¯O7T¢RÞ@ÀÈ 7T¢R n.6pӘT qjt{ÛI6pT|¥Q ‰/Õ'T©"nŠ½T nk0aµ°€TÆV· x‰/nŒa€`Ť5‰ /›CT?Šz¿t{5B/ U«-d!Tn …®FG @JsE



ÌlÊ  3

‚¾ŸËTÉ&

œL%a¢gµ_7T¹:t Ç7T”Í—q³³v C9D¢IŠz¿¢­TBÔ

‘‰/:¥¼/TÖ+Þ@

ÂÜ7 X¤w#cAT·

x.†uÁT¬“t{ÛI

;¯O7T¢RÞ@ÀÈ 7T¢R n.6pӘT qjt{ÛI6pT|¥Q

‰/Õ'T©"nŠ½T

nk0aµ°€TÆV·

x‰/nŒa€`Ť5‰

/›CT?Šz¿t{5B/

U«-d!Tn …®FG

@JsE/

‰ob





ÌlÊ  3ŸËTÉ&

ŸË$tFam¡Ih*T,™¯OD~جTH¶!8šº—

=×ÒÐT»ÄgaŽ2ÑPTtÞT9¯O’‹ÑPT„Ä*Ya

£^T1.^!× ‡„ßMNš. »Ä4TZ±Y£!.Q  ªÙe}–@iTW<[×¢­fŸËr(@ig]¸ƒ¦TÚÙS„T )>ˆ\§ÏT´¨Ýw“TyK•²»ÄTÎmW\ŸËÞ@igƒ

¯Ÿ‡$ÎßFŠ›aŸËTm>‡

+:. É&TMc ŸË¥o¢g4Ü^QÙ6AÌ5#.Ÿ

ËÄT8› !d6A·›ÄÜ@iT*e

)T¢R

ŸË™9TÀJadn»ß˽qˍ)x)‡T)?Ԍ5f ØT€³SBnO?X  3¹T–ži»Ä•~²q&D—¶ÓT

`7®T'­TßË9[$Ž‰/4Œa,%ÖPT@i¢RŒU±qTa 6AŒI•\3%NqÐD5¯O­U’T¿Õ+Œa  †d_8 T^

IdH»Ä˜³/)?ԗ,TǜOŒ½a‰<Å~!X^@.Š×ËuØ

Ɲ!a‰<Ń¥“yw„œI.¨¾V'!.ŸË

5oTÚ!<.ɹRHÖP[SÊY8TqËa zW~MG T 
 sŠuMGT”uŽÒa‘’½1X›aXRuÒT1Ò*>T Ê Ò£d.[SʽMG…5†$f8MGŠSqËT¹8¢É

}»3ÖP%gMG¤Œ{/q˛t2 T´_[SÊYqË^!<.

Š­UoœˆÞ8MGT"RHn»­qË^6µY0@iU«­UVT4

 

ÌlÊ 


 

 ( $ ¢­H­GI ŒvœÝ*3ˆÞ‚H@i$ .MGqË

4Hn»­qË›a 

./ ( ŠPŒa9Ÿ¯OË¢RTœº

l  3d‡TÁÍ<.Š­ 8-  ×GT"4H´_­U’$ g$

!§5¯pT°M~—!.YhL$T¦}»ÃI  ×G3  3d|

K<.ÁÍT"RšI  ×GŠ­U’¼ÈI»Òd”@~H  /3?"PŒD5t{ª©Šu»t]I  k—aZCTa¸(?

¼È=  @j{$ ¥“Ñ£‡§5 ͗„šT»«›t©H©Ï_

YJtT°M9£D5¥o$b‹E§T¯p„Á3%‡±qYG.T n»"4a<.Û»›a. T"4H†%¡rƒ;R¬¬“f±T

¶q[׃¦5€Ì¬“-d‡¯OÎ.T¬co“»Ä-;D5.

‡5Û×E§T„Á¥o

ŠP)PY¥o$T¯p‡„!X/Ok<}HT†RD5$E‡

T„Á.#F—¿da-4TŸË‚›)xD5–$2AªÙa‰

<Å%t‡„zWrÖÁÍT|KE't».¯pßM9!i¯OšT

´_T!X¢RTÈdŸË҂ ‘T]



  k

1<yœLiĜL™¸-d3q¯O>V`«T»ÄHÁa‰/

œLª¢.»Ä½ÞÉT"4H ªÙßT`«SßTzwwßTYw

!ia¥wb‹ogTH½™}n»ŠP«tT"Rf±T]ß@ž›aBu wÒ«•Ø›$ ŒI‚c›a@ždƒ q•%‚c›a‚cdƒ q

•9Šq@i§I u†œÑ£aT«tn»ŒDz;=×9 WŒ

B*5tn»@6¶  \I  \T*5%‚c Ò  I  Ò  T*

5‚c-d@i%tU«qL#T@ž%‚c¢Á6AŒg5 WTqd

 0



















































*---+---,







tn»$a@׫DÊRU«WuSß.  Ò  T‚cI^a  \T%

‚cš.N uϝ.WuWÒPP@i›U«!.NuRNÌ5—zW‚c

Y0­¢Rn»6\¥wa¦‚TI^a¦%‚cTN$tÐ[0n»9fa

¿—ÙWTC&G7G«­S¨sVTgVí`« ¹@ig6An»*

FV ÊA»¯tTQ"R$ÈaŸË —šÂTqOa¯OÏ_- ÊWÒT*­8)œL¥o$HŸË.É&-4T$“

 ©½’! mX

{(¸Š6º<}»ÄŠC‰Ñ"˜z $a-d<.6º<$

Š»½œA•+. ‚¬# iœAÄT"4Jªq[/qj"˜Á֗]

ܽ§ßH¤±4Ê× ¼¯T<}TÄ]M6º<d@i$ ƒ

¬ÅvT%¡rƒœ"HJŒf•+»½œAWtŠ-Ê.»O¦$H

GŒSߥwTH½ÝŒnK‰/

5—6º<T_»Äm½S„Ämi.Nuq®.D5Td;

~Ot{.»T"4hLXqITVc Ê-’Ÿ<»Äm($(

OhLß[SÊ›a^%T"“4q›¥“Jq˽J‘’T¥»5nØQ

Ôj$“¹†

) ^%
 ( ^%!

 & 

$

T"“49!%5.·  d-È»TtG;OžŠSÃI  d_»½»Tt L;OžTÄ*.  3—!hL (  -ÊTFV!Y<.T"R§ÒD

—ŸË‰+W„²Ë½Ÿd¥»T°M9!FD5g$Š¹>T ØQ%±†z@H‡„dH/U,»Äm”pE28 (  ÎG!.Ÿ

5Œ$‰/ogT•Á­a”p¯tW„›a.A»¯t½¯t‡Ÿt d .ŸËIJa¯ogTW„.»Ä&5Ñ>²oT5@ŒD5g

$ŸËTØQ0Õ3Ú©T6p›Ž§.e²IŸË‰+

W„›a‘’½qË¥»anTØQS®›aŸ½ËT•+9›6@

i.É&gIT!%5ŠoJ.6AJ$ ÊD5HoJ.‘’qËT

nØQ-;ˬŸË¥PTͳ^

©½’! m

5—‰/TÚ5Ø-ÊH½T—:˜³/‚H

 3^‡¥*bŒ»[©±q-›Ü´ÄÄ Äod?»[

ӍÄ؄HÄ*Œ°,m–¯O©H¶Š/–!‰/TqhÜ


 

½U.XT—:©.[tŸ«TÂ܉/ØO»ÄT¥O!.ll T4¥“5‰/r֌5—W­f58¢TØQ0­ C—‘’½qË 5—•!xTuLST¯Î‡Ȅ$ŸËFŠSÎ..ªÙ*­

S„“šS™—,T›a5!85ŠXT•\}+8ŸË‰+

W„9±q!Fb®DŠ¹T"RdŸË/aY»R!ŠY5TÝ»Œ¢8 aqTA»ÁaIa Œa͗q9Ý3#.·)Ý»TØQ

ŇT\p’! m¯OcĽ»ÄŒ T5Ǿq‹N[/q..·

½Q»ÄTÞÉ¥»½|¡ 3!¢É«½»ÄQTMc Æ%

T%$ŸË/!5u‰+TPM›a0T|¡$ ¡UµTŠwY !

¤N»:WŸËYg.T|¡-d!¼T€nŸË+XgT|¡

£aG.’! mY.T^

ŸËTk…

͗ŸËT8œLG.¢É«HQrÖT#sµ%-;H‰

/T¤hS™‹5T¬rWa dZ¸¢É«ÐaGGT Ñu@

‹‹@in»‘’T"RaBR҄cdƒ RҕØd6µY0Wa

‘’(. & / ' . /



9fgJ ʑ’T£›aÞ  ©H©Þ 
 ©H©À_  ^HÑ@›a

‘’( . & /' 

 (  &   &  ' 



(  & 

 (  & 

9-d 
 b‹b‹À_ Y ›f±O  b‹b‹$ H!“: -;. 

ŠuÒT ʑ’d £¸ÝT‹M=3’Šq›7 Y -Xq¶ 

a £d†E ,T¥»d3@¶  a  t{Š¹a a  T






š -;ÎGŸË8TªÙ‰/rÖ9!.a+5‰/tŒ¾¬T5"

±qT©½’! mÑ£¶.—†!aSogTT%9¢RªÙdA$

.U«IB^²$ËŠurÖ ](—»Äe‰/3]IV?EÈTW

ŸAȯpŸË¿ÙŒC



Ÿ"“½ŸœA

=;Ü^i$tТR„ªL|ŸËa/¸lT>U«¯Od

TÚ.^@Š×¢g.S„ÄTMcÑ u‹8½ÃKTÎ. Ÿ"“

 uEoÙweTÎ. ŸœA?6;$ ÞܗªO*eÑ>²o TM+

 Ÿ"“

±@iª¢ªÙ*eT*­“šq™»T"4Wa€a“š@6¶‡

›Ä¬T 

¦O½«r%‚c±„Š.ŠTI?‹. ‚›¤˜³

m“piÐa¤¢—AISÒDTˆ\Fª¢.»Ä4HW«T€¿<

S6A¥*™d@i¥“hL*­“š™"WT"Ra€a<Sa6AÝwT/

Š¹TÝw‹‹‹‹T%OÝ«½+XTS!L±8-­aTµ%«q‹

½+X5s»ØQI^aSߊcT[½+XTŠc!5s»ØQ/±

@iU«a6AÝwT›$ –WTs(J$<S®ŸTÝwG4ŠWaŸ

"“TU¢

Tpa$t¬ONšdќu>ßT@@iŠ×)Óª ŸË

T|¡Šu|¡.ŸË²T U› ¹‹IZ¸I?›H! 8¯

Tµ›µOX7§*~~2A-¢ŒITI?

.S„n»‚cT"RaRҝT•Øƒ 9¬ŠX•ØYNTq

N6\@¢gg.W uϝW uWÒ@T‚c›a.@ϝ9¬T•Ø

ƒ ϝYNTq.»Ä4¹:

‚cŠ uϝT@ž¡nX uϝT@ž

ϝYNTq @ž

q

/%‚cT»Rb‹Ù8&aϝT‚cdƒ ϝYNTq&¹:

%‚cŠ uϝT‚c¡nX uϝT‚c

ϝYNTq ‚c

q



 



6\H%‚c.@žHO¦T£›a

%‚c

1@ž

q²

q ⁽

@ž

.q/

gIŠ²-$t§u*¨/¬~­adZ¸  ¤Ý8*"qT  qdZ

¸YaÈu*" 6\y¢YdT Ÿ›¤¥“ŠE'a+„T-d%‚c›

a

%‚c

Š uϝT‚c¡nX uϝT‚c ϝYNTq



ŠuϝT@ž¡nX uϝT@ž

ϝ ^'

X uϝT@ž¡nXX uϝT@ž

ϝ

ϝ

6\.’¼¦T»Ä7@i¶@žd‚cd%‚cdqd

›$ ¹$

 ( 

 (



=;ŸËT|¡ZxE8@i$ ,¬ÍHggXqITŸ"“

6\*@ЀŒ‡„YÄT S®$ ¹8 
›¤a

 ( 

 (



6\U«6AU .U«Ý"4TtL›t,@ža6AÝT

@i$tª$¥T` tT]>¹;T'1*5E')T-Ê9Œt .) sŸ"“.U«UT"4dŒIIuSß*7T¥w"4

Šq$t¤5PÜ^GT-ÓTŠu@‡ŒÄ¬5D5Z¸‰£ÒT
N›Þ@iH# u§?TŸ"“¤™Å"“46µ5. aÀ r5uØ[_TÒ!i*75)TŠc@iŒU«Šc)TI?~

Ø. ‚¤˜³¤*¯]IY5ÒŒ5— ¹TŠc9<®5PƒŸ-È T5"›a uÒTŠcÝa˜³Ï__×RuÒT*5t/Ý’Ra-



O½*5tT•ØFŠPҝT•Øa¢ÉÀ_T6\ߕqTOb

ŠcÝ7









ŠcÝ«

ÒŠc[.

¬„dNÎ

„dŠc

ÒŠc„

$ ¥“S®/ӊcÝb‹TnK@i%ÀgU«uҊcY8TµG IBa4Ða4TÐ5&IB5/Á©ÁRŠcÝ©7-dŸË/Ó µG!4T"4›a<.*Ÿ.Šc¯NŸR*Hߕ&T!46\¶

ŠcTA»"† q"† /SßTŤQ»d ¥.@iYUTH½Sß

ŠcTÝ’-OŠc.NYG8TµG5/Á @i›$ ¹$¤™Å T"“4



 ( 



XqIT ¹@i%U«<STÝ¡49%g–W>{Ts(›tª$

!i™dT¹

ƒ©”¥wW\½¤™Å"“4'5‰/S„4Œa Ÿ"“H O¦TZ=$ ¸œ5¶ S„E'a}‰OŸ"“TP!FH›a

«ÄT¶b"“4 ' 





 & ././ ( 





 



∂XqIT  S®a ¹TI?%5PŸTdv

ÄTJw"“4



 ( 







Ð5‰/ wN ‡Yƒ¦Î…5O¦$S„W\TŸ"“ŠPŒ}‰

“M¤Áa*5‚T„¢5Ia“gaD5›¤‚:7.T™‘

IaW<I>T1‹>Œa}‰OŠP ŸË:d‰ºTŸ"“Œ/·

5_  3NPˆ$»ÄmT½Ã¡5Š 

ŸœA

6\¶Ÿ"“–@iOa7£TtN¸ŸœA–T›aÙ¯O„µ cT¢­tÞ@i5thLNT3-¼½<}T<}g6A`-½,Ô

}WŸœAT‰º

d.  3!TÄ*«hT%‚«hœA›aŠ„žT•\EI  µN±

qŠÙZTQÐaf±‰­TÖ+«h<®œ‰,H  3‰/»Äm

*4T»Ä·x/ŸœA™—,TÎ.›a  kO£-žAYT%HªÙ oTßf¯Á dE2I7wm@„ÁTœAm@„Á<.ŸœAH ÀÈ<}T°$«.¥7Ã;Œa$G“TogM+

ßf¯Á™ogT•Á›a¥“o<®qN3-{8T•\$ad

€@i§.3-TNN¸g6A¥“ ›­À_5qTФ¿d5ta

*T ¹3-%t½NTw¡UI@6¶±@i…54X9Y,I wÒfKi5¿d7. u*ATNa+„TŸœA™lTt

›aΣ@id€7:×T Œa*AT!£t{³ß uNT3-LL

$ €a„µNT¥:¡4/ÃŸf¯ÁdS„ÄmœLf4Š*­S

„“šÔjd„µNTœAH½.@i*jT 
 µT4Ä

/ŸœA.m@„ÁT†R$ ¢­8 $¥TžPL±“Y

`«@ž‚c±¼‚¦*­»tŒaWu„µ-qT Ò/°$Ra.

NÒ`4;T"4T¥ÍH@i+XTL±}4;TL±›$ <.ŸœA HQ6Am@ $¥XC#T5"^

%

%•š

ŸËT%‚@iT“i8¯_¯Ÿ‡I¯›¯‡ÑT®S

1‹>*e.SŒtgI!TÎ.@6¶@i6An»™‘ʲT“˜J™

Äq6ADJ;©To«¤6A͗DoGÝI^a6An»6;T\QT



•²lc/ŠPŒa‰/ˆ$TX Ò —zËT•\ÎG@iĤŸË

xˆNšT«„I£e.ŸËY}HTW<

g

g.Ú=cŽq2

1.
Richard I. Gillings, (1982). Mathematics In The Time Of The Pharaohs. NewYork:

Dover Publications, Inc.

2.
ŸË‰+W„T¥oÉ&.€ÄTÎ.½o¥»Ä™¸ÁW0

2012https://web.math.sinica.edu.tw/math_media/d363/36305.pdf

3.
The geometrical lectures of Isaac Barrow, translated, with notes and proofs, and a discussion on the advance made therein on the work of his predecessors in the infinitesimal calculusInternet Archive

https://archive.org/details/geometricallectu00barruoft/page/n17/mode/2up

4.
C. H. Edwards, Jr., (1979). The Historical Development of the Calculus. Springer-Verlag.

5.
ŸËÓ<(»Ä™¸ÂH
kÅe2006

https://web.math.sinica.edu.tw/mathmedia/HTMLarticle18.jsp?mID=30103

6.
Archimedes’ quadrature of the parabola and the method of exhaustionJohn Abbott Collegehttps://www.math.mcgill.ca/rags/JAC/NYB/exhaustion2.pdf


What is geometric control theory?Quora(2021/Apr)

https://www.quora.com/What-is-geometric-control-theory