Guidelines on Outdoor Activities

(1)

Guidelines on

Outdoor Activities

Education Bureau (Aug 2020)

2018

(2)

Appendix V Notification of School Outing in Rural Area (SAMPLE) 59 Appendix VI Proforma for Recording Emergency (SAMPLE) 60 Appendix VII Outdoor Activities Accident Report Form (SAMPLE) 61 Appendix VIII Staff/Student Ratio of Various Outdoor Activities 63 Appendix IX List of Useful Guidelines, Circulars and Information for

Outdoor Activities

65

Appendix X Manning Ratio for Outdoor Activities Involving Students with Special Educational Needs

66

Appendix XI Body Temperature Record Sheet (SAMPLE) 69 Appendix XII Outdoor Activities Risk Assessment Form (SAMPLE) 70 Appendix XIII Measures against Excessive Exposure to Ultraviolet

Radiation

72

Appendix XIV Guidelines on Conducting Outdoor Activities in Hot, Humid or Cold Weather

73

Appendix XV Study Tours Outside Hong Kong 75

II. Points to Note during Study Tour III. Overall Considerations

IV. References

Appendix XVI Air Quality Health Index 86

I. Dos & Don’ts for Arranging Physical Activities During the Health Risk Category at High, Very High and Serious Levels

II. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

(5)

1

Introduction

As a general reference for primary and secondary schools, the “Guidelines on Outdoor Activities” (the Guidelines) primarily set out the safety concerns that schools should address when organising outdoor activities. Outdoor activities, in this context, refer to open-air activities on land and water that are planned and organised by schools under the supervision of appointed teachers/instructors. These activities are usually conducted in a natural environment and are exploratory, challenging and physically demanding in nature. Relevant sections of the Guidelines may be applied to other sports activities that share a similar nature. For athletic meets or ball games, schools should refer to the relevant circulars and guidelines issued by the Education Bureau (EDB).

The safety of students should be the prime and foremost concern when organising outdoor activities. Therefore, clear and specific rules and regulations are laid down by bodies/associations that organise outdoor activities, for example, standards to be attained by participants in pre-activity tests, safety measures to be taken during activities, and contingency plans to be activated in case of changes in weather conditions. If schools are the activity organisers, they should follow the principles set out in the Guidelines and work out appropriate and comprehensive action plans having regard to the nature of the activities and the physical fitness and skill levels of students.

The Guidelines cover ten types of activities that are conducted in a natural environment; exploratory, challenging and physically demanding in nature; and arranged with the guidance and supervision of teachers/instructors. For ease of reference, a separate chapter is dedicated to each activity. As for other frequently held outdoor activities such as school picnics, teachers/instructors may make reference to the principles outlined in Chapter Two “General Measures for Activities on Land ” as well as Appendix IV “School Outings in Rural Areas: Procedures for Notifying the Police and Departments Concerned”. In view of the popularity of study tours outside the territory, relevant guidelines are added as Appendix XV “Study Tours Outside Hong Kong” for cross reference.

Guidelines on organising outdoor activities and responsibilities of heads of schools and teachers/instructors are provided in Chapter One “Notes for Heads of Schools and Teachers/Instructors”. Principles on planning and organising activities on land and water, points to note, and general measures for emergencies are set out in Chapter Two

(6)

2

“General Measures for Activities on Land ” and Chapter Nine “General Measures for Activities on Water”. The ten types of activities covered in the Guidelines are grouped under two main categories – land activity and water activity. Heads of schools and teachers/instructors should read these two chapters before going into the detailed arrangements and safety measures for individual types of activity.

Given the variety of outdoor activities, the Guidelines are by no means exhaustive.

Should any problems arise, heads of schools and teachers/instructors are advised to make objective and reasonable judgment, and respond with appropriate measures according to the principles set out in the Guidelines, past experience in organising activities, circumstances on the spot and relevant professional knowledge. Schools should also approach relevant professional bodies for advice and, if necessary, assistance regarding the arrangements to be made for the conduct of individual activities (please refer to the list of relevant professional bodies at Appendix I).

To align with the latest development of outdoor activities, the Guidelines will be updated timely and accordingly.

Enquiries about the Guidelines may be directed to the Inspectors of the Extended Support Programmes Section of EDB on 2892 6660.

(7)

Guidelines on Outdoor Activities August 2020

3

Chapter One

Notes for Heads of Schools and Teachers/Instructors

Safety Code

To achieve the expected learning outcomes of outdoor activities, the full cooperation and mutual support of the entire school staff are required. While the safety requirements and precautions for different outdoor activities vary at the stage of planning and implementation, there are general guidelines that apply to all activities.

The safety code to be observed by heads of schools and teachers/instructors when planning and implementing various kinds of outdoor activities is set out in this chapter below:

I. Notes for Heads of Schools

Schools should ensure that the teachers/instructors¹ responsible for planning and leading the activities possess the qualifications required for giving guidance to participants during the conduct of activities.

Teachers/Instructors should be encouraged to receive first aid training and attend refresher training courses every three years so that there will be sufficient persons with first aid training to serve as leaders of outdoor activities.

To facilitate organisation and management, participants of an outdoor activity may be divided into groups. Teachers, senior form students or other adults with relevant experience and knowledge can be appointed as group leaders.

It is the responsibility of schools to ensure that participants are physically fit and equipped with the necessary skills to take part in the activities. Consent should be obtained from parents of the participants beforehand. Parents should assess the physical fitness of their children and consult doctors when necessary before the conduct of activities to ensure their children’s suitability to participate.

Schools should make sure that all participants including

1 An instructor is a person who is qualified as a coach or trainer in a particular activity.

(8)

4

teachers/instructors/group leaders thoroughly understand their roles and responsibilities in the event of emergency.

During the conduct of outdoor activities, teachers/instructors should bring along a first aid kit (a list of suggested items at Appendix II) and personal communication devices (such as mobile phones) for treatment of injuries and external communication in the event of emergency.

When an accident occurs, schools should take immediate actions and notify the parents or family members of the injured student(s) as soon as possible. The accident should be reported to the police immediately if necessary. Details of the accident should also be recorded (please see sample at Appendix VII).

Before the conduct of outdoor activities, schools should follow the proper procedures and notify the police and relevant government departments (please see procedures at Appendix IV). Requirements stipulated in relevant circulars and guidelines issued by EDB should also be observed (please see Appendix IX).

Teachers/Instructors who do not physically participate in the activities should be designated to take charge of communication and supervision during the course of activities. They should:

a) maintain liaison and communication with parties related to the outdoor activities;

b) have good knowledge of the details and logistics of the outdoor activities organised by the school, such as the nature, time and location of activity, as well as contact numbers of the teachers/instructors leading the activity; and answer enquiries from outsiders or parents;

c) inform the management or designated person(s) of the school according to the agreed contingency plan and, if necessary, assist the school in contacting parents, collaborators or government departments in the event of emergency;

d) maintain vigilance during the course of activity by paying attention to news reports and changes in weather conditions, and monitor the progress of the activity, so that the school and the teachers/instructors leading the activity can be updated timely

(9)

5

and accordingly; and

e) report to the police in case no notification about the completion of activity is received at the scheduled time from the teachers/instructors leading the activity.

Schools should make sure that all students, with or without disabilities, are given equal opportunities to participate in outdoor activities if circumstances permit. Moreover, schools should provide students with disabilities the assistance they need. For example, “identification and SOS cards” should be specially prepared for students with intellectual disability to carry along during outdoor activities (schools implementing integrated education may refer to the “Manning Ratio for Outdoor Activities Involving Students with Special Educational Needs”

suggested at Appendix X).

Heads of schools should read carefully the EDB Circular on Block Insurance Policy to familiarise themselves with the clauses and coverage of any such policy and ensure the compliance with the guidelines and instructions therein. Moreover, schools should observe the following:

a) All teachers/instructors or other accompanying persons designated for an activity should be appointed by the school.

Such appointment, and the programme, location and schedule of the activity must be approved by the school and put on record.

b) Queries, if any, about the coverage of the Block Insurance Policy should be clarified with the insurance company and the insurance company should be contacted immediately after the occurrence of an accident.

For activities involving procurement of services, principals should carefully observe and follow the tendering and procurement procedures applicable to the category of their schools (please see reference materials at Appendix IX).

II. Notes for Teachers/Instructors

For any exploratory, challenging and physically demanding activity conducted in a natural environment, the party should comprise at least one member who has received first aid training. Teachers/Instructors

(10)

6

are encouraged to receive first aid training arranged by the St. John Ambulance Association, the Hong Kong Red Cross Society or the Auxiliary Medical Service and attend a refresher training course every three years.

Teachers/Instructors should update themselves on the latest weather reports and forecasts.

Teachers/Instructors should take note of the Air Quality Health Index within the activity area. For more information about the Index, please visit the following webpage of the Environmental Protection Department: http://www.aqhi.gov.hk/en.html. In case the Index has reached the “high”, “very high” or “serious” level of health risk, schools may also refer to the “Dos and Don’ts for Arranging Physical Activities”

and the related “Frequently Asked Questions” at Appendix XVI.

All outdoor activities should be cancelled if a tropical cyclone warning is issued. If signal no. 1 is issued during the conduct of activity, participants should take immediate shelter in the nearest safe place. As long as circumstances permit, teachers/instructors should make arrangements for participants to return home. When a higher signal is issued, participants should stay at the nearest shelter until safety is no longer threatened by the wind.

When a thunderstorm warning or a red/black rainstorm warning is issued, teachers/instructors should suspend all outdoor activities immediately and lead all participants to a safe place to take shelter until it is safe to return home. When a thunderstorm warning is issued before the conduct of activity, teachers/instructors should decide whether to postpone or cancel the activity, taking into consideration its nature, content and location.

When a cold or very hot weather warning is issued, it is expected that cold or very hot conditions will persist. Teachers/Instructors should assess the situation and decide whether to postpone or cancel the activity. In cold weather, participants should be advised to put on warm clothing to prevent hypothermia. When the weather is hot or sunny, teachers/instructors should remind participants to take precautions against heatstroke and excessive exposure to UV radiation (please see Appendices XIII and XIV).

(11)

7

Schools should request parents to check the body temperature of their children on the day of activity and record such information in the form prepared by schools (please see sample at Appendix XI).

Teachers/Instructors should then determine whether individual students are physically fit to participate in outdoor activities according to the information provided by parents. For camping or other outdoor activities that last several days, teachers/instructors should check students’ body temperature before the programme begins each day.

Teachers/Instructors should observe the performance and behaviour of participants, and make sure that they do not engage in activities beyond their physical and mental capabilities. Participants should also be reminded to report any sickness immediately so that appropriate arrangements can be made.

A sense of responsibility should be developed among participants so that they understand their role in ensuring their own safety and the safety of teammates.

Smoking or tampering with matches, lighters or inflammable materials is strictly forbidden while participating in outdoor activities.

Teachers/Instructors should ensure that participants are properly dressed during outdoor activities (with suitable clothing and footwear). They should also have long hair tied back, fingernails properly trimmed and glasses secured.

Teachers/Instructors should remind all participants to bring along their identity document, which may include adult or juvenile identity cards (for those aged above 15 and below 18).

Teachers/Instructors should remind participants to take proper measures against mosquito or insect bites and hence prevent infectious diseases such as dengue fever. Participants are advised to:

a) wear light-coloured clothing with long sleeves and long legs;

b) apply insect repellent containing DEET on exposed parts of the body and clothing; and

c) avoid staying too long in shade under trees, bushes, hidden sites or unmanaged areas.

(12)

8

For more information on vector-borne diseases (e.g. dengue fever), please visit the designated webpage of the Centre for Health Protection:

https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/34622.html

Teachers/Instructors should be aware of the potential hazards of the outdoor activities and the surrounding environment, and take appropriate precautions to ensure safety. Participants should be encouraged to report as soon as possible anything unusual or irregular that they detect.

The following steps should be taken in case of accidents:

a) Perform first aid as and when necessary, and avoid acting hastily if there is any doubt;

b) Avoid moving the injured unless it is absolutely necessary.

Send the injured to medical service immediately if circumstances permit, or have the help-seeker accompanied while awaiting rescue; and

c) Make an initial record by completing the “Proforma for Recording Emergency” (please see sample at Appendix VI) for the reference of outside rescuers:

i. location of the injured (name of place, grid reference or the number of the nearest distance posts erected by the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department every 500 m along hiking trails);

ii. time of the accident;

iii. condition of the injured;

iv. brief particulars of the injured;

v. brief particulars of the informant; and

vi. number and condition of persons in the same team.

Persons handling a bleeding wound should wear latex gloves to avoid direct contact with blood.

(13)

9

Chapter Two

General Measures for Activities on Land

The guidelines outlined in this chapter are the principles that schools should follow when planning and organising activities on land, which refer to exploratory, challenging and physically demanding activities conducted in a natural environment and supervised by appointed teachers/instructors.

For schools’ frequent outings, teachers/instructors should refer to the guidelines set out in this chapter and the “School Outings in Rural Areas: Procedures for Notifying the Police and Departments Concerned” at Appendix IV.

I. Planning and Preparation

Before organising outdoor activities on land, schools should have comprehensive and detailed planning, taking into account allocation of resources, budget, date and location of the activities, and safety measures, and make risk assessment (please see sample “Risk Assessment Form” at Appendix XII). The person(s) in charge of an activity should be able to anticipate any possible difficulties and work out solutions. Feasible contingency measures and an emergency contact list should be drawn up to address emergency situations. In addition to participants’ enhanced crisis awareness, careful planning, meticulous preparation and thorough implementation of safety measures also help ensure the safe and smooth conduct of outdoor activities.

The following paragraphs remind teachers/instructors of matters requiring attention when making preparation for activities on land. Since activities vary in nature, content and requirements, teachers/instructors should make adjustment and selection on an individual basis.

Have a clear idea of the qualifications required for a teacher/

instructor in charge of the activity, and make reference to the recommended staff/student ratio (please see Appendices VIII and X).

Select carefully the location/destination of the activity and take into account the physical strength and skill levels of the participants so as to ensure that the demands of the programme are within their capability.

Places with poor accessibility, food, hygiene and accommodation should

(14)

10

not be chosen. Moreover, passing through dangerous areas such as quarries, firing ranges, military exercise areas and rugged cliffs or coasts should be avoided.

Be alert to any changes in weather within the area where the activity is held, particularly in seasons of unstable weather. Find shelter and refrain from pressing ahead with the journey when a thunderstorm or rainstorm warning is issued.

Draw up contingency plans (e.g. procedures to deal with delay or cancellation of an activity because of changes in weather conditions or transportation, participants who back out midway or accidents) beforehand, and inform all participants and their parents of such plans.

Schools should also set up an emergency notification system with parents and collaborators so that different parties can be reached any time.

Collect information about the entire route. Such information includes addresses and telephone numbers of lodging places and rescue services, e.g. youth hostels, police stations, country park ranger stations, hospitals and first aid posts.

Conduct a pre-activity site visit as far as circumstances permit if there is doubt about the trip/location or if the surrounding environment is new to the teachers/instructors. This is to obtain accurate multi-aspect information and ensure that the outdoor activity can be carried out in a safe environment.

Teachers/Instructors should bring along with them essential items for emergency use, such as navigation device, mobile phone, first aid kit, emergency kit, dry snacks and emergency rations (please see the list of suggested items at Appendix II).

Organise a briefing session before the activity for all participants, teachers/instructors, representatives of collaborators and accompanying parties, so that they thoroughly understand their respective responsibility and the actions they need to take in the event of emergency.

Schools should obtain from parents of the participating students a letter of prior consent (please see sample at Appendix III) which includes

(15)

11

details about the programme of the activity or the arrangements of the trip. Schools should inform the parents as soon as possible of any subsequent changes to such programme or arrangements. If a participant feels unwell or shows symptoms of sickness before setting off, the school or teachers/instructors should advise the participant to seriously consider whether it is wise to insist on joining given his/her health condition and the safety of others.

Schools should notify the police or relevant government departments of the activity at least ten days in advance. The procedures listed in Appendix IV should be followed (please see sample form for notifying the police at Appendix V).

II. Points to Note during Activities

Teachers/Instructors should pay attention to weather forecasts and news broadcasts. If there is going to be any change in weather or other conditions, the related contingency plan should be activated as soon as possible.

Teachers/Instructors should be fully aware of the health condition of each participant in order to determine whether any participant should be forbidden from joining the activity of the day. Timely and appropriate arrangements should be made on a case-by case basis.

For activities lasting more than one day, teachers/instructors should brief participants on the programme or schedule before commencement each day. Upon conclusion of activity that day, a debriefing session should be held to review participants’ performance, programme arrangements and relevant safety measures, and preparations should be made for the activity of the following day.

No participant should leave the party without the prior approval of the teachers/instructors. The party should proceed at a speed that can be followed by slow members. There should be a “rearguard” to ensure that no one is left behind.

Teachers/Instructors are expected to do a headcount at regular intervals to ensure the presence of all members.

(16)

12

Participants should pay attention to food hygiene and avoid consuming uncooked food or unboiled water.

Each participant should wear a watch, and take note of the time of assembly and return for all activities. They should bring along appropriate clothing to protect themselves against heatstroke and excessive exposure to UV radiation in hot or sunny weather (please see Appendices XIII and XIV) and to keep their body warm in cold winter.

They should also bring along insect repellent and sunblock to help prevent mosquito or insect bites and sunburn.

III. Measures for Emergencies

In the event of emergency, the teacher/instructor or group leader should take charge. If the teacher/instructor in charge is injured, another teacher/instructor in the group should take over leadership. All participants should follow the instructions they receive in a bid to overcome difficulties with concerted efforts.

Going astray

a) Keep calm and stay together;

b) Conduct a headcount at regular intervals;

c) Tell rescuers the number of the nearest distance post or the grid reference of current location (distance posts with grid reference can be found every 500 metres along long-distance hiking trails, such as MacLehose Trail, Lantau Trail, Hong Kong Trail and Wilson Trail, and country trails in the country parks);

d) Confirm current location with a compass, map, GPS device or hiking mobile app;

e) Try to recall the routes taken and retrace those steps; or stay put and wait for rescue if this is not possible;

f) Do not proceed further as this drains energy and makes rescue more difficult;

g) Dial 999 or 112 (international emergency number) for help immediately; provide as much information about current location as possible, such as the number of the nearest distance post on a hiking trail, GPS location and major landmarks nearby;

(17)

13

h) Send the International Mountain Distress Signals or the Morse Code Distress Signals using a whistle, a torch, lights, etc. (for the former, give a signal six times within a minute and then repeat in the same manner with a one-minute interval; for the latter, give three short signals, followed by three long and three short ones); and

i) Seek assistance using a mobile phone or walkie-talkie.

Hill fire

Keep calm and do not run unless absolutely necessary as panicking drains energy and hampers good judgment. Try to escape by taking the following steps:

a) Stay calm and get away from the fire scene immediately; dial 999 to report the fire;

b) Escape along the existing path;

c) Never go into thick bush or grass where fire spreads faster;

d) Go to places with thinner vegetation;

e) Leave in the direction opposite to the spread of fire, or escape from the side or rear of the fire;

f) Avoid going up steep slopes and, if possible, choose a downhill path; and

g) Beware of fallen power lines and burnt trees, and be alert to any change in wind directions.

If flames have cut off the escape route, participants should:

a) cover the body with thick clothes and head for places that have already been burnt to minimise the chance of being injured;

b) hold the breath as far as possible in dense smoke, and keep low as the air closest to the ground is cooler and fresher;

c) cover mouth and nose with a wet handkerchief or a piece of wet cloth;

d) jump into a pool or river if possible (the potential risk of causing an accident should be assessed beforehand), and cover the face with a wet garment to keep out smoke and fumes;

(18)

14

e) roll on the ground or use a garment (e.g. woollens) or blanket to smother any fire caught by the clothing being worn; and

f) find a shielded but well-ventilated place for temporary shelter, such as drain, ditch and tunnel.

Heavy rain

Heavy rain usually causes flooding and a rapid rise in the water level of rivers. The resulting dangerous torrents may even wash away bridges and footpaths. When water level has risen to such an extent that a depth of more than six inches has reached and the flow is rapid, it becomes inadvisable to cross a river on foot. In this case, shelters on high ground should be sought as soon as possible. Except in life- threatening situations, wading through a river in heavy rain should be avoided. When there is a need to cross a river, the use of a bridge should be the best option.

If it is unavoidable to cross a river on foot, the following rules should be strictly followed:

a) The teacher/instructor in charge should check if each participant is ready. A rope system should be set up to facilitate crossing if circumstances permit and a point with slower flow and shallower depth should be selected. Use a trekking pole or branch to detect the water depth before crossing and grasp the rope firmly while making way. A 30-metre long climbing rope with a 9-mm diameter is recommended;

b) Avoid jumping between boulders;

c) Do not cross when the sound of rocks rolling under water can be heard or when water has become turbid suddenly;

d) Check personal belongings before crossing to ensure that movement will not be hindered by excessive ropes, backpack straps or other items, and to avoid any entanglement;

e) Ensure that shoelaces are tied properly before crossing;

f) Loosen the backpack shoulder straps and unfasten the buckles of chest and waist band before crossing, so as to ensure that the backpack can be removed as soon as any danger arises;

g) Take small steps to maintain a steady posture;

(19)

15

h) Form a group of two or three for mutual support and better stability if water is swift;

i) Face upstream and watch out for any adverse situation while crossing; and

j) The safest crossing point is usually the section between two meanders (i.e. bends of a river) as the flow of water there is relatively stable. Avoid crossing at a meander as the current at the outside of a bend is stronger and the water there is deeper.

Heat cramp, heat exhaustion and heatstroke

a) Be aware of any symptoms of unwellness. For instance, heartbeat rate indicates the level of strain caused to the body by exercising. Participants should be reminded to inform teachers/instructors once they begin to feel unwell;

b) Make the participant feeling unwell lie down at a shady spot with plenty of fresh air, and help him/her loosen any tight clothing;

c) If the patient is conscious, ask him/her to drink some water/electrolyte solution to make up for the loss;

d) Lower the body temperature of the patient using a wet towel or fan if necessary; and

e) Call for medical service as soon as possible if the condition is serious. For cases of unconsciousness, immediate despatch to hospital is required.

Hypothermia

a) Be aware of any symptoms of unwellness, for instance, fatigue, exhaustion, cold clammy skin, stumbling, shivering, muscle spasm, stammering and hallucinating;

b) The patient should be moved indoors or to a shelter from rain and wind as soon as possible. Wet clothes should be removed and replaced by dry ones. Cover his/her body with clothing or blanket to keep warm;

c) If the patient is conscious, ask him/her to take high energy drinks or warm water to maintain body temperature; and

d) Evacuate along the contingency route if necessary. Any patient who is losing consciousness should be sent to hospital immediately.

(20)

16

Chapter Three Excursion

(Please go over Chapters One and Two before reading this chapter.)

An excursion refers to a short journey taken by a group of people together for pleasure.

An excursion should be under the supervision of at least two group leaders, of whom one should be a teacher/instructor. The number of participants in each excursion should not exceed thirty. Participants can be divided into groups and the size of each group should be determined by the route and the time required to finish the journey.

An itinerary together with a route map and emergency escape route(s) should be worked out before the journey. Such information should be given to a teacher/instructor designated to stand by in school for emergency liaison.

When planning the journey, care should be taken to ensure that there is sufficient time to finish the whole journey or a section of it before dark.

A training session should be held for participants at least one week before the excursion. The training should cover hiking knowledge and skills, environmental protection codes, emergency procedures, first aid basics, etc.

Each member should be reminded to bring along adequate food and water, a windbreaker, a cap, a raincoat and some warm clothing. They should also wear thick, comfortable socks and stout shoes with rugged rubber soles that give ankle protection and a good grip.

Each group should carry along a navigation device, mobile phones, a first aid kit, an emergency kit and emergency rations (please see the list of suggested items at Appendix II).

II. Points to Note during Excursion

Make sure that the outfit of each participant is suitable for the activity

(21)

17

and the weight of their backpack is acceptable (not exceeding one- quarter of the carrier’s body weight). Participants who are inadequately equipped should not be allowed to join.

If there is a thunderstorm during the journey, keep away from ridges, summits and other high points, and avoid caves and cracks. Sit on insulating clothing if possible, and do not stay under trees or in small hollows. Keep a distance from walls and spires.

Look for firm footholds. Avoid loose rocks.

Halt to take a headcount after passing an obstacle or a track diversion to ensure the presence of all members.

(Please refer to Chapter Two.)

(22)

18

Chapter Four Expedition

An expedition refers to a land or sea journey specially designed to encourage a spirit of adventure and exploration.

An expedition should be under the supervision of at least two trained group leaders, of whom one should be a teacher/instructor, and participants should have experience in similar activities or training in short excursions. The number of participants in each expedition should not exceed thirty. Participants can be divided into groups and the size of each group should be determined by the route and the time required to finish the journey.

An itinerary together with a route map and emergency escape route(s) should be worked out before the journey. Such information should be given to a teacher/instructor designated to stand by in school for emergency liaison.

When planning the journey, care should be taken to ensure that there is sufficient time to finish the whole journey or a section of it before dark.

A training session should be held for participants at least one week before the expedition. The training should cover mountaineering knowledge and skills, environmental protection codes, emergency procedures, first aid basics, etc. Teachers/instructors should stress at all times the importance of safety precautions, team spirit and discipline.

Each member should be reminded to bring along adequate food and water, a windbreaker, a cap, a raincoat and some warm clothing. They should also wear thick, comfortable socks and stout shoes with rugged rubber soles that give ankle protection and a good grip.

Each group should carry along a navigation device, mobile phones, a first aid kit, an emergency kit and emergency rations (please see the list of suggested items at Appendix II).

(23)

19

II. Points to Note during Expedition

Make sure that the outfit of each participant is suitable for the activity, and the weight of their backpack is acceptable (not exceeding one-third of the carrier’s body weight) and balanced on both sides. Participants who are inadequately equipped should not be allowed to join.

If there is a thunderstorm during the journey, keep away from ridges, summits and other high points, and avoid caves and cracks. Sit on insulating clothing if possible, and do not stay under trees or in small hollows. Keep a distance from walls and spires.

Look for firm footholds. Avoid loose rocks.

Halt to take a headcount after passing an obstacle or a track diversion to ensure the presence of all members.

(24)

20

Chapter Five Camping

(Please go over Chapters One and Two before reading this chapter.)

A camping activity should be under the supervision of at least two group leaders, of whom one should be a teacher/instructor.

For wild camping, a ratio of one leader to ten participants is recommended. This ratio is subject to adjustment, depending on the individual circumstances, age and ability of the participants. For residential camping, a ratio of one leader to thirty participants is recommended.

Leaders of both sexes should be assigned to go with the participants if the camping activity includes boys and girls.

When deciding the route(s) and the camping site(s), the teachers/instructors should avoid dangerous areas such as quarries, firing ranges and military exercise areas.

Before departure for wild camping, the teachers/instructors should arrange practices for participants to familiarise themselves with pitching and striking of tents and using of stoves. They should also test and check all equipment to ensure safe operation.

The leaders should ensure that the equipment and clothing that participants bring along are suitable for the camping activity.

Special attention should be paid to weather forecasts. There should be announcement to cancel the activity immediately if a thunderstorm warning, red/black rainstorm warning or tropical cyclone warning is issued on the day the activity is to be held.

Teachers/Instructors should take note of the Air Quality Health Index within the activity area. For more information about the Index, please visit the following webpage of the Environmental Protection Department: http://www.aqhi.gov.hk/en.html. In case the Index has

(25)

21

reached the “high”, “very high” or “serious” level of health risk, schools may also refer to the “Dos and Don’ts for Arranging Physical Activities”

II. Wild Camping Site

With the exception of designated campsites, camping in country parks and special areas is an offence and should not be considered.

Moreover, prior permission should be obtained for setting up a tent on private land.

The campsite chosen should be sheltered from strong wind and rain.

Campsites designated by the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department are preferred.

The campsite should be free from such hazards as flooding, dangerous slopes, rockfall and dead trees.

Tents should be sufficiently spaced apart to prevent rapid spread of fire on the campsite.

Conspicuous objects should be tied to guy ropes to alert passers-by to the danger of tripping over. Moreover, participants are not allowed to run or play ball games on the campsite.

All cooking must be done outside the tents. Likewise, gas cylinders and other fuel for cooking should be placed outside the tents with clear markings on the containers.

No naked flame should be used for lighting inside the tents.

III. Points to Note during Camping

When tropical cyclone warning no. 1 or above is issued, participants should return home immediately or take temporary shelter nearby until it is safe to leave.

When there is a thunderstorm, the teachers/instructors should immediately lead all participants to a place away from ridges, summits and other high points, and caves and cracks should also be avoided. Sit

(26)

22

on insulating clothing if possible, and do not stay under trees or in small hollows. Keep a distance from walls and spires.

IV. Measures for Emergencies

(27)

23

Chapter Six Orienteering

Orienteering is similar to a cross-country race, except that it focuses on navigation through specified zones towards a designated control point with the use of maps and compasses. On the way to destination, participants are expected to take the best route by virtue of their own skills, fitness and judgment.

Orienteering should be led by at least two experienced teachers/instructors. Each should take care of no more than eight participants, and one of them should:

a) have an orienteering instructor certificate issued by a recognised association; or

b) have sufficient personal practice in orienteering and experience in organising such activities, be confident about coping with situations that may arise in the course of orienteering, have received orienteering training in the location chosen for the activity, have knowledge about map reading and have received first aid training.

After initial planning, the teachers/instructors should reconnoitre the location of the activity and its surrounding areas. Spots with potential hazards should be marked on the map.

Spots with potential hazards should be avoided when planning the routes. Teachers/Instructors should stress at all times the importance of personal safety as well as the safety of others.

Special attention should be paid to weather forecasts. There should be announcement to cancel the activity immediately if a thunderstorm warning (except for activities planned in urban parks), amber/red/black rainstorm warning, or tropical cyclone warning is issued on the day the activity is to be held.

Teachers/Instructors should take note of the Air Quality Health Index

(28)

24

within the activity area. For more information about the Index, please visit the following webpage of the Environmental Protection Department: http://www.aqhi.gov.hk/en.html. In case the Index has reached the “high”, “very high” or “serious” level of health risk, schools may also refer to the “Dos and Don’ts for Arranging Physical Activities”

Participants should wear clothing with long sleeves and long legs to prevent mosquito or insect bites and reduce the risk of grazes and bruises. Stout boots with a good grip on sloping and slippery surfaces should be worn. Participants should bring along adequate clothing that gives protection against coldness, wind and rain.

Each participant should carry a whistle and a compass. They should know how to call for outside assistance in case they sustain injury or go astray. However, teachers/instructors must warn them against any playful use of whistles.

Each participant should wear a watch and be aware of the finishing time of the activity. They should also bring along sufficient food and water for restoration of energy.

Teachers/Instructors should bring along the essential equipment such as a first aid kit, communication devices, torches and mobile phones.

Given the nature of orienteering, teachers/instructors have to remotely supervise participants who are out of sight or beyond yelling distance.

It is therefore necessary to have the activity confined to a certain area with clear boundaries. These boundaries, such as streams and roads, should be marked on the map and brought to the attention of all participants during briefings.

Prior to the activity, participants should be given clear instructions so that:

a) they are alert to any sudden change in weather conditions and will make a prompt decision in the middle of the activity to retreat to a safe place for shelter against severe weather, such as a thunderstorm and torrential rains;

b) they are aware of potential hazards, such as hill fire and landslide, during the activity, and will make a prompt decision

(29)

25

in the middle of it to retreat to a safe place when necessary; and c) they will observe the established code for orienteering, and

render assistance to those who are injured or in distress even if that would mean giving up the activity.

Prior permission from the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department and the Leisure and Cultural Services Department should be obtained for any orienteering activity to be held in a country park/urban park. For activities which cover private land, the necessary right to access should be obtained.

II. Points to Note during Orienteering

Be alert to changes in weather conditions. If the weather becomes humid or extremely hot, the teachers/instructors should adjust the plan accordingly. Moreover, the teachers/instructors should ensure that the activity would be finished before dark.

The teachers/instructors should ensure that the participants are well equipped and physically fit to accomplish the task of the day.

Beginners should go in pairs.

A simple signalling system should be adopted to ensure that all instructions and meanings are understood by the participants.

A sound and effective checking system should be in place so that the teachers/instructors can, at the first instance, track the current location of each participant and check whether any of them is behind schedule.

On completion, participants should report to the staff at the finishing point and hand in their control cards. This will enable the teachers/instructors to obtain the necessary information about the course taken by each participant. The teachers/instructors should notify participants in advance of the finishing time.

The teachers/instructors or the organiser should check the control cards returned at the finishing point against the stubs collected at the starting point to ensure that all participants have reached the destination within the given time.

(30)

26

Sufficient patrol staff should be deployed to monitor participants’

progress within the activity area and prevent departure from specified routes. Patrol staff should carry along first aid kits and communication devices.

First aid stations should be set up at the starting and finishing points, as well as specific spots within the activity area.

Drink station(s) should be provided for long courses or on hot days.

The teachers/instructors should have good knowledge of the basic search procedures. They should know how to demarcate the search areas and judge when and how to call for assistance from the police or the Mountain Search and Rescue Company of Civil Aid Service.

Participants should be warned against disturbing or harming young plants and other vegetation in plantations.

(31)

27

Chapter Seven Cycling

Bicycles as a type of transport vehicles are suitable for travelling on cycling trails or in cycling parks. When cycling on the road, riders should, like other road users, observe all traffic regulations.

It is against the Laws of Hong Kong (Section 54 of the Road Traffic Ordinance (Chapter 374)) to permit a child under 11 years of age to ride a bicycle on a road unaccompanied by an adult unless the road or the portion of the road has been set aside for bicycle use, with a traffic sign placed there to give such a permission.

Cycling should be supervised by teachers/instructors with relevant experience. Participants are advised to receive proper training before the activity. Each cycling trip should be led by at least two teachers/instructors, and the ratio of teachers/instructors to participants should be one to five.

Teachers/Instructors who conduct a cycling activity (such as a cycling trip) should preferably have obtained a cycling proficiency coaching certificate from a recognised association.

In planning the activity, the teachers/instructors should:

a) take into account the experience and physical fitness of the participants;

b) advise the participants to wear suitable clothing for the activity;

c) take note of the weather conditions;

d) pay attention to dangerous bends, slopes, bridges and cross-roads along the route;

e) work out the itinerary and route map beforehand, giving details of the journey (including the starting and finishing points and any related activities), and ensure that the participants are well informed. Such information should be given to a teacher/instructor designated to stand by in school for emergency

(32)

28

liaison;

f) draw participants’ attention to each meeting point along the route beforehand, even if the entire trip takes place on a cycling trail;

and

g) check the tyres and brakes before setting off to ensure that all bicycles are in good condition.

Cycling activities should not be held in country parks unless permission has been obtained from the Director of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation, since bicycles are banned from all country parks.

II. Points to Note during Cycling

All participants should wear a safety helmet.

All participants should be reminded at all times of the need to comply with road safety regulations and take care of their own safety and the safety of passers-by.

Teachers/Instructors should carry along walkie-talkies or mobile phones for the purpose of communication.

Teachers/Instructors should bring along simple tools for emergency repair.

(33)

29

Chapter Eight Fieldwork

(Please go over Chapters One and Two before reading this chapter.)

Fieldwork should be under the supervision of at least two school teachers/instructors. Under normal circumstances, a ratio of one teacher/instructor to eighteen participants is recommended.

Participants should be adequately trained before engaging in fieldwork.

They should also be well prepared and properly equipped before the trip.

The conduct of fieldwork should take into consideration the age, ability and experience of the participants, and the activity must be finished in good time before dark.

Teachers/Instructors should visit the field before taking any participants there for fieldwork. The potential hazards of the field should be recorded and brought to the attention of the participants timely for the sake of safety.

Teachers/Instructors should, basing on the speed of the slowest walker among all participants, estimate the time required for the trip, including the time for rest between stops. The walk should not be made too long.

(Over very gentle terrain, an experienced adult walker can sustain a pace of about five kilometres per hour, while inexperienced and junior walkers can only keep a pace half as fast. If there are uphill sections, an extra hour will be needed for every 500 metres of uphill walking.) Avoid steep slopes. A sudden change of gradient is a warning of danger. It is difficult to walk or conduct activities on slopes or footpaths steeper than 30 degrees.

Check in advance the time and height of high and low tides if walking or fieldwork along the coast is necessary. Activities on exposed shores with strong waves should be avoided.

Avoid conducting fieldwork in gorges. If the route passes through a valley, make sure that no part is impassable.

(34)

30

All participants should be made aware of the potential hazards of the field and the necessary safety precautions during briefings on the fieldwork or upon arrival at the site. They should also be reminded to keep away from dangerous areas such as cliffs and disused mines, and take care of their own safety and the safety of others. The need for keeping calm in danger should be emphasised.

Schools should work out emergency measures and procedures. All participants, including teachers/instructors, should understand their responsibilities and the actions to take in the event of emergency.

Details of the field trip with a route map should be worked out beforehand. Such information should be given to a teacher/instructor designated to stand by in school for emergency liaison.

When carrying out fieldwork, participants may need to scatter over a vast area and this renders direct supervision by teachers/instructors impossible. Teachers/instructors should therefore divide participants into groups of three or more beforehand and assign a member as the group leader. No participant should be allowed to work alone. Every participant should be aware of the appropriate actions to take in case of emergency.

Teachers/Instructors should pay attention to weather forecasts/reports before and during the field trip and receive such information through television, radio, newspapers and over the telephone. For fieldwork conducted in groups, each group should carry along at least one mobile phone for accessing weather information on the Hong Kong Observatory website or receiving weather updates via existing mobile applications. A cautious approach should be taken in interpreting weather forecasts.

Fieldwork should be cancelled if:

a) a tropical cyclone warning no. 1 or above is issued;

b) a red or black rainstorm warning is issued; or c) a thunderstorm forecast/warning is issued.

Teachers/Instructors should take note of the Air Quality Health Index within the activity area. For more information about the Index, please

(35)

31

visit the following webpage of the Environmental Protection Department: http://www.aqhi.gov.hk/en.html. In case the Index has reached the “high”, “very high” or “serious” level of health risk, schools may also refer to the “Dos and Don’ts for Arranging Physical Activities”

Students who are not physically fit or who have been granted exemption from Physical Education lessons can be exempted from taking part in fieldwork.

The clothing and footwear of the participants should be appropriate to the fieldwork and the weather of the day. Participants should also carry along sunblock, insect repellent, windbreakers, raincoats and extra warm clothing.

Each group should carry along the most up-to-date map of a suitable scale. It should show clearly the area where the fieldwork is to be conducted and the route leading to the field. The group should also carry along a compass, whistle, torch, walkie-talkie, mobile phone, first aid kit, adequate food and water as well as emergency rations (please see the list of suggested items at Appendix II). Teachers/Instructors should check in advance whether the first aid kit contains all the essential items and make immediate replenishment if there is anything missing or insufficient. All group members and participants should be notified of the way to access the first aid kit during the trip.

Plasticware should be used as far as possible. If it is necessary to carry along glassware such as test tubes, beakers, bottles and petri dishes, care should be taken to prevent breaking and avoid causing potential hazard by leaving them on the ground.

II. Points to Note during Fieldwork

Teachers/Instructors should study the “School Guidelines – for planning and implementing outdoor/ fieldwork activities at Country Parks” issued by the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department before conducting fieldwork in country parks or special areas. The School Guidelines, which provide detailed information on countryside code, mobile coverage, preparation, safety concerns and waste reduction, are

(36)

32

available on the webpage below:

https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_vis/cou_vis_gac/cou_wh a_sch_sat.html

Teachers/Instructors should exercise close supervision to ensure that participants act responsibly and behave properly.

On-site supervision of participants is required at all times. Headcounts should be done before and after the field trip, and when participants proceed from one site to another.

Participants should be told who keeps the first aid kit or where it is kept.

Before participants proceed to work in groups, teachers/instructors should remind them not to wander off or climb alone.

Flash floods may occur during and after heavy rains. Participants should leave the stream course as soon as the rain pours down, and avoid working in the stream after a heavy rain. A sudden rise of the water level or an increase in the turbulence and turbidity of the flow may be the sign of an approaching flood. When this happens, all participants should stay away from the stream course immediately.

If a storm is imminent, participants should take shelter quickly and wait till the situation improves.

If there is a thunderstorm during fieldwork, keep away from ridges, summits and other high points, and avoid caves and cracks. Sit on insulating clothing if possible, and do not stay under trees or in small hollows. Keep a distance from walls and spires.

Light a fire only at designated campsites or barbeque sites. Put out the fire completely before leaving so that the risk of a hill fire is unlikely.

For fieldwork to be conducted in a polluted area, the following effective precautions should be taken:

a) Food and drinks, if needed, should be consumed before fieldwork.

b) Participants with unhealed wounds should be assigned the duty of recording data.

(37)

33

c) Latex gloves should be worn when collecting specimens or taking measurements.

d) Wellingtons should be worn for making way in polluted water.

e) Cuts and grazes should be covered with waterproof dressings or bandages.

f) Hands should be washed upon leaving the site.

Fieldwork groups should keep to the existing footpaths and avoid making new shortcuts, as snakes and venomous insects might be hiding in bushes and grasses. Moreover, new paths formed by treading is not safe because the soil may be loose.

Collection of animal and plant specimens should be avoided to reduce disturbance or harm to the wildlife and vegetation. Participants should be reminded that it is forbidden to collect specimens of protected or endangered species.

Safety precautions for fieldwork on biological study a) Terrestrial habitats

i. Wear long-sleeved shirts and jeans or long pants to avoid the prick of thorny plants and the bite of mosquitos, ticks and mites that transmit infectious diseases.

ii. Keep to unobscured footpaths where possible.

iii. Study the surrounding area carefully before going into bushy areas to observe or collect specimens.

iv. Examine rocks or logs before sitting on them. Do not lift stones or other objects by hands; always use a stick to turn them over first. Do not reach into holes in rocks or trees with bare hands.

v. Quite a number of wild plants are poisonous.

Teachers/Instructors should warn participants against tasting fruits, seeds or leaves of wild plants, or touching plants that may cause allergy or dermatitis. Examples are Rhus chinensis (sumac), Rhus hypoleuca (sumac), Rhus succedanea (wax tree) and Euphorbia antiquorum (fleshy spurge).

(38)

34

vi. When collecting specimens, take note of the following information and safety considerations:

• Advance applications should be made in writing to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department for permission to collect animal and plant specimens, dig out soil from the ground/upset the terrain or catch wild animals with tools or containers in country parks and special areas.

Only after a permit has been granted by the Department can the aforementioned fieldwork activities be conducted.

• Extreme care should be taken to prevent pricks when collecting specimens of spiky animals or thorny plants. Gloves should be worn during collection.

• Avoid collecting plants known to contain poisonous or irritating sap.

• Plants and seeds to be collected should be free from pests or diseases to minimise the chance of infecting other specimens.

• Participants should be warned against touching, feeding, disturbing or agitating wild animals since quite a number of them are venomous creatures or carriers of fatal diseases.

• Dead vertebrates can be a source of infectious disease and therefore should not be collected as specimens or closely examined.

• Extreme care should be taken to prevent bites from organisms hidden in the soil when doing soil experiments.

b) Shore habitats

i. All participants should wear shoes or boots with rugged soles.

ii. A throw line must be carried along at all times.

iii. Teachers/Instructors should always bear in mind the time

(39)

35

of high and low tides, and make sure that all have returned to the land before high tide.

iv. Avoid working on exposed shores with strong waves.

Participants should be reminded not to attempt rock climbing, caving, swimming or diving.

v. When carrying out fieldwork on rocky shores, participants should always watch out for angular or lichen-covered slippery rocks, and secure their footing before taking a new step. They should also be reminded of the danger of jumping between boulders.

vi. When carrying out fieldwork among mangroves and on sandy shores, participants should test their footing in loose wet soil and ensure sufficient support before landing.

c) Freshwater habitats

i. All participants should wear shoes or boots with rugged soles.

ii. A throw line must be carried along at all times.

iii. Except for very shallow ponds and gullies, fieldwork in freshwater habitats involves risks because water currents, submerged objects and silts can be sources of hazards.

iv. Participants should only work in streams with a solid bed and a depth below knee level.

v. Be alert when stepping into streams. Always beware of potholes and underwater obstacles.

Safety precautions for fieldwork on geographical study

a) Participants should wear long-sleeved shirts and jeans or long pants to avoid the prick of thorny plants.

b) When working in shore areas, all participants should wear shoes or boots with rugged soles.

c) A throw line must be carried along at all times when working in water.

d) Keep to footpaths as far as possible. If it is necessary to cross

(40)

36

a river, use a bridge. Otherwise cross at a point where the river divides into tributaries or where water is slow and shallow e) Do not go into a river or lake unless the bottom is visible and the

water is no more than knee-deep.

f) Extreme care should be taken when stepping into streams.

Always beware of potholes and underwater obstacles.

g) A sudden rise of the water level or an increase in the turbulence and turbidity of the flow may be the sign of an approaching flood. When this happens, all participants should stay away from the stream course immediately.

h) When carrying out fieldwork on rocky shores, participants should always watch out for angular or lichen-covered slippery rocks, and secure their footing before taking a new step. They should also be reminded of the danger of jumping between boulders.

i) Study the surrounding area carefully before going into bushy areas to observe or collect specimens.

j) Quite a number of wild plants are poisonous.

Teachers/Instructors should warn participants against tasting fruits, seeds or leaves of wild plants, or touching plants that may cause allergy or dermatitis. Examples are Rhus chinensis (sumac), Rhus hypoleuca (sumac), Rhus succedanea (wax tree) and Euphorbia antiquorum (fleshy spurge).

k) Participants should be warned against touching, feeding, disturbing or agitating wild animals since quite a number of them are venomous creatures or carriers of fatal diseases.

l) Extreme care should be taken to prevent bites from organisms hidden in the soil when doing soil experiments.

Guidelines on Outdoor Activities

Guidelines on

Outdoor Activities

Education Bureau (Aug 2020)

2018

Contents

Introduction

Chapter One

Notes for Heads of Schools and Teachers/Instructors

Chapter Two

General Measures for Activities on Land

Chapter Three Excursion

Chapter Four Expedition

Chapter Five Camping

Chapter Six Orienteering

Chapter Seven Cycling

Chapter Eight Fieldwork