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A STUDY ON THE ADAPTIVE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL FRAMEWORK WITH SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFORMATION — A CASE OF CATERING INFORMATION SERVICE

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Journal of Technology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 37-53 (2021)

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