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(1)

OvidSP Browse Journals Features

Presenter Place City Etc.

Search EBM in OvidSP

李紹廸 / Judy Lee 飛資得資訊

[email protected] 2010年3月2日(二)

(2)

實證醫學是……

“ Evidence-based medicine is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values”

-Dave Sackett,

BMJ, 1996

(3)

實施實證醫學的5個步驟

5 Steps In

EBM Practice 5 Steps

5 Steps In In

EBM Practice EBM Practice

1

問題的形成 文獻的搜尋

2

3

資料的評讀 臨床的應用

4

5

過程的稽核

(4)

PICO

Identify terms to fit your PICO question

文獻的搜尋:由PICO開始,找出實證文獻

Finding the Evidence. (revised from Oxford’s Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.)

Look for Secondary Sources – EBMR & B@O

Search for Primary Sources - Medline MeSH MeSH Terms Terms

Filter Tools Filter Tools

• Focus

• Explode

• SubHeading

• Clinical Queries

• Level of evidence

• Systematic reviews

• Publication Type

• ACP Journal Club

• Cochrane DSR, CTR & CMR

• DARE

• HTA, and NHSEED

ƒ EBMR

ƒ Books@Ovid

OvidSP

(5)

Look for Secondary Sources – EBMR & Books@Ovid

(6)

檢索 – Books@Ovid

• thrombolytic therapy and AMI

輸入: AMI and thrombolytic therapy

(7)
(8)

查詢的結果依據關聯度依序顯示(最高為5顆星) 透過自然語言延展查詢,系

統會主動查詢所有相關詞彙

顯示在該本書中 相關的內文段落

點選 Ovid Full Text 直接連結書中內文

(9)

相關內文段落會 以黃色區塊標示

綠色區塊部分標示出目前閱讀的章節位置

紙本實際頁碼

紙本實際分頁以虛線表示

(10)

Search for Primary Sources - Medline

(11)

在Medline檢索EBM文獻

A. 關於醫學標題MeSH

1. MeSH自動比對

2. 精準檢索(Focus):找出重點文獻

3. 擴展檢索(Explode):善用醫學標題樹狀表 4. 副標題檢索(SubHeading)

5. MeSH 檢索工具

B. 關鍵字檢索技巧

C. 證據等級(level of evidence)

1. 以Clinical Queries區分問題種類

2. 區分研究種類

(12)

A. 關於醫學標題MeSH

• MeSH(Medical Subject Heading)

– NLM用以分析生物醫學方面之期刊文獻、圖書、視聽 資料、電子資源等資源的主題內容之控制語彙表,亦 為MEDLINE/PubMED資料庫主題檢索的索引典。

– 每篇文獻會被賦予數個主要MeSH與次要MeSH

標示為 主要MeSH

標示為 主要MeSH

MeSH MeSH 搭配前方MeSH 的副標題 搭配前方MeSH

的副標題

(13)

樹狀結構MeSH:

以階層方式(hierarchical)展現廣義詞和狹義詞間的關係

Broader Term 廣義主題 Broader Term

廣義主題

Narrower Term 狹義主題 Narrower Term

狹義主題

屬於同一個 Broader Term的

相關主題 屬於同一個 Broader Term的

相關主題

3

表示同時查詢 狹義主題 表示同時查詢

狹義主題

(14)

每個MeSH會有對應的副標題可做進階分類

(15)

Advanced Ovid Search

• 適用於一般或資深使用者

• 查詢方式:查詢完整資料

– Keyword:

• 比對主題詞:提高查詢精確度

• 關鍵字查詢

– Author:以作者查詢

– Title:以題名查詢,只查詢題名上的關鍵字 – Journal:以期刊名查詢,不可使用縮寫

Enterovirus

(16)

MeSH比對規則

1. Map Term to Subject Heading:先比對後統計 2. 先一一比對在MeSH中有無可對應的標準主題。

3. 如果比對不到標準主題時,先收集在文章篇名、摘 要等書目欄位中有出現過我們所輸入的關鍵字的所 有文獻。

4. 再統計這些文獻中所有標準主題出現的次數。

5. 出現最多次的這些標準主題就會被列入MeSH的建議 選單中。

6. 如果我們在主題建議清單中還是沒有找到適合的,

Ovid還是會把關鍵字帶入資料庫中的重要欄位進行 查詢。

(17)

Keyword:

比對主題詞

3 3

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使用副標題精確檢索內容

3 3

(19)

Explode Subheading

Map Terms

Scope Note

Permuted Index

Tree

MeSH Search

Tools

相同於Advanced Ovid Search

直接比對MeSH

直接進入MeSH樹狀圖 瞭解醫學標題上下階層、

從屬關係

直接進入到Subheading

定義查詢研究方向

瞭解醫學標題詞

涵括範圍與定義 直接延展醫學標題詞

用於不知如何下檢索標 題詞時,可利用此查參

考的檢索用詞。

Ovid Medline的Search Tools 將MeSH做進階的運用,使用者

可以針對需求作直接性的查找

Ovid’s MeSH Search Tools

(20)

Search Tools

• Map Term:主題比對;等同於Advanced Ovid Search之Map Term to Subject Heading。

• Tree:顯示以樹狀構造排列之主題表;標準控制詞彙以具階級架構的樹狀圖排列,使用者可以 了解輸入之關鍵字或片語可對應的主題所在位置以及了解相關父階層或子階層的主題。

• Permuted Index:替代索引;藉由輸入單一關鍵字顯示所有包含此關鍵字的主題、Related

terms和Used-for terms等。

• Scope Note:名詞解釋;提供該標準主題詞彙的參考資料。

• Explode:延展主題查詢;延展搜尋結果,包含該主題以及子階層之主題。

• Subheadings:指定MeSH的副標題查詢;查詢並顯示標準主題詞彙的副標題,副標題詞幫助者找 尋描述某一標題詞特定觀點資料。

20

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21

3 3

(22)

22

(23)

23

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從Keyword到MeSH

• 試試下面的檢索詞:

– Advanced Search Search

• 創傷後症候群:PTSD

• 注意力不足過動症:ADHD

• 肺結核:TB

• 腸胃道出血:GI bleeding

• 產婦憂鬱:Mother Blues / baby blues

• 粒線體夏娃:Mitochondrial Eve

– Search Tools:Permuted Index

• 潰瘍:Ulcer

24

Ovid提供精確

的檢索結果

Ovid提供精確

的檢索結果

(25)

副標題詞(SubHeadings)

• MeSH除了目前已提供的標題詞(Subject Heading),

另外亦提供83個對應主題上的副標題

(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/topsubscope2008.html)

• 副標題詞幫助讀者找尋描述某一標題詞特定觀點資料

• 這些副標題給予2個字母的代碼來表示,如副標題 Nursing即以NU表示,更能方便檢索進行。

• 副標題詞的查詢:

– Floating Sub-Heading (FS):指定特定副標題詞查詢

– Exploded Sub-Heading (XS):某些副標題詞實際上又可以 被歸類成同一類主題,目前共有31類。當我們需要查詢同 一類的副標題,譬如ae.xs,就表示查詢包含Adverse

Effects、Poisoning和Toxicity這三類副標題的文獻。

25

(26)

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(27)

27

快速的找到Influenza A

virus遺傳相關的文獻

(即使篇名或摘要中沒有

genetics這個關鍵字)

(28)

Floating Sub-Heading

28

•列出83個可使用的副標題

•可用代碼或完整副標題詞

(29)

SubHeading 操作範例

• 針對某疾病或藥物的特定類別的資料:與MeSH合 併使用

– 範例:高血壓的藥物治療

• 可能該主題非MeSH標題,或是以特定觀點為查詢 主角:Search FieldÆ單獨使用FS或XS

– Viagra在臨床上可用於治療女性哪些疾病?!

提示:利用Basic Search查詢Viagra,以協助獲得正式學名

提示:勾選 Floating Subheading,輸入Drug Therapy查詢

– 除了鋁之外,哪些化學物質的副作用會引發阿茲海默 症?!

29

(30)

B. 關鍵字檢索技巧

• 切截字:$或*

– 可以查出所有字首相同之關鍵字

• depress $:depress, depressive, depressants, depressor……

• rat$:rat , rate, rationalize, ratify……

– 查出有相同字首且字尾不少於特定字母數的關鍵字

• dog$1 :dog, dogs…(但是不會查dogma)

• #和? ( 前方最少需2個字元以上)

– #:關鍵字有一個字母不確定或單複數變化

• wom#n :woman、women

• dog#  dogs(但是不會查到dog)

– ?:美式與英式英文的差異或不確定關鍵字是否包含該字母

• colo?r :color, colour

• dog?:dog, dogs

(31)

布林邏輯與運算元

運算元 範例

OR •(pregnancy or birth).ti.

•1 or 2 or 3 or 5=or/1,2,3,5=or/1-3,5 AND •(pregnancy and birth).ti.

•1 and 2 and 3 and 5=and/1,2,3,5=and/1-3,5 Not

排除

•(education not patient education).ti.

•safety not patient safety.ti.⇒safety.mp not patient safety.ti

•safety not patient safety⇒safety.mp not patient safety.mp

•1 not 2 AdjN

指定距離

•physician adj5 relationship

•(information adj3 retrieval).tw.

Freq

關鍵字出 現頻率

•blood pressure.ab./freq=10

•(information adj3 retrieval).tw./freq=5

一次僅指定一個欄位;且組合型欄位如SO無法使用Freq.

(32)

在Search History中以And/Or合併查詢

• 勾選兩個以上檢索項目時會自動顯示And/Or功能

• 例外:使用Basic Search表示已輸入所有關鍵字,

故不顯示And/Or功能

(33)

手動輸入Not指令

(34)

C. Levels of Evidence

Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence (March 2009) (http://www.cebm.net/?o=1116)

(35)

利用限制功能(Limit)篩選證據等級

1. 問題種類:Clinical Queries 2. 研究種類

a) Systematic Review

b) Original Study

年齡層 期刊類別

動物 發表語言

研究範疇 b.出版類型

1.問題種類

文獻索引 a.特定主題類別 實證文獻

(36)

Strategy Type

Optimizatio n

Sens / spec /

prec / acc(%) Ovid Syntax

Sensitivity 99 / 70 / 10 / 71 clinical trial.mp. OR clinical trial.pt. OR random:.mp. OR tu.xs

Specificity 93 / 97 / 54 / 97 randomized controlled trial.pt. OR randomized controlled trial.mp.

Therapy 治療

Optimized 96 / 95 / 39 / 95 randomized controlled trial.pt. OR randomized.mp. OR placebo.mp.

Sensitivity 99 / 74 / 1 / 74 sensitiv:.mp. OR diagnos:.mp. OR di.fs.

Specificity 65 / 98 / 11 / 98 specificity.tw.

Diagnosis

診斷 Optimized 93 / 92 / 3 / 92 sensitiv:.mp. OR predictive value:.mp. OR accurac:.tw.

Sensitivity 90 / 80 / 2 / 80

incidence.sh. OR exp mortality OR follow-up studies.sh. OR mortality.sh. OR prognos:.tw. OR predict:.tw. OR

course:.tw.

Specificity 52 / 94 / 3 / 94 prognos:.tw. OR first episode.tw. OR cohort.tw.

Prognosis 預後

Optimized 83 / 84 / 2 / 84 prognosis.sh. OR diagnosed.tw. OR cohort:.mp. OR predictor:.tw. OR death.tw. OR exp models, statistical Sensitivity/sens = 敏感度; Specificity/spec = 特異性; Optimized=最佳化; prec = 精確性; acc = 準確性

1. Clinical Queries (I)

(37)

Strategy Type Optimization Sens / spec / prec

/ acc(%) Ovid Syntax

Sensitivity 99.9 / 52 / 3 / 53 search:.tw.OR meta analysis.mp,pt.OR review.pt.OR di.xs. OR associated.tw.

Specificity 71 / 99.2 / 57 / 99 MEDLINE.tw.OR systematic review.tw.OR meta analysis.pt.

Reviews 評論

Optimized 98 / 91 / 14 / 91 meta analysis.mp,pt.OR review.pt.OR search:.tw.

Sensitivity 96 / 79 / 1 / 79 predict:.mp. OR scor:.tw. OR observ:mp.

Specificity 54 / 99 / 12 / 99 validation.tw. OR validate.tw.

Clinical Prediction

Guides

臨床預測指引 Optimized 90 / 90 / 2 / 90 predict:tw. OR validat:.mp. OR develop.tw.

Sensitivity 95 / 70 / 2 / 70 interview:.tw. OR px.fs. OR exp health services administration

Specificity 61 / 99 / 37 / 99 qualitative.tw. OR themes.tw.

Qualitative Studies 質化研究

Optimized 92 / 92 / 7 / 92 interview:.mp. OR experience:.mp. OR qualitative.tw.

Sensitivity/sens = 敏感度; Specificity/spec = 特異性; Optimized=最佳化; prec = 精確性; acc = 準確性

Clinical Queries (II)

(38)

Strategy

Type Optimization Sens / spec / prec

/ acc(%) Ovid Syntax

Sensitivity 93 / 63 / 2 / 63 risk:.mp. OR exp cohort studies OR between group:.tw.

Specificity 51 / 95 / 6 / 95 relative risk:.tw. OR risks.tw. OR cohort stud:.mp.

Etiology 病因

Optimized 83 / 83 / 3 / 83 risk.mp. OR mortality.mp. OR cohort.tw.

Sensitivity 100 / 96 / 13 / 96 ec.fs. OR cost.tw. OR health care costs.sh.

Specificity 57 / 99.5 / 37 / 99 cost effectiveness.tw. OR health care costs.sh.

Costs 成本

Optimized 98 / 98 / 18 / 98 exp "costs and cost analysis" OR costs.tw. OR cost effective:.tw.

Sensitivity 100 / 94 / 1 / 94 randomized controlled trial.pt. OR cost effectiveness.tw.

OR cost effective.tw.

Specificity 51 / 99.4 / 6 / 99 cost effective.tw. OR sensitivity analys:.tw.

Economics 成本效益

Optimized 97 / 96 / 2 / 96 cost:.mp. OR cost benefit analys:.mp. OR health care costs.mp.

Clinical Queries (III)

Sensitivity/sens = 敏感度; Specificity/spec = 特異性; Optimized=最佳化; prec = 精確性; acc = 準確性

(39)

39

臨床問題:Clinical Queries

(40)

2. 依研究種類篩選

40

Pyramid modified from "Navigating the Maze", University of Virginia, Health Sciences Library

Based on material from SUNY Downstate Medical Center/Medical Research Library of Brooklyn

(41)

a) Systematic Review in Medline

• Systematic Review in Medline

– 包含以下類型文獻

• systematic reviews

• meta-analyses

• reviews of clinical trials

• evidence-based medicine

• consensus development conferences

• Guidelines

– 使用方式:

• Additional Limits Æ Subject Subsets Æ Systematic Reviews

詳細檢索策略可參考:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pubmed_subsets/sysreviews_str ategy.html

41

(42)

42

選擇Systematic reviews

(43)

Original study – 依據研究方法

• Systematic Review

– Cochrane System Review

– Health Technology Assessments – ACP Journal club

– Meta-Analysis

– Consensus Development Reports – Decision Analyses

– Guideline/Practice Guideline

----j----Clinical Queries----j----

• RCTs

– Double Blind studies – (therapy, diagnosis)

• Controlled Clinical Trials

– Multicenter Studies – Crossover Design

• Cohorts Studies

(prognosis, etiology, prevention)

– Longitudinal Studies

• Follow-Up Studies

• Prospective Studies

• Case Control Studies

(prognosis, etiology, prevention)

– Retrospective Studies

• Cross-Sectional Survey

• Review

• Case Series/Case Reports

43

1. 使用Limits/Additional Limits中的Publication Type篩選,例如RCTs

2. 使用Map Term to Subject Heading查詢,再以And交集,如Cohorts Studies

(44)

使用Limit

44

選擇RCTs

(45)

使用MeSH

Cohort

(46)

檢索範例一

• In elderly patients with congestive heart failure, is digoxin effective in reducing the need for

rehospitalization?

46

Clinical Question B Clinical Scenario B Medline Strategy Patient or problem congestive heart failure,

elderly

1. heart failure, congestive 2. Limit to Aged

Intervention, exposure, prognostic factor

digoxin digoxin

Comparison none or placebo

Outcome rate of hospitalization hospitalization

Type of question Therapy Clinical queries:Therapy Type of study RCT或以上

檢索範例參考自http://www.hsl.unc.edu/services/tutorials/ebm/

(47)

檢索範例二

• In a 65 year old man with a stroke and moderate

carotid stenosis, can ASA decrease the risk of another stroke compared with no treatment?

1. Does a carotid bruit predict significant carotid stenosis?

2. How effective is a carotid endarterectomy in someone with moderate carotid stenosis?

Patient or Problem Intervention Comparison Intervention Outcome

47 65 year old man with a

stroke

Carotid bruit Doppler ultrasonography or angiography

Carotid stenosis

Patient or Problem Intervention Comparison Intervention Outcome 65 year old man with a

stroke

Carotid

endarterectomy

Medical therapy Stroke

(48)

Questions?

Thank You.

參考文獻

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