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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 期中進度報告

以抗體-陽離子性樹枝型高分子載體為目標導向基因傳送之 研究(2/3)

計畫類別: 個別型計畫

計畫編號: NSC94-2216-E-041-001-

執行期間: 94 年 08 月 01 日至 95 年 07 月 31 日 執行單位: 嘉南藥理科技大學生物科技系(所)

計畫主持人: 郭榮華

報告類型: 精簡報告

報告附件: 出席國際會議研究心得報告及發表論文 處理方式: 本計畫可公開查詢

中 華 民 國 95 年 5 月 9 日

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行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告

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以抗體-陽離子性樹枝型高分子載體為目標導向基因傳送之研究(2/3)

Targeted gene delivery using antibody-conjugated cationic dendrimer

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計畫類別:個別型計畫 □整合型計畫

計畫編號:NSC 95 - 2216 - E - 041 - 004 - 執行期間: 94 年 8 月 1 日至 95 年 7 月 31 日

計畫主持人:郭榮華 共同主持人:詹明修

計畫參與人員:邱鉉文、林宜陵

執行單位:嘉南藥理科技大學

中 華 民 國 95 年 5 月 9 日

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一.中文計畫摘要:

本計畫主要工作是設計與開發新型的陽 離子性奈米樹狀體-抗體載體,使我們發 展更精準之非病毒性導向式基因傳送系 統。本計畫的目的有四:(1)設計與合成 抗 體 -陽 離 子 性奈 米樹 狀 體 。 (2)針 對 DNA/抗體-陽離子性奈米樹狀體載體複 合體結構改變,其物化性質(複合體粒徑 大小、表面電荷) 的改變。(3)偵 測 Fc 接受器之專一性。(4)探討抗體-陽離子性 奈米樹狀體之細胞毒性與陽離子性奈米 樹狀體表面正電胺基消耗之間的相關 性。

二.英文計畫摘要:

The proposed project is to design and develop the novel type of antibody-conjugated cationic dendrimer for targeted gene delivery. The aim of this study consists of : (1) design and chemical synthesis of antibody-conjugated cationic dendrimer;

(2) characterization of chemical-physical properties including size and surface charge of cationic dendrimer/DNA complexes with/without antibody conjugation; (3)measurement of specificity of Fc receptor with antibody-conjugated cationic dendrimer;

(4) relationship between cytotoxicity and assumption of surface amine groups in cationic dendrimer.

三.計畫緣由與目的:

陽離子性奈米樹狀體(denderimer)又被 歸 類 為 高 分 枝 分 子 (hyperbranched molecules),其特殊之球型結構,使其具 備有特別之性質,亦為本研究目標,這 方面研究已成為生物科技與奈米材料整

合 領 域 之 新 焦 點 [1] 。

Polyamidoamine(PAMAM) 與

內有極佳之轉染效率。樹狀體很容易透 過分子設計結構,分子量分佈非常狹窄

(低 polydispersity),同時擁有大量的末 端官能基,可供連結其他有功能性之官 能基於球體表面,因此近來對其應用於 非病毒性基因治療之研究越來越引起注 意。雖然陽離子性高分子/DNA 複合體 可達成細胞轉染,然而其帶正電荷之特 性,使得與帶負電之細胞膜作用,欠缺 專一性,因此為了在體內之應用能順利 進行,許多研究嘗試將具有導向性的配 位體(ligand)鍵結於高分子載體中,以 達成特殊細胞導向功能,以期能提高其 專一性。配位體一般利用細胞膜上之接 收器(receptor)互相結合的特性,使得增 進複合體細胞內吞作用,以增進轉染效 率,此一輸送機轉乃利用病毒及致毒素 侵入細胞之作用,同時一些大分子如養 分(LDL,transferrin),生長因子及荷爾 蒙(胰島素、VEGF、EGF、FGF)進入 細胞內亦利用接受器之作用機轉,一般 配位體可為蛋白質、peptide、醣類、維 他命或抗體 [4]。一般接受器作用機 轉,提高細胞轉染效率需具備下列條 件:接受器在目標細胞表現的量需足 夠,配位體與接受器之親和力必須具備 專一性及接收器配位體接合後需配合細 胞內吞作用,進入細胞膜內部。雖然配 位體被利用之中種類眾多,其中以抗體 之專一性最為顯著[5],例如 transferrin 接受器在很多細胞中都可以發現,使得 其專一性大大降低。然而,相較於其他 配位體,抗體-陽離子性高分子用於高分 子傳送系統之研究仍屬萌芽摸索階段,

充分瞭解其特性並應用此技術,可使我 們發展更精準之基因傳送系統。目前以 抗體鍵結於奈米樹狀體(PAMAM)表面 的 研 究 主 要 是 增 加 自 我 辨 認 ( s e l f - r e c o g n i t i o n ) 功 能,應 用

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公司宣稱其抗體鍵結奈米樹狀體(PAMAM) 可應 用於導向式藥物傳送系統,藥物之 毒性大為降低 [9] 所以利用這一特 點,從事具自 我 辨 認 或 導向式性質的 陽離子性奈米樹狀體與抗體的合成與設 計,載體之細胞毒性伴隨陽離子性奈米 樹狀體表面正電胺基消耗可望降低,並 且基因傳送之專一性因抗體之共價鍵鍵 結而提高,也將是本計畫的理想目標。

References

[1] D. A. Tomalia et al., Chapter 20 in Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, (W. A.

Goddard III, et al., eds), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 20.1-20.34 (2003).

[2] J. F. Kukowska-Latallo, A.U.

Bielinska , J. Johnson, R. Spindler, D.A. Tomalia, and J.R. Baker.

Efficient transfer of genetic material into mammalian cells using Starburst polyamidoamine dendrimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93, 4897-902 (1996)

[3] B.H. Zinselmeyer, S.P. Mackay, A.G.

Schatzlein, and I.F. Uchegbu. The lower-generation polypropylenimine dendrimers are effective gene-transfer agents. Pharm Res. 19, 960-7 (2002) [4] C. M. Varga, T.J. Wickham, and D.A.

Lauffenburger. Receptor-mediated targeting of gene delivery vectors:

insights from molecular mechanisms for improved vehicle design.

Biotechnol Bioeng. 70, 593-605 (2000).

[5] H. Buning, M. U. Ried , L. Perabo, et al. Receptor targeting of adeno-associated virus vectors. Gene Ther. 10,1142-51(2003).

[6] A. Cordova and K.D. Janda. Synthesis and catalytic antibody functionalization of dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc. 123, 8248-59 (2001).

[7] H. Kobayashi et al. Monoclonal

antibody-dendrimer conjugates enable radiolabeling of antibody with markedly high specific activity with minimal loss of immunoreactivity.

Eur J Nucl Med. 27, 1334-9 (2000).

[8] R. F. Barth, D. M. Adams, A. H.

Soloway, F. Alam, M. V. Darby.

Boronated starburst dendrimer-monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates: evaluation as a potential delivery system for neutron capture therapy. Bioconjug Chem. 5, 58-66 (1994).

[9] R. Abu-Rmaileh et al.

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as antibody-conjugated delivery vehicles. Proceedings of 30th Annual Meeting & Exposition of the Controlled Release Society ㄝ Glasgow, UK, 2003.

四.研究方法:

1. 化學合成抗體(IgG) -陽離子性奈米 樹狀體(PAMAM 5.0)(PAMAM-IgG):

反應步驟簡述如下:

2. 製備載體/DNA 複合體

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製備載體/DNA 複合體時,必須將在適 當條件(w/w ratio)下載體之水溶液(1500 μL)緩慢加入 DNA 水溶液(1500 μL;

10μg/mL),以確保載體/DNA 複合體的 適當粒子大小,然後均勻混合 1min.,靜 置 30 分鐘後(time for complex formation) 以得到載體/DNA 複合體。

3. 電泳法(0.7% agarose gel)檢視製備 DNA (凝膠中之位置及 band 大小)的三 級結構(tertiary structure)。

4. 細胞毒性測定: 細胞於培養 48 小時 後 , 以 加 入 XTT(sodium 3’-[1-(phenylamino-carbonyl)

-3,4-tetrazolium] bis (4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzene sulfonic acid hydrate) reagent 測定。因活細胞中的粒 腺體中的去氫脢 dehydrogenase,會將 XTT reagent 中的 tetrazolium 轉變成橘 色的 formazan,再以分光光度計比較由 活細胞的標準曲線計算而得。

5. 細胞基因轉染: 在不同的條件下複 合體(DNA/抗體-陽離子性奈米樹狀體 載體複合體與 DNA/陽離子性奈米樹狀 體 載 體 複 合 體 ) 加 至 細 胞 培 養 盤 (flat-bottom 24-well plate ; 60-75%

confluence;3 x 104 cells/well ) 於 37

℃;5% CO2 細胞培養箱中作用 4 小時,

進行基因轉染,4 小時後更換培養液細 胞繼續在培養箱中生長 48 小時,最後測 定 pSG5lacZ 基因在細胞之表現;此基因 之表現產生 -galactosidase 酵素。以 o-nitrophenyl--D-galactopyranoside (ONPG)作為-galactosidase 基質測定分 光光度計(420 nm)黃色的吸收,再比較

-galactosidase 標準曲線計算而得。比較 不同載體在細胞株中基因轉染活性。

五.結果與討論:

1. The dendrimer conjugate

(PAMAM-IgG) was confirmed by pyridine-2-thione assay by adding DTT to the conjugate and recording the

absorbance of the released 2-thiopyridine at 343 nm.

2. Band retardation of DNA/PAMAM-IgG complexes is shown in Figure 1. DNA showed the complete retardation at weight ratios of DNA/PAMAM-IgG above 1:3, indicating that DNA formed positively charged complexes with PAMAM-IgG above 1:3 weight ratios. The mean particle size at weight ratio of DNA/PAMAM-IgG above 1:3 is 210- 280 nm.

3. The cytotoxic effect of PAMAM and PAMAM-IgG in cultured RAW 264.7 murine macrophage-like cells was determined by a tetrazolium salt (Figure 2). Viability reduced dramatically with increased dosage of PAMAM.

Macrophages appear to be sensitive to PAMAM. However, higher dosage were required for PAMAM-IgG to induce cytotoxic effect. These results indicated that PAMAM treatment damaged the macrophages more than PAMAM-IgG.

4. In vitro β-galactosidase gene expression after transfection for 24 h on RAW 264.7 cells was shown in Figure 3. The gene expression levels obtaining using DNA/PAMAM-IgG (1: 4 w/w) were significantly higher than those obtained with DNA/PAMAM (1: 4 w/w). However, the DNA controls exhibited no significant increase in gene expression levels over the background level.

5. The effect of specific and nonspecific

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DNA/PAMAM-IgG (1: 4 w/w) was evaluated in Figure 4. Increasing

competition of the Fc receptor by adding IgG (0.1 –10 mg/ml) resulted in a decrease in the level of gene expression.

However, bovine serum albumin

(nonspecific competition) had no effect on gene expression levels. The results

supported the gene delivery to RAW 264.7 cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

六.計劃成果自評:

In the current study, we report a novel dendrimer delivery carrier that utilizes Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis as a mean to target DNA to the macrophages. This novel carrier employs molecular conjugates consisting of antibody (IgG) covalently-linked to cationic dendrimer. Effectively gene expression was demonstrated and specific internalization of the complexes by Fc receptor pathway was confirmed by competitive inhibition using excess IgG.

The conjugates was also found to be less toxic in macrophages as compared dendrimer alone, suggesting its potential safty in vivo.

F ig. 2 0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

0 1 10 50 100 C on c e n tr a tion ( m g/m L )

Cellviability(%)

PAMAM- IgG PAMAM

Fig.3 DNA Only DNA/PAMAM DNA/PAMAM-IgG

-galactivity(unit/mgprotein)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Fig.4

control IgG(0.1mg/ml)

IgG(1.0mg/ml) BSA(1.0mg/ml)

-galactivitiy(unit/mgprotein)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

參考文獻

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