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Table 2.1: Short introduction of TOPEX/Poseidon and JASON-1 altimetry satellites.
TOPEX/Poseidon JASON-1
Senors 1. Two altimeters (TOPEX/NASA, Poseidon-1/CNES) 2. TOPEX Microwave radiometer (NASA)
3. Global Positioning System tracking receiver (NASA) 4. Laser retroreflector array (NASA)
5. DORIS tracking system receiver (CNES)
1. Poseidon-2 altimeter (CNES)
2. JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer (NASA)
3. Global Positioning System tracking receiver (NASA) 4. Laser retroreflector array (NASA)
5. DORIS tracking system receiver (CNES) Orbits 1336km altitude, 66-degree inclination 1336km altitude, 66-degree inclination
Repeat cycle 10 days 10 days
Accuracy 4~5cm < 4 cm,
Launch August 10, 1992 December 7, 2001
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Table 3.1: Comparison between observational mean D20 and RMS of TLM_NWPO;
left hand side is observation mean, right hand side is RMS (in the parentheses).
NERZ IERZ SERZ SNPG
5 67.8 (63.3) 90.2 (30.4) 183.6 (20.4) 195.7 (25.1) 6 49.7 (102.4) 81.5 (29.4) 204.4 (21.0) 201.6 (24.8) 7 55.9 (65.2) 90.6 (23.0 ) 182.3 (30.4) 197.4 (29.0) 8 69.2 (64.0) 98.2 (32.1) 193.6 (29.9) 190.5 (30.9) 9 72.4 (63.0) 94.7 (25.8) 173.6 (25.1) 183.8 (25.7) 10 86.5 (76.1) 105.1 (31.1) 174.8 (24.6) 188.0 (18.7)
Table 3.2: Comparison between observational mean D26 and RMS of TLM_NWPO;
left hand side is observation mean, right hand side is RMS (in the parentheses), N/A represents no comparison.
NERZ IERZ SERZ SNPG
5 N/A N/A 66.6 (32.5) 111.1 (23.6)
6 N/A 11.8 (12.8) 78.7 (29.9) 119.9 (17.0)
7 N/A 22.7 (10.5) 67.9 (20.8) 120.4 (17.2)
8 N/A 33.4 (13.5) 82.3 (20.3) 116.1 (19.5)
9 N/A 41.0 (10.3) 72.2 (14.7) 109.9 (15.6)
10 N/A 46.8 (17.4) 84.1 (24.8) 110.2 (19.0)
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Table 3.3: TCHP inter-comparison between TLM_NWPO, NOAA/AOML and NPACNFS full ocean model in the IERZ, SERZ and SNPG.
Bias IERZ SERZ SNPG
TLM_NWPO 8.71 1.83 16.3 AOML -8.14 -15.83 -21.42 NPACNFS -25.15 -34.22 -47.18
RMSE IERZ SERZ SNPG
TLM_NWPO 20.14 21.39 32.08 AOML 20.34 30.41 34.01 NPACNFS 27.4 40.28 51.75
Error IERZ SERZ SNPG
TLM_NWPO 53% 26% 26%
AOML 56% 37% 28%
NPACNFS 71% 49% 41%
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Table 3.4: D20 usability of TLM_NWPO and NOAA/AOML’s.
5 6 7 8 9 10
NERZ × × × × × ×
IERZ √ √ √ √ √ √
SERZ √ √ √ √ √ √
SNPG √ √ √ √ √ √
Table 3.5: D26 usability of TLM_NWPO and NOAA/AOML’s.
5 6 7 8 9 10
NERZ × × × × × ×
IERZ × × × √ √ √
SERZ × √ √ √ √ √
SNPG √ √ √ √ √ √
Table 3.6: D20 usability of NPACNFS.
8 9 10
NERZ × × × IERZ √ √ √ SERZ √ √ √ SNPG √ √ √
Table 3.7: D26 usability of NPACNFS.
8 9 10
NERZ × × ×
IERZ × × √
SERZ × √ √
SNPG √ √ √
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Table 4.1: Saffir-Simpson Scale.
Saffir-Simpson Scale Category Winds (knots)
1 64~82
2 83~95
3 96~113
4 114~135
5 >135
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Table 4.2: 33 intense and super typhoons in the NWPO between 1999 and 2004.
Year Month TC Maximum
wind (kts) Category
1999 09 Bart 140 5
2000 05 Damrey 155 5
2000 07 Kirogi 115 4
2000 08 Jelawat 125 4
2000 08 Bilis 140 5
2000 09 Saomai 140 5
2000 09 Shanshan 130 4
2001 07 Man-yi 115 4
2001 08 Wutip 130 4
2001 10 Podul 140 5
2002 05 Hagibis 140 5
2002 06 Chataan 130 4
2002 07 Halong 135 4
2002 07 Fengshen 145 5
2002 08 Phanfone 135 4
2002 08 Rusa 115 4 2002 09 Higos 135 4
2003 05 Chan-hom 115 4
2003 06 Soudelor 115 4
2003 07 Imbudo 130 4
2003 08 Dujuan 125 4
2003 09 Maemi 150 5
2003 10 Ketsana 125 4
2003 10 Parma 130 4
2004 05 Nida 140 5
2004 06 Diaumn 155 5
2004 06 Mindulle 125 4
2004 07 Namtheun 115 4
2004 08 Chaba 155 5
2004 08 Sangda 130 4
2004 09 Meari 120 4
2004 10 Ma-on 140 5
2004 10 Tokage 125 4
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Table 4.3: Comparison of inner core SST cooling between using in situ profile and TLM_NWPO’s profile.
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 total
in situ mean 0.58 1.41 1.64 2.49 1.69 1.41
TLM_NWPO mean 0.54 1.06 1.43 2.46 2.37 1.44
RMS 0.25 0.37 0.28 0.85 0.83 0.57
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Table 4.4: Inner-core SST cooling in each category phases of 21 category-4 typhoon cases. Gray represents no matching data (wind field or temperature profile); “X”
represents the category stage that typhoon did not experienced. (Unit: ℃)
Category
TC H1 H2 H3 H4
Kirogi 0.64 3.31 Jelawat 0.52 3.46 Shanshan 0.55 1.37 2.45
Man-yi 0.16 0.55 1.44
Wutip 1.2 3.09 Chataan 0.16
Halong 0.55 0.76 Phanfone 1.35 2.12 3.36
Rusa 0.67 1.98 2.88 Higos 0.59 2.3 2.5 Chan-hom 0.15
Soudelor Imbudo 0.41 0.76 1.04 3.74
Dujuan 0.97 2.02 Ketsana X 3.29
Parma
Mindulle X 2.79
Namtheun Sangda 0.46 3.99
Meari 1.98
Tokage 0.98
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