Module (I)
Introduction to Tourism
1
June 12, 2018
Key Topics
• Tourism concepts and principles
• Tourism industry sectors and distribution channels
• Impacts of tourism: economic, social cultural, and environmental impacts
• Tourism organisations
Tourism Concepts and
Principles
Terminology and Definitions
Travel
– Encompasses all kinds of journey from one place to another, e.g. travel to work, reside, study or transit etc.
Tourism
– Comprises travelling to and staying in places
outside the usual environment for less than one year for non-remunerated activities (UNWTO)
4
Types of Tourism
Domestic Tourism
– Trips made by residents within their countries
International Tourism
– Trips involve between 2 or more countries.
Inbound Tourism Outbound Tourism
5
Activity 1:
Types of Tourism
Discuss the following cases and decide:
(1) who is a tourist; and (2) whether he/ she is an outbound tourist, inbound tourist or domestic tourist;
from the perspective of Hong
Kong
Cases
1. Mr. Chan flies from New York to Hong Kong for his summer holidays.
2. Anna travels from Guangzhou to Shanghai to visit her grandparents for a week.
3. Joan takes a business trip from Hong Kong to
Beijing for two days, and then flies to London
with her husband for the Christmas holidays.
Cases (cont’d)
4. Peter, who stays in Sydney, goes to San
Francisco to study for 6 months and transit in Hong Kong.
5. Mr. Wong has been relocated to work in Taipei for a year.
6. May and Joyce go to Shenzhen for shopping and return back to Hong Kong on the same day
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Put a in the appropriate box
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Case Tourist (Yes / No) International Domestic Inbound Outbound
1
2
3
4
5
6
Put a in the appropriate box
10
Case Tourist (Yes / No) International Domestic Inbound Outbound
1 Yes
2 Yes
3 Yes
4 No
5 No
6 No
Tourism Figures
World’s Top Tourist Destinations (UNWTO, 2017) https://www.e-
unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419029
Infographics – International Tourism 2017 (UNWTO, 2017)
http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics
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International Tourism Timeline 1950-2030
http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics
12Market Share by Region of Tourist Arrivals and Tourism Receipts
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http://media.unw
to.org/content/inf
ographics
Tourist Arrivals and Tourism Receipts by Region
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http://media.unw
to.org/content/inf
ographics
Mode of Transport and Purpose of Visit
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http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics
World’s Top Tourism Earners
http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics
16World’s Top Tourism Spenders 2017
http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics
17Why Tourism Matters
http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics
18Tourism is Much More Than You Image
http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics
19Types of Tourist
Travellers
– Any person who is taking a trip within or outside his /her own country of residence irrespective of the purpose of travel or means of transport
Tourists (Overnight Visitors)
– A person who visits a place outside his / her
residence and working place, and stays for at least 24 hours, for the purpose of leisure or business
– International / domestic tourists
20
Types of Tourist (cont’d)
Excursionists (Same-day Visitors or Day Trippers)
– A person visits a place and stays for less than 24
hours, for the purpose of leisure or business, but not for transit
• International – e.g. cruise visitors
• Domestic – e.g. Shenzhen visitors
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Classification of Tourists
• Cohen’s Classification
• Plog’s Theory
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Cohen’s Classification
Cohen’s Classification:
Non-institutionalized tourists
– The drifter – The explorer
Institutionalized tourists
– The individual mass tourist
– The organized mass tourist
Cohen’s Tourist Typology
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Institutionalized Tourism
Highly catered by the tourism industry
The Organized Mass Tourist
Not adventurous, seek for familiar and
comfortable environment (environmental bubble), purchase packaged tours
The Individual Mass Tourist
Similar to the organized mass tourist, tours are arranged by a travel agency except greater flexibility and control of tour arrangements
Non-institutionalized Tourism
Loosely attached to the tourism industry
The Explorer
Self-arranged tours to unusual places. Look for comfortable sleeping facilities and reliable means of transportation
The Drifter
Live the way the locals live, minimal or no connection with the tourism industry
Examples
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Institutionalized Tourism
The Organized Mass Tourist – Packaged tours– Cruise packages
– Special interest tours (SIT) – Incentive tours
The Individual Mass Tourist – Self-drive tours
– Air and hotel packages – Hosted sightseeing tours
Non-institutionalized Tourism
The Explorer– Trans-island cycling tours
– Visiting new / novel destinations The Drifter
– Working holidays – Student exchange
Video
• Backpacker skills: how to master your Bear Spray
• https://www.backpacker.com/videos-
photos/master-bear-spray
Plog’s Theory
Plog’s Theory
• Ranging from psychocentric to allocentric at
either extreme of the personality scale
Allocentric Mid-centric Psychocentric
• Seek for new experiences and adventure
• Explore new and unusual areas
• Interact with local people
• Majority of travelers
• Seek well-known
established destinations
• Receptive to new experiences
• More conservative and less adventurous
• Choose destinations similar to home
environment
• Highly concern about safety and security Plog’s Classification of Tourist Personalities
Source: Plog Research, Inc., Leisure Travel – Making It a Growth Market Again, John Wiley & Sons, 1974
Allocentric Tourist
• Individuals with allocentric personality would try new food and seek self-fulfilling learning experiences and adventures
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Psychocentric Tourist
• Individuals with psychocentric personality have a strong need for consistency and
familiarity
30
Example:
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The Travel Needs of Millennials
• Millennials have become the fastest growing
customer segment with the hospitality industry.
Exploration, interaction and experience are the focus of Millennial who are willing to pay for a greater experience (Rauch 2014) .
• Who are Millennials?
– Millennials are generally refereed to those who were
born in early 1980s to early 2000s.
Needs of Millennials
• Search for unique and novel experience.
• Look for an overall gourmet experience for a reasonable price
• New lobby design integrated with their needs, e.g.
lobby bars and restaurants are wide and open enough to provide spaces for them to hang around together.
• Interested in utilizing technology to do things
• Speaking up. Turn to Twitter, Facebook, TripAdvisor to voice out complaints and share experience
• Source: Rauch R. (2014).Top 10 Hospitality industry Trends in 2015. Retrieved from http://www.4hoteliers.com/features/article/8736
Trends in Hospitality and Tourism Industry
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJ8Mom
wv7Qk
10 Trends in Hospitality & Tourism Industry
1. Providing healthy food 2. E-booking
3. Providing wellness service 4. Extreme sports
5. Green- sustainable tourism & hospitality 6. Low budget tourism
7. Innovative technology
8. Social network promotions 9. Sharing economy
10. E-payment
Activity 2: Forms of Tourism
Examples Leisure / Holiday Tourism
Business Tourism Cultural Tourism Eco-tourism Study Tourism
Religious Pilgrimage Health Tourism
Visiting Friends and Relatives
Sports Tourism 36
Think about some examples for each form of tourism.
Suggested Answers
Examples
Leisure / Holiday Tourism Caribbean cruising, northern lights tour to Iceland
Business Tourism Trade shows, conventions, exhibitions and meetings etc.
Cultural Tourism Angkor Wat, observe Peruvian women weaving with alpaca wool, learn about tea ceremony in Japan
Eco-tourism Living in a tree house in Laos, rainforest exploration in Amazon Forest
Study Tourism Studying Korean language in Seoul, student exchange programs Religious Pilgrimage Christian pilgrimage to Israel, Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
Health Tourism Cosmetic surgery in Korea, spa tourism in Thailand, medical tourism in Malaysia
Visiting Friends and
Relatives Popular countries of VFR – Australia, the USA, Canada
Sports Tourism Skiing in Hokkaido, watching the Olympics, diving in Maldives 37
Travel Motivations
• Why do we go travelling?
• Why do we choose to travel to a certain place?
• Why do we participate in certain travel activity?
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The Formation of Travel Motivations and Travel Actions
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Factors that Influence Travel Motivations and Actions
Individual Factors
Economic capacity
Spare time
Sex, age and physical conditions
Psychological factors
External Environmental
Factors
Development of tourism
industry Group, family
and social atmosphere
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Travel Motivation Theory
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• The Push and Pull Theory
• Hudman’s Motivators of Travel
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
42
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Activity 3:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Suggest appropriate tourist activities/behavior
to different levels of the hierarchy needs.
Self-actualization
needs Travel around the world, space tourism, travel to the North/South Pole, bungee jump, climbing the Himalayas Esteem needs Shopping at brand shops, staying at 5-star hotels; visiting
Michelin restaurants
Social needs VFR, group tours, honeymoon, sharing photos on social media, WIFI
Safety needs Safe destinations, hotel accommodations, travel insurance
Physiology needs Food and beverage service, toilet facilities
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Suggested Answers
The Push and Pull Theory
Push Factors
Internal or intangible factors lead to the formation of travel desires
e.g. escape, rest and relaxation, adventure, knowledge seeking
Pull Factors
Attractiveness of the destination that draw travellers to visit the place
e.g. climate, scenic beauty, historical attractions
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Hudman’s Motivators of Travel
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Tourism Product and Destination Planning
• Butler’s Destination Life Cycle
• Carrying Capacity
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Butler’s Destination Life Cycle
49
Source : Butler, R.W. (1980) 'The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for the management of resources', The Canadian Geographer 24(2): 5-12.
Characteristics of Destinations in Different Stages of the Destination Life Cycle
Stage Characteristic
Exploration • Few explorers or drifters, visiting sites with no public facilities
• Visitors attracted to the destination by a natural physical feature
• Specific visitor type of a select nature
Involvement • Limited interaction between local residents and the developing tourism industry leads to the provision of basic services
• Increased advertising induces a definable pattern of seasonal variation
• Definite market are begins to emerge
Development • Development of additional tourist facilities and increased promotional efforts
• Greater control of the tourist trade by outsiders
• Number of tourists at peak periods far outweighs the size of the resident population, inducing rising antagonism by the latter towards the former
Source: Agarwal, S. (1997). The Resort Cycle and Seaside Tourism: An Assessment of its Applicability and Validity. Tourism Management, 18(2), pp 65-73. 50
Characteristics of Destinations in Different Stages of the Destination Life Cycle (cont’)
Stage Characteristic
Consolidation • Tourism has become a major part of the local economy, but growth rates have begun to level off
• A well-delineated business district has taken shape
• Some of the older deteriorating facilities becomes less attractive to visitors
• Local efforts are made to extend the tourist season
Stagnation • Peak numbers of tourists and capacity levels are reached
• The destination has a well-established image, but it is no longer in fashion Post-
stagnation • Five possibilities, reflecting a range of options that may be followed,
depending partly on the success of local management decisions. At either extreme are rejuvenation and decline
51 Source: Agarwal, S. (1997). The Resort Cycle and Seaside Tourism: An Assessment of its Applicability and Validity. Tourism Management, 18(2), pp 65-73.
Activity 4: Case Study
Article - ‘Tracing Malaysia Tourism Development Lifecycle’
• Discuss the various strategic options for different life cycle stages.
• (Source: https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_3_March_2014/19.pdf )
52
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying capacity can be defined as
– “the maximum number of people who can use a destination without unacceptable changes in the environment and without unacceptable changes in the enjoyment gained by visitors.”
53
Five Types of Carrying Capacity
Physical carrying capacity
Environment carrying capacity
Psychological carrying capacity Economical
carrying capacity Social-cultural
carrying capacity
Physical Carrying Capacity • Accommodation, tourist facilities, roads and water supply
• Car park spaces, capacity of restaurants / theme parks
• Local transport capacity
Environmental Carrying
Capacity • Trampling of grassland
• Disturbance of wildlife
• Physical erosion of landscape Psychological Carrying
Capacity
• Visitors’ demand
• Visitors’ attitudes to other users’ behaviour
• Visitors’ tolerance to physical wear and tear Economical Carrying
Capacity
• Rise of property price
• Rise of commodity price Social-cultural Carrying
Capacity
• The acceptance of tourists by local people
Activity 5:
Discussion on Negative Impacts
News – ‘Problems faced by Dubrovnik’
What kinds of impacts brought by tourism development?
– Crowds and cruise ships have 'ruined' Dubrovnik
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/c roatia/dubrovnik/articles/dubrovnik-faces-overcrowding- cruise-ship-visitors-/
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Criticism of Carrying Capacity
1. Difficult to implement
2. Some of the types of capacity are subjective.
3. The current techniques for measuring capacity are rather crude and do not take into account:
1. The type of tourism and market segments which the destination attracts
2. The type of destination and the fragility of the environment 4. The assumption is too simplistic
5. The measurement of the capacity does not consider the cost of
reducing tourist volume
Tourism Distribution
Channels
• One-stage
• Two-stage
• Three-stage
59
Types of
Distribution Channel
One-stage Suppliers
Customers
60
Two-stage
Suppliers
Travel Agencies
Customers
61
Three-stage
Suppliers
Wholesalers /Tour operators
Travel Agencies
Customers
62
Suppliers
• Airlines
• Hotels
• Cruise companies
• Restaurants
• Attractions
• Rail companies
63
Travel Wholesalers
• Buy large quantities from suppliers and sell in smaller quantities to retailers
• Bulk purchase generates economies of scale
• May sell directly to consumers
64
• Plan and sell group tours
• Purchase from different suppliers
• Sell through
– Own retail outlets or
– Other retail travel agencies
• Deliver own services
– Tour escort/guide
65
Tour Operators
• Act on behalf on suppliers and /or travel wholesalers
• Provide a convenient sales network for both suppliers & customers
• Receive commission from suppliers or mark up net rates to earn a profit
66
Travel Agencies
Functions of Travel Agencies
Providing one-stop tourism products
The most important retail channel for tourism products
Facilitating customers’ tourism activities
Promoting the development of tourism industry
67
Product Knowledge Required by a Travel Agent
Product Knowledge Examples
1. Destinations • Climatic conditions;
• Political situations;
• Special events and public holidays;
• Customs, culture and cuisine of country/destination;
• Major attractions;
• Health and other hazards;
• Currency exchange rates;
• Travel regulations and documents; and
• Accommodation facilities, etc.
2. Airlines • Reservation system;
• Route operations;
• Flight schedules;
• Fares;
• Types of airplanes;
• Services offered on board; and
• Connecting flights, etc.
Source: Indira Gandhi National Open University (2012). Managerial practices in tourism– 1, Unit 23– Travel agencies. 68 R t i d f htt // k h i /bit t /123456789/36596/1/U it 23 df
Product Knowledge Required by a Travel Agent (cont’d)
Product Knowledge Examples
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3. Airports • Timings;
• Facilities;
• Custom and security regulations;
• Taxes; and
• Distances from cities, etc.
4. Surface (Rail and Road)
and Water Transport • Time tables;
• Connections;
• Fares and car rentals;
• Facilities; and
• Reservation systems and procedures, etc.
5. Principal Suppliers • Image and financial standing;
• Service offered;
• Quality of service; and
• Commissions offered, etc.
6. Knowledge of Other Aspects • Package tours;
• Local excursions; and
• Special interest tours, etc
Source: Indira Gandhi National Open University (2012). Managerial practices in tourism– 1, Unit 23– Travel agencies Retrieved from http://www egyankosh ac in/bitstream/123456789/36596/1/Unit 23 pdf
Impacts of Tourism
Tourism Impacts
It is conventional to consider the impacts of tourism under the headings of:
1. Economic
2. Socio-cultural 3. Environmental
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Economic Benefits & Costs
Benefits Costs
Leakage Financial costs
Inflation Seasonal jobs
Foreign exchange Jobs generation /
regional growth GDP Growth / tax
revenue
Business / personal income
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An Example of the Multiplier Effect
Tourist pays the hotel
Hotel pays the food suppliers
Staff of food suppliers spend part
of the salary in a salon
Direct Revenue Indirect Revenue Induced Revenue
The Multiplier Effect
• Money spent by tourists in a destination has both primary (direct) and secondary (indirect
& induced) benefits.
• Direct effect (first-order)
– The new spending on the first tier service providers in the
destination, e.g. enterprises offering facilities for tourists
such as hotels, attractions and transport operators.
• Indirect effect (second order)
– In order to produce the services, the enterprises must purchase certain inputs from other business. If these inputs were from local suppliers, these purchases represent additional local economic activity. E.g.
restaurants purchase food from the local markets; travel
agencies hire tour buses from coach companies.
• Induced effect (third order)
– The additional spending that occurs when employees of
tourism-related businesses spend their income on other
service spectrum such as housing, food, transportation
and other services.
Activity 6:
Discussion on Positive Impacts
How Dubai is benefited from tourism development?
http://www.dubai-information- site.com/tourism-in-dubai.html
77
Leakage
• Some countries, normally the less developed countries, cannot enjoy the benefits brought by tourism due to the fact that most of the tourism incomes are not retained in the local economy. This is known as leakage. Two major kinds of leakage
– Import leakage – Export leakage
Leakage in the tourism industry
Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZfA2Rns6bM
Import Leakage
• This happens when tourists demand standard of equipment, food and other products that the host country cannot supply, especially in less-developed countries.
• The average imported-related leakage
– In most developing economies: 40% to 50% of the gross tourism earnings
– In most advanced and diversified economies: 10% to 20%.
Export Leakage
• Multinational corporations and large foreign businesses invest heavily in the construction of tourism infrastructures and facilities.
• An export leakage arises when overseas
investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits back to their country of
origin.
Activity 7:
Give Examples on Leakage
Imported goods and services required by tourists
Imported capital goods and services required by the tourism industry
Imports for building the tourism infrastructure
Factor payments
Imported materials required by domestic
producers
Suggested Answers
Imported goods and services required by tourists
petrol, food
Imported capital goods and services required by the tourism industry
furniture, hotel supplies, architect’s fees
Imports for building the tourism infrastructure
airport, roads and cruise terminals
Factor payments repatriated profits, wages and hotel management fees
Imported materials required by domestic producers
raw materials
The Demonstration Effect
• Demonstration effect means the local people imitate the lifestyle of tourists.
• According to the acculturation theory , when two cultures
interact, the dominant culture overpowers the weaker
one, resulting in changes within the weaker culture.
Social-cultural Impacts
Positive
Improve the way of life
Encourage cultural exchange
Boost for cultural conservation
Negative
Congestion, change of occupation, health problems
Commodification of culture
Demonstration effect
Crime, prostitution, sex tourism
84
Occupation Change
Lifestyle Change
Cultural Commoditization
• The exotic cultures are attractive to tourists. Tourism firms or local people try to package these cultures for sale.
• Tourists seek for cultural experiences, e.g. dances or rituals with religious / cultural properties.
• Since some rituals may take days to perform, which may not fit into tourists’ schedule. Therefore, the
rituals are staged to fit into tourist’s time frame. This
is known as cultural commoditization.
• Cultural commoditization also occurs when local people mass produce handicrafts to sell to tourists, bypassing traditional methods of manufacturing
• Moreover, local traditions are commoditized by
marketing concepts. As a result, strong traditions are ignored and eventually lost as they become products for sale
Cultural Commoditization (cont’d)
Commercialization of Festivals
Commercialization of Arts and Crafts
Doxey’s Irritation Index
Level of Irritation Responses of Local Residents Likely Stage(s) in Destination Life Cycle Butler (1980)
1. Euphoria Visitors are welcome and there is little tourism planning
2. Apathy Visitors are taken for granted and contact with tourists becomes more formal
3. Irritation /
Annoyance Saturation is approached and the local people have misgivings. Planning try to control via
increasing infrastructure rather than controlling the growth
4. Antagonism Open expression of irritation; planning is remedial; more promotion to offset the deteriorating reputation
91
Doxey’s Irritation Index
Level of Irritation Responses of Local Residents Likely Stage(s) in Destination Life Cycle Butler (1980)
1. Euphoria Visitors are welcome and there is little tourism
planning Exploration
Involvement 2. Apathy Visitors are taken for granted and contact with
tourists becomes more formal Development
3. Irritation /
Annoyance Saturation is approached and the local people have misgivings. Planning try to control via
increasing infrastructure rather than controlling the growth
Consolidation
4. Antagonism Open expression of irritation; planning is remedial; more promotion to offset the deteriorating reputation
Stagnation Decline
92
Doxey’s Irritation Index – Attitude of Local People
1. Euphoria — delight in contact
2. Apathy — increasing indifference with larger number of visitors
3. Irritation / Annoyance — concerns and annoyance over price rises, crime, rudeness, and cultural rules being broken
4. Antagonism — covert and overt aggression to
visitors
Activity 8:
Discussion on Negative Impacts
News - ‘The most overcrowded tourist destinations’
• Discuss the negative impacts caused by the over-development of tourism.
• (Source: https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and- advice/most-overcrowded-tourist-destinations-amsterdam- rome-venice-warsaw-dubrovnik-a8108096.html )
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Positive Environmental Impacts
Preservation and conservation of environment
Enhancement of environment
Development of environmental awareness
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Negative Environmental Impacts
Negative Impacts
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Noise pollution Visual
pollution Distributio
n of wildlife &
vegetation pollutionAir
Video on Tourism Impacts
Impact of Tourism on the Himalayas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWXLA00t aMo
97
Tourism Organisations
Tourism Commission
• Vision and Strategy
– http://www.tourism.gov.hk/english/about/abt_vision.html
• Major tourism projects
– http://www.tourism.gov.hk/english/current/current.html
• Review of the Operation and Regulatory Framework of the Tourism Sector in Hong Kong
– http://www.tourism.gov.hk/english/papers/files/consultatio n_paper_en.pdf
• Development blueprint for Hong Kong’s Tourism Industry
– http://www.tourism.gov.hk/popup/files/Development_Blue print_for_Hong_Kongs_Tourism_Industry_Eng.pdf
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