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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告

雷公藤對軟骨細胞影響之研究

計畫類別: 個別型計畫

計畫編號: NSC93-2314-B-038-016-

執行期間: 93 年 08 月 01 日至 94 年 07 月 31 日 執行單位: 臺北醫學大學醫學系

計畫主持人: 謝銘勳 共同主持人: 蔡淑慧

報告類型: 精簡報告

處理方式: 本計畫可公開查詢

中 華 民 國 94 年 10 月 31 日

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壹、中文摘要。

關鍵詞:雷公藤、關節炎、間質分解酵素、調控軟骨細胞、細胞及動物實驗

「雷公藤」屬中草藥的一種,分佈於中國及日本。自古以來人們就發現其根皮是極有 效的驅蟲藥物,它還有祛風去濕、活血消腫、消炎止痛、治療慢性關節炎的功用。目前已 知雷公藤根部可萃取出上百種化合物,其中雷公藤內脂醇(Triptolide)在許多文獻中都證實其 見有調節免疫系統功能,但其對關節炎的治療機制.不是很清楚。而關節炎病變過程中,間 質分解酵素(Marrix metalloproteinase, MMPS)的異常表現扮演很重要角色,因此本計畫希望 透過細胞實驗方式,探討雷公藤內脂醇(Triptolide)是否會對軟骨細胞的間質分解酵素有所影 響。

本研究方法:探討中藥材(雷公藤內脂醇Triptolide)對關節炎治療之細胞、動物實驗。包 括中藥材之提煉(現有成分)活性藥動力學研究,進一步研究關節炎之成因、機轉、基因表現 以至於中藥材之in vitro、in vivo 實驗。進而作為關節炎之新治療方法,以開創另一新的展 望及進一步作為人體試驗之研究。(本研究僅提出第一、二年計畫.細胞及動物實驗,人體 試驗待另一計畫探討)。

本計畫預期完成下列實驗目標:

1.建立軟骨細胞培養系統。

2.利用細胞實驗探討雷公藤內脂醇是否可影響軟骨細胞之間質分解酵素有所影響。

3.探討何種機制參與雷公藤內脂醇調控軟骨細胞之間質分解酵表現。

4.探討何種轉錄因子參與雷公藤內脂醇調控軟骨細胞之間質分解酵素表現。

貳、英文摘要。

Keywords:osteoarthritis, hyaluronic acid, MMPs, TNF, IL-1, Triptolide

Arthritis and related disorders are leading causes of activity limitation and disability in the adult population of world, where the economic costs of musculoskeletal illness have been conservatively estimated to be getting cost. A significant portion of these costs is attributable to arthritis. As the population ages, the impact of arthritis in terms of disability and associated economic cost is expected to increase. Research efforts continue to advance understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of arthritic diseases. Osteoarthritis is the common disease now.

Although osteoarthritis has been regarded primarily as a noninflammatory arthropathy, symptons of local inflammation and synovitis are present in many patients. Recently studies indicate that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF, are considered play a role in cartilage destruction with chronic arthritis.

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Chinese Herbal (Triptolide) has become widely used for the treatment of OA in China and Taiwan. However, its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. In this project, we try to shed a light on the molecular mechanisms of anti-arthritis by Chinese Herbal (Triptolide).

Thus we want to accomplish the following goals:

(1) Investigation of the anti-arthritis effect of Chinese Herbal (Triptolide) in primary cell culture systems and animal model.

(2) Inhibition of molecular markers expression that are related to the development of arthritis by Chinese Herbal in primary cell culture system and animal model.

(3) Evaluating the effects of Chinese Herbal on the gene regulation of molecular markers in primary cell culture system and animal model.

(4) Evaluating the signal transduction pathways controlling molecular marker expression for further study on the effect of Chinese Herbal in arthritis.

參、報告內容:

前言

雷公藤對軟骨細胞影響之研究:以細胞分子生物之方法,探討傳統中醫藥之「袪風 濕藥」與治療關節炎之關係。軟骨細胞(chondrocyte)是構成關節的唯一一種細胞,藉 由合成軟骨間質及分泌間質分解酵素來調控關節間質的恆定狀態,當間質分解酵素過多 時,即會造成軟骨的傷害,引起退化性關節炎。因此本研究將探討雷公藤之萃取物 Triptolide 對人類軟骨細胞之間質分解酵素的影響。

研究目的 雷公藤介紹

「雷公藤」屬中草藥的一種,全株植物均有毒。但在中藥載中其具有祛風去濕、活 血消腫、消炎止痛等功用。中醫常將其運用在人體免疫機能過度表現的疾病。目前它 已是治療類風濕關節炎的熱門藥物之一,此外它亦具有治療其它慢性關節炎的功用。

目前科學家已從雷公藤萃取出上百種化合物,發現其中含有許多有效成份具有抑制過 份活躍的免疫細胞、阻止感染、殺死癌細胞的能力,而其中最有效的成份之一是雷公 藤內脂醇(Triptolide)。研究證實雷公藤內脂醇能夠阻止蛋白質 NF-KL 與 DNA 結合,

而阻斷許多免疫重要性基因表現,而其作用比其它免疫抑制劑作用更強大。此外,中 國浙江中醫學院的研究者也發現雷公藤內脂醇能明顯抑制腎小管細胞中腫瘤壞死因 子(TNFX)誘發 C3 mRNA 和蛋白質表現。由以上結果可知雷公藤內脂醇可抑制免疫反 應。雖然雷公藤具有制T淋巴球活性,抑制白血球的過度活動,且功效很強,可是其 生物鹼具有累積性、長期服用雷公藤會導致急性腎損害,所以研究雷公藤的作用機理 是刻不容緩的工作。

骨關節炎(osteoarthritis, OA)介紹

骨關節炎又稱為退化性關節炎,是一種常見的關節病變,通常發生於常動 關節及承重關節,可能是關節長期載重和撕裂所引起,與發炎反應沒有直接關 係。骨關節炎是軟骨本質改變所引起的一種疾病,軟骨是包覆在關節面末端的 一種平滑纖維組織,隨著軟骨的退化,關節處的骨骼兩端組織會增生,使關節 失去作用,關節處會僵直、疼痛,而軟骨的損壞也可能引起關節發炎。過度使 用關節的運動家、從事工作需要大量活動關節、關節處骨骼接合不良、先天關

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節畸形或體重過重的人都是罹患骨關節炎的高危險群,但也有些骨關節炎可能 有家族遺傳性。

骨關節炎與軟骨的斷裂有關,如年齡漸長,軟骨會出現某種程度的退化。軟骨細胞

(chondrocyte)是構成關節的唯一一種細胞(Baggiolini et al., 1994),藉由合成軟 骨間質及分泌間質分解酵素來調控關節間質的恆定狀態(Baggiolini et al., 1997)。 軟骨細胞可合成關節間質成分,如第二型膠原蛋白(type Ⅱ collagen)、proteoglycan 以及其他間質蛋白(Schall et al., 1994; Rossi et al., 2000)。軟骨大部分是由水 和膠原蛋白(collagen)所組成,軟骨內沒有血管,無法自行補給養分,但其吸收力極 大,可吸收關節內關節液的養分而維持。骨關節炎患者的軟骨會變得較正常平滑的軟骨 鬆軟、晦暗且失去彈性,表面會因摩擦而變薄,骨頭與骨頭相互摩擦,使得骨頭上出現 小洞及裂縫。

骨關節炎可分為原發性和續發性兩種。原發性骨關節炎是正常老化過程中軟骨斷 裂的一種疾病,隨著人體的漸漸老化,會出現某種程度的原發性關節炎,到目前尚未 建立一明確的致病機轉而被認為是一種自發性的疾病。偶爾在年輕族群可以觀察到原 發性關節炎與家族性遺傳的傾向,從這些具血緣家族性關節炎病人中,發現第二型膠 原蛋白(collagen type II)的基因產生突變。而續發性關節炎與軟骨斷裂或扭傷改變關 節功能的發炎症狀有關(Pelletier et al., 1997)。

Eotaxin 為對嗜酸性白血球具有選擇性趨化作用的蛋白質,屬於 CC 趨化激素,

而其唯一的接受體為 CCR3,但也有部份研究顯示 Eotaxin 也可能與 CCR2、CCR5 結 合(Blanpain et al., 1999;Ogilivie et al., 2001)。人類 eotaxin mRNA 主要存在於正常 小腸和大腸中,少部分存在於心、腎、脾、肝、胸腺和肺中(Garcia-Zepeda et al., 1996)。 小腸、大腸產生 eotaxin,其主要功能是吸引嗜酸性白血球抵抗蠕蟲的感染(Rothenberg 1999)。

間質分解酵素(Matrix metalloproteinase, MMPs)介紹

間質分解酵素是一群含有鋅的 peptidase (Hooper, N.M., 1994),主要的功能為分解 細胞外間質,進行間質組成份轉換 (turnover),目前被發現的間質分解酵素已超過 26 種,根據其主要受質及型態的不同,可將間質分解酵素分為五群:

1. Collagenases-此類的間質分解酵素的受質主要為 helical collagen,包括 MMP-1、

MMP-8、MMP-13、MMP-18…等

2. Gelatinases- 此類的間質分解酵素的受質主要為 gelatin、elastin,包括 gelatinase A

(MMP-2)及 gelatinase B(MMP-9)

3. Stromelysins- 此類的間質分解酵素主要為 aggrecan,包括 MMP-3、MMP-7、

MMP-10 等

4. Membrane-type MMPs-此類的間質分解酵素多具有 hydrophobic domain,且結合在細 胞的表面上,包括 MMP-14、MMP-15、MMP-24….等。

5. Others-包括 MMP-12、MMP-19、MMP-20、MMP-23…等

所有的間質分解酵素皆是以酶原的形式(未活化態)由細胞分泌出來,未活化 的 間 質 分 解 酵 素 包 含 三 個 主 要 的 部 份 - propeptide domain 、 catalytic domain 及 substrate-binding carboxy terminal domain;在典型的活化過程中,先將 propeptide domain 切除後,再由一個酵素,通常是藉由一個間質分解酵素,進行最後的切割而形成活化 態的間質分解酵素。(Linda et al., 1999)

間質分解酵素參與許多細胞的作用,包括正常生理作用如:胚胎發育、傷口癒合、

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神 經 的 生 長 、 細 胞 凋 亡… 等 , 及 一 些 病 理 的 過 程 如 關 節 炎 、 腫 瘤 細 胞 的 侵 入

(invasion)、肝臟纖維化…等。(Hideaki et al., 1999)之前有許多文獻指出,在骨關 節炎的病患其滑液膜組織及軟骨中具有較高含量的間質分解酵素(Ishiguro et al., 1999;Okada et al., 1992;Clark et al., 1993)。間質分解酵素-3(MMP-3),又稱為 stromelysin-1,之前的研究指出,在骨關節炎的病人其血液及滑液膜組織中,MMP-3 的表現量多於正常人(Naito et al., 1999),且 MMP-3 除了可以分解軟骨組織的主要成 分外,還可以活化許多其他的 collagenase 如 MMP-8、MMP-13..等(Mary B.G., 2000), 因此 MMP-3 在骨關節炎的病程中扮演很重要的角色。過度表現間質分解酵素會導致 軟骨間質的流失,造成軟骨的降解。而在這些間質分解酵素中,較受到重視的主要為 collagenase 及 stromelysin 這兩類的酵素,因為他們可以專一性的分解 native collagens 和 proteoglycan (軟骨間質的主要成份)(Mary B.G., 2000),所以本計畫將先只著重 於雷公藤內脂醇對間質分解酵素-3, 13 的影響。

IκB kinase(IKK)介紹

IKK complex 包含了三個次單位-IKKα、IKKβ、IKKγ,其中 IKKα、IKKβ為 catalytic subunit,在哺乳類動物細胞內通常以 heterodimer 的形式存在,而 IKKγ為 regulation subunit,可藉由聚集 IKK 的上游活化因子,如 IKK-kinase,進而促成 IKK 的活化(Michael K., 1999)。轉錄因子 NF-κB的活化在免疫、發炎、細胞凋亡..等反應 過程中扮演著重要的角色,而 NF-κB在平時主要與 IκB結合,存在於細胞質中,當細 胞受到外來的刺激如 IL-1、TNF..等,會啟動一系列活化 NF-κB的訊息,

此時IκB就會被磷酸化及降解而後 NF-κB被釋放出並 translocation 到核內,促進細 胞反應物基因的轉錄(Alain I., 2001)。而 IKK complex 最主要的功能為造成 IκB磷酸化,

當細胞受到如 IL-1、TNFα..等的外來刺激時,IKK 也會被活化(Baud et al., 1999),因此 在 NF-κB活化過程中,IKK 的活化是一個重要調控。此外,在部份上皮的形成及分化,

IKKα也扮演重要的角色(Micheal et al., 2000)。綜合以上可知 IKK pathway 在生理及病 理上是重要的調控路徑。

Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)介紹

MAPK是一種serine-threonine的protein kinase,它具有接受外界刺激而調節生理反應 的功能(Robinson et al., 1997)。MAPK可分成三大類,包括(a)p38 MAPK,(b)p54 SAPK α/β/ JNK2, p46 SAPKγ/ JNK1,(c)p44 / 42 MAPK, ERK1 / 2。P38經由MKK3及MKK6 活化(Ensien et al., 1998),p46 / 54 JNK被MKK4 / SEK-1和MKK7活化,而ERK1/2被MEK 和MEKK1磷酸化,MAPK活化後可經由細胞內protein kinase及transcription factors調控細 胞生長及分化(Davis et al., 1994)。當細胞受到外來刺激時,MAPKase很容易被活化。

如巨噬細胞受到LPS刺激,活化Raf-1,增加MAPK活性(Hambleton et al., 1996),而導 致COX-2表現。所以MAPK pathway在病理及生理上是非常重要的調控路徑,所以我們 推測MAPK pathway及IKK pathway有可能參與雷公藤內脂醇對間質分解酵素-3, 13影響 軟骨細胞的訊息傳遞作用機制中。

文獻探討、

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Trend in Cell biology 10: 129-133. Review

Baggiolini, M., Dewald, B., and Moser, B. (1994) Interlukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines- CXC and CC chemokines. Adv Immunol. 55: 97-179. Review

Baggiolini, M., Dewald, B., and Moser, B. (1997) Human chemokines: an update.

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Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15: 675-705. Review

Baud, V., Liu Z-G., Bennett B., Suzuki N., Xia Y. and Karin M. (1999) Genes Dev. 13:

1297-1308.

Davis, R.J. (1994) MAPKs: New JNK expands the group. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:

470-473.

Ensien, H., Raingeaud, J. and Davis, R.J. (1998) Selective Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase isoforms by the MAP kinase kinases MKK3 and MKK6. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 1741-1748.

Gita, T.K., Susan, S., Tetsuya, A., Tan, J., Sha, Q.J., Andrew, G., Per, S.S., Lars, K.P., and Rafeul, A. (2000) Eotaxin induces degranulation and chemotaxis of eosinophils through the activation of ERK2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Blood 95:

1911-1917.

Hambleton, J., Weinstein, S.L., Lem, L. and Defranco, A.L. (1996) Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Proc. Natl. Sci.

Acad. 93: 2774-2778

Hideaki, N., J. Frederick Woessner, Jr. (1999) Matrix metalloproteinases J. Bio. Chem.

274: 21491-21494. Review

Linda L, J., Richard, D., and Donald J, H. (1999) Matrix metalloproteinases Curr. Opin.

Chem. Biol. 2: 466-471. Review

Mary, B.G. (2000) The role of chondrocyte in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:

1916-1926. Review

Michael, K. (1999) How NF-κB isactivated:the roleoftheIκB kinase (IKK)complex.

Oncogene. (18) 6867-6874. Review.

Michael,K.,and MireilleD.(2000)TheIκB kinase(IKK)and NF-κB:key elementsof proinflammatory signaling. Seminar in immunol. 12: 85-98. Review

Naito K., Takahashi M., Kushida K. et al., (1999) Messurement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in patients with knee osteoarthritis: comparison with generalized osteoarthritis.

Rheumatology 38: 510-5.

Pelletier JP, Caron JP, Evans C, Robbins PD, Georgescu HI, Jovanovic D, Fernandes JC, Martel-Pelletier J. (1997) In vivo suppression of early experimental osteoarthritis by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist using gene therapy. Arthritis Rheum 40(6): 1012-9

Rossi, D., and Zlotnik, A. (2000) The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu.

Rev. Immunol. 18: 217-42. Review.

Schall, T.J., and Bacon, K.B. (1994) Chemokines, leukocyte trafficking, and inflammation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6: 865-73.

Tsai, S.H., Liang, Y.C., Chen, L., Ho, F.M., Hsieh, M.S., Lin, J.K. Arsenite stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression through activating IkappaB kinase and nuclear factor kappaB in primary and ECV304 endothelial cells, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 2002; 84(4): 750-758

Tsai, S.H., Hsieh, M.S., Ho, H.C., Liu, Y.H., Chou, D.T., Lin, G.K. The Anti-proliferative Effect of Prolinethiuramdisulfide on HT-29 Colon Cancer Cell, New Taipei Journal of Medicine, 2002; 4: 255-260

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Kien-Ho Chang, Chao-Yi Li, Shu-Huei Tsai, Yunh-Hung Liu, Ming-Shium Hsieh The role of eotaxin in osteoarthritis, 2002 Annual Meeting of Taiwanese Society of Biomechanics, Abstract: P.63.

Ming-Shium Hsieh, Hsin-Chiu Ho, Der-Tsay Chou, Shu-Huei Tsai The role of of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and urate crystal in gouty arthritis, 2002 Annual Meeting of Taiwanese Society of Biomechanics, Abstract: P.64.

Ming-Shium Hsieh, Der-Tsay Chou, Hsin-Chiu Ho, Shu-Huei Tsai Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (Gelatinase B) in Human Gouty Arthritis, 2003, At the 2003 Meeting of the Orthopedic Association of the Republic of China, National Cheng Kung University.

研究方法

以細胞培養為主(包括自行培養及細胞組):

一、雷公藤內脂醇 (Triptolide) 對人類軟骨細胞(primary culture 及 SW1353)產生間質 分解酵素 MMPs 表現量的測定

二、探討MAPK pathway在雷公藤內脂醇(Triptolide)影響人類軟骨細胞(primary culture 及 SW1353)產生間質分解酵素MMPs之訊息傳遞路徑中扮演的角色

三、探討IKK pathway在雷公藤內脂醇(Triptolide)影響人類軟骨細胞(primary culture 及 SW1353)產生間質分解酵素MMPs之訊息傳遞路徑中扮演的角色

四、探討轉錄因子(transcription factor) NF-κB、AP-1在雷公藤內脂醇(Triptolide)影響類軟 骨細 胞(primary culture 及 SW1353)之訊息傳遞路徑中扮演的角色

實驗結果

Lane 1: control

Lane 2: IL-1β 5ng/ml

Lane 3: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 0.1% DMSO Lane 4: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 100 nM Triptolide Lane 5: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 10 nM Triptolide Lane 6: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 1 nM Triptolide

MMP 13

MMP 3

GAPDH

1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 1. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced MMP-3 and MMP-13 genes expression.

Total RNA was extracted from SW1353 cells treated with or without 5 ng/ml IL-1and various concentrations of triptolide for 6 hours. MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR asdescribed in “Materialsand Methods”.GAPDH wasasacontrol.

(8)

1 2 3 4 5 6

MCP-1

Lane 1: control Lane 2: IL-1β 5ng/ml

Lane 3: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 0.1% DMSO Lane 4: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 100 nM Tritpolide Lane 5: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 10 nM Triptolide Lane 6: IL-1β 5ng/ml + 1 nM Triptolide

GAPDH

Figure 2. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced MCP-1 gene expression. Total RNA was

extracted from SW1353 cells treated with or without 5 ng/ml IL-1and various concentrations of triptolide for 6 hours. MCP-1 mRNA level was determined by RT-PCR asdescribed in “Materials and Methods”.GAPDH wasasacontrol.

Phospho-JNK

JNK

-tubulin

Lane 1: control Lane 2: IL-15ng/ml

Lane 3: IL-15ng/ml + 0.1% DMSO Lane 4: IL-15ng/ml +100 nM Triptolide

Figure 3. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced JNK activation. Total protein was

extracted from SW1353 cells treated with or without 5 ng/ml IL-1 and various concentrations of triptolide for 1 hour. Lysates were subjected to Western analysis for phosphor-JNK, total JNK, and -tubulin levels. Shown are representative blots of three repeats.

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Lane 1: control Lane 2: IL-15ng/ml

Lane 3: IL-15ng/ml + 0.1% DMSO Lane 4: IL-15ng/ml +100 nM Triptolide

Phospho-ERK

ERK

-tubulin

Figure 4. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced ERK1/2 activation. Total protein was

extracted from SW1353 cells treated with or without 5 ng/ml IL-1 and various concentrations of triptolide for 1 hour. Lysates were subjected to Western analysis for phosphor-ERK1/2, total ERK1/2, and -tubulin levels. Shown are representative blots of three repeats.

Phospho-IB

IB

1 2 3 4

-tubulin

Lane 1: control Lane 2: IL-15ng/ml

Lane 3: IL-15ng/ml + 0.1% DMSO Lane 4: IL-15ng/ml +100 nM Triptolide

Figure 5. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced degradation of IB. Total protein was

extracted from SW1353 cells treated with or without 5 ng/ml IL-1 and various concentrations of triptolide for 1 hour. Lysates were subjected to Western analysis for phosphor-IB, total IB, and -tubulin levels. Shown are representative blots of three repeats.

數據

Figure 1. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced MMP-3 and MMP-13 genes expression.
Figure 2. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced MCP-1 gene expression. Total RNA was extracted from SW1353 cells treated with or without 5 ng/ml IL-1and various concentrations of triptolide for 6 hours
Figure 4. Effects of triptolide on IL-1-induced ERK1/2 activation. Total protein was extracted from SW1353 cells treated with or without 5 ng/ml IL-1 and various concentrations of triptolide for 1 hour

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