他所播灑下的浪漫主義種子對於現代政治意識之形成, 所帶來的重要影響;其三、重讀赫德的政治思想,並藉以探討柏林與泰勒這兩位 學者,如何在依循赫德的腳步,強調「自我與歷史」(或「行動者與社群」)之對 話關係的同時,卻以相當不同的方式,探取赫德之「自我表現」(self-expression) 觀念的政治意涵。在個人看來,正是由於對「自我表現」與政治活動的關係,抱 持著差異的看法,因而造成柏林之主張「競技自由主義」,以及泰勒之提倡「公 民共和主義」。換言之,浪漫主義對於現代政治的重要影響,除了一般所知的個 體差異、文化殊異和價值歧異之外,還有更豐富的理論內涵,那就是開創自由主 義在洛克、康德與密爾之外的另一哲學路線(柏林),以及提供共和主義與現代世 界接軌的一個哲學基點(泰勒)。在此意義上,我們或可進一步推論說,泰勒與柏 林在政治思想上的如此分野,主要是肇因於泰勒的「道德實在論」(moral realism) 以及柏林的「道德懷疑論」(moral skepticism)之間的對峙。就此而言,泰勒的整 體哲學思維,其實比較接近赫德所代表之早期浪漫主義的信念,而柏林則帶有更 多後期浪漫主義的色彩。 關鍵字:赫德、柏林、泰勒、浪漫主義、現代性 (二)、英文摘要

By paying attention to the heritage of Herder, this research project aims to reach three goals: (1) to elaborate Herder’s philosophy of history, especially his innovative ideas of “historical individualism;”(2) to explore the way in which the thinker’s idea of history helps to shape modern political consciousness; (3) to re-interpret Herder’s political thought, by means of which I shall go someway to explaining how Isaiah Berlin and Charles Taylor, while following Herder’s footsteps to emphasize the dialectic relation between self and history (or agent and community), set out to approach the political implications of the Herderian notion of “self-expression”from different angles. My speculation is that it is exactly due to their different perspectives on the relation of “self-expression”to political activity that lead Berlin to assert “agonistic liberalism”and Taylor to promote “civic republicanism.”In other words, apart from the well-known Romanticism-inspired concepts, such as individual differences, cultural distinctions and value pluralism, there are some other theoretical impacts that Romanticism has conveyed into modern politics. On the one hand, Romanticism has initiated a new path to justify liberalism other than the one followed

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by Locke, Kant or Mill (Berlin), on the other hand, it also has offered a philosophical stance to re-link republicanism with the modern world (Taylor). From this way of reading, we may infer that the difference between Taylor and Berlin regarding their political thought consists in the fact that the former is an advocate of moral realism, whereas the latter insists on a certain view of moral skepticism. Put differently, while the thought of Taylor as a whole is keen on the early-Romanticism represented by Herder, the thought of Berlin bears on the elements of later-Romanticism.

Key words: Herder, Berlin, Taylor, Romanticism, Modernity

二、報告內容:

(一)、前言 在國內政治理論與思想史的研究裡,赫德的歷史地位至今尚未能獲得應有的 重視。本計畫的研究宗旨,即是在於重新挖掘赫德的思想資產,盼能稍微彌補此 一研究缺角。 (二)、研究目的 如此,本計畫的研究目的,主要呈現在三個方面:第一,解述赫德的歷史哲 學,尤其是探索其中所蘊含之「歷史性個人主義」的原始素材;第二,經由赫德 的歷史哲學,耙梳由他所播灑下的浪漫主義種子對於現代政治意識之形成,所帶 來的重要影響;第三、重讀赫德的政治思想,並藉以探討柏林與泰勒這兩位學者, 如何在依循赫德的腳步,強調「自我與歷史」(或「行動者與社群」)之對話關係 的同時,卻以相當不同的方式,探取赫德之「自我表現」(self-expression)觀念的 政治意涵。 (三)、文獻探討 以赫德思想而言,本計畫最為倚重的原始資料,是赫德原著的兩部英譯本:

J. G. Herder on Social and Political Culture(1969) 以 及 Philosophical Writings(2002)。前者包括赫德的旅行雜記、歷史哲學相關著作,以及著名的〈人 性之歷史哲學的基本觀念〉;後者則甫於四年前出版,內容涵蓋赫德的一般哲學 計畫、語言哲學、心靈哲學、歷史哲學以及政治哲學。國內學界對於浪漫主義之 文藝思想的研究,固然為數不少,但是專門研究浪漫主義之政治思想的論述,則 相形較少。其中又以盧梭、以及史密特等人的研究,最為出色,而甚少論及赫德。 雖是如此,郭博文教授(1999)對於赫德之社會思想的精闢闡釋以及盧怡君教授 (2004)從當代語言學之實證研究成果來檢驗赫德語言哲學的當代意義,均可謂是

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國內赫德研究的突破性進展。 (四)、研究方法 本計畫屬於哲學研究。按此屬性,作者乃著重於哲學詮釋與思想理解的文本 分析方法,就前述相關議題,進行析論。 (五)、結果與討論 在計畫的執行上,作者已經完成兩篇有關赫德的文章。首先,〈在啟蒙與反 啟蒙之間:赫德的思想資產〉一文的主要旨趣,是從當代哲學的相關爭辯,來探 索赫德的思想資產。更具體地說,隨著啟蒙運動與浪漫主義的徹底決裂,當代哲 學於是逐漸形成幾項重大的爭辯,包括「永恆哲學」vs.「哲學終結」,「普遍主 義」vs.「相對主義」以及「客觀主義」vs.「主觀主義」;然而,呈現在赫德著述 中的「實用的大眾哲學」、「平等的世界主義」以及「價值多元主義」等觀念,卻 已為我們指出了一條可能的中間路線,足以調解上述各項爭辯,也因此,我們可 以說,赫德的思想基本上是走在啟蒙與反啟蒙之間。在相當程度上,赫德的思想 資產不但在柏林那裡得到了發揚,同時也啟發了當代社群主義學者如泰勒在哲學 人類學議題上所採取的基本見解。藉此研究,作者大抵上已經完成了前述的研究 目標。本文原先宣讀於中研院人社中心主辦之「現代性之政治反思」國際學術研 討會上(民國九十四年,十二月),業經修正,目前正接受主辦單位向來以嚴格 著稱的匿名外審作業。 此 外 , 以 赫 德 作 為 思 考 主 軸 , 作 者 同 時 轉 寫 英 文 論 文“Philosophical Conservatism and Modernity”一篇,發表於 The 3rdMichael Oakeshott Association Conference (Colorado Spring: Colorado College, 2006, 06.) 這篇文章的重點一方面 在於探討歐克秀之自我觀念與自由主義的關係,二方面則是在於闡釋歐克秀此一 自我觀念受惠於赫德「自我表現」之處,並藉以表明歐克秀、柏林與泰勒之哲學 與政治思想的主要異同。該文經過修正,即將成為一篇 book chapter,收錄在 Prof, Corey Abel 所編輯的、關於歐克秀思想的一本專書之中。

三、參考文獻

姚小平(1999) 〈譯序〉(赫爾德著,姚小平譯,《論語言的起源》),北京:商務 印書館,頁 i-xiii。 郭博文(1999) 〈赫德社會思想研究〉,《歐美研究》,第二十九卷第四期,頁 1-47。 盧怡君(2004) 〈評赫德之語言起源論及其影響〉,《中原學報》,第三十二卷第二 期,頁 255-270。

Isaiah Berlin 口述,R. Jahanbegloo 紀錄,楊孝明譯(1994) 《以撒柏林對話錄》。 台北:正中。

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Frederick Coleston 著,陳潔明、關子尹譯(1993) 《西洋哲學史(六):盧梭到康

德》,台北:黎明。

Charles Taylor 著,徐文瑞譯(1999) 《黑格爾與現代社會》。台北:聯經。

Abbey, R. 2000. Charles Taylor. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Berlin, I. 1997. The Sense of Reality. NY: Farrarm Straus and Giroux.

---1999. The Roots of Romanticism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bernard, F. M. 1964. Herder’s Social and Political Thought: From Enlightenment

to Nationalism. Oxford: Claredon Press.

Bernstein, R. 1983. Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics and

Praxis. Philadelphia: University of Penn Press.

Derrida, J. 1978. Writing and Difference, trans. Allan Bass. Chicago: The Universoty of Chicago Press.

Ergang, R. R. 1931. Herder and the Foundations of German Nationalism. NY: Octagon Books.

Forster, M. J. 2002. “Introduction”to Herder’s Philosophical Writings. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Presd. Furst, 1976. Romanticism.

Gunnell, J. 1979. Political Theory: Tradition and Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop.

Hart, H. L. A. 1994. The Concept of Law(2ndedn.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Herder, J. G. 1764-7. Selected Early Works. Translated by E. A. Menza and M. Plama. Pennsylvania: The Penn State University Press(1992).

---1765. How Philosophy Can Become More Universal and Useful for the Benefit

of the People. In Philosophical Writings, translated by Michael N. Foster, pp.

3-29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press(2002).

---1767-8a. Fragments on Recent German Literature(excerpt on language). In

Philosophical Writings, pp. 33-64.

---1767-8b. Older Critical Forestlet(excerpt on history). In Philosophical Writings, pp. 257-267.

---1768. On Thomas Abbt’s Writings(excerpt on psychology). In Philosophical

Writings, pp. 167-177.

---1772a. Treatise on the Origin of Language. In Philosophical Writings, pp. 65-164.

---1772b. Treatise on the Origin of Language.

---1774. This Too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Humanity. In

Philosophical Writings, pp.272-358.

---1775. On Cognition and Sensation, the Two Main Forces of the Human Soul. (Preface to the Draft of On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul). In

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Philosophical Writings, pp. 178-186.

---1778. On the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul. In Philosophical

Writings, pp. 187-243.

---1784-91. Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, abridged with an introduction by F. E. Manuel. Chicago : University of Chicago Press (1968). ---1793-7. Letters for the Advancement of Humanity(experts concerning freedom of

thought and expression, excerpts on patriotism, and Tenth Collection). In

Philosophical Writings, pp. 370-422.

Hume, D. 1992. Treatise of Human Nature. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. Kant, I. Critique of Pure Reason, trans. N. K. Smith. London: Macmillan. Koepke, W. 1983. Johann Gottfried Herder. Boston: Twayne Publisher.

Loytard, J-F. 1984. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. G. Bennington and B. Massuni. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Montaigne, M. 1991. “On Experience”. In The Complete Essays, trans. M. A. Screech. London: Penguin. Pp. 1207-1269.

Moran, J. and Gode, A. 1966. “Introduction”to Two Essays on the Origin of

Language: J-J Rousseau and J. G. Herder. Chicago: The University of Chicago

Press.

Nisbet, H. B. 1970. Herder and the Philosophy and history of Science. Cambridge: Modern Humanities Research Association.

Popper, K. 1945. Open Society and Its Enemy. London: Routledge. Rorty, R. 1980. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Oxford: Blackwell.

---1982. Consequences of Pragmatism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

---1985. “Philosophy without Principles”. In Against Theory: Literary Studies and

the New Pragmatism, ed. W. J. Mitchell. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

---1991. Objectivity, Relativism and Truth, Philosophical Papers vol1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schick, E. 1971. Metaphorical Organicism in Herder’s Early Works. The Hague:

Mouton.

Taylor, C. 1975. Hegel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

---1985a. Human Agency and Language: Philosophical Papers 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

---1985b. Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

---1989. Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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---1995. Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Walzer, M. 1981. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, New York:

Basic Books.

---1988a. “Interpretation and the Social Criticism”. In The Tanner Lectures On

Human Values, ed. Sterling M. McMurrin ed. vol. 8. Salt Lake City: University

of Utah Press.

---1988b. The Company of Critics: Social Criticism and Political Commitment in

the Twentieth Century, New York: Basic Books.

---1997. On Toleration. New Haven: Yale University Press.

四、研究成果自評

整體而言,本計畫的執行成果符合了作者個人的原始預期,亦即,發表成一 至兩篇具有外審制度的專書論文或期刊論文。此外,在此探索過程中,作者乃有 機會進一步體悟到哲學保守主義,(尤其是雜陳其中的本體議題與自我觀念),對 於西方現代政治思想所帶來的深遠影響。因此,利用這個計畫的部分研究資源, 作者同時發表了〈保守主義:一個哲學的理解〉(《政治與社會哲學評論》,第十 八期,頁 1-59),以提出一個更為完整的保守主義研究架構,並以此為本,進而 向貴會另案 申請一個三年期的專題研究計畫 (「 哲學保守主義與現代性 」 NSC95-2414-H-110-001-MY3)。

五、附錄(略)

參考文獻

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