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Nutrition and Health

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(1)

Nutrition and Health

Nutritional Requirements

(2)

Introduction

• Different countries take different approaches to set nutritional requirements for their population with slightly different terminology, e.g.

– Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) in United Kingdom

– Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) in the United States of America

– Population Reference Intake (PRI) in the European Union

(3)

United Kingdom

Dietary Reference Values

(4)

Dietary Reference Values

• Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) are a series of data to estimate the amount of energy and

nutrients needed by different groups of healthy people in the United Kingdom population.

(5)

Dietary Reference Values - Types

• There are four types of Dietary Reference Values:

– Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) – Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNIs)

– Lower Reference Nutrient Intakes (LRNIs) – Safe Intake

• These estimated amounts are based on the needs of a group, not individuals.

(6)

Dietary Reference Values –

Estimated Average Requirement

• The Estimated Average Requirement (EARs) is an estimate of the median requirement for

energy or a nutrient for a particular group of people.

• Approximately 50% of the group will need less energy or the nutrient and 50% of the group will need more.

(7)

Dietary Reference Values –

Estimated Average Requirement

The distribution of nutrient requirements within a group.

EAR Number of

people

Requirements

(8)

Dietary Reference Values – Reference Nutrient Intake

• The Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) is the

amount of a nutrient that is enough to ensure that the needs of nearly all the people of a

particular group (97.5%) are being met.

• RNI values vary by age and gender.

(9)

Dietary Reference Values – Reference Nutrient Intake

The distribution of nutrient requirements within a group.

RNI Number of

people

Requirements

(10)

Dietary Reference Values –

Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

• The Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) is the amount of a nutrient that is enough for only a small number of people in a particular group who have low requirements (2.5%).

• The majority of the group will need more.

(11)

Dietary Reference Values –

Lower Reference Nutrient Intake

The distribution of nutrient requirements within a group.

LRNI Number

of people

(12)

Dietary Reference Values - Safe Intake

• The Safe Intake is used where there is

insufficient evidence to set an EAR, RNI or LRNI.

• The safe intake is the amount judged to be enough for almost everyone in a particular group, but below a level that could have undesirable effects.

(13)

China

Dietary Reference Intake

(14)

Dietary Reference Intakes

• The Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) were established by the Chinese Nutrition

Society in 2000.

• DRIs are used as benchmarks to evaluate the nutritional status a the individual and

population levels.

(15)

Dietary Reference Intakes - Types

• There are four sets of reference values:

- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) - Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

- Adequate Intake (AI)

(16)

Relationship of Dietary Reference

Intakes to Risk of Nutrient Inadequacy

and Risk of Adverse Health Effects

(17)

Dietary Reference Intakes – Estimated Average Requirement

• The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the needs of half the

healthy individuals in a given age and gender group.

(18)

Dietary Reference Intakes – Recommended Nutrient Intake

• The Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) is a daily nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the needs of 97 to 98% healthy

individuals in a given age and gender group.

(19)

Dietary Reference Intakes – Tolerable Upper Intake Level

• The Tolerable Upper Intake level (UL) is the highest nutrient intake value that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for individuals in a given age and gender group.

• It is not intended to be a recommended level of intake.

• The UL is established when strong evidence

supporting the relationship between the over dosage of a nutrient and the adverse effects on health is

(20)

Dietary Reference Intakes – Adequate Intake

• The Adequate Intake (AI) is provided when

sufficient scientific evidence is lacking, the EAR cannot be determined and the RNI cannot be calculated.

• The AI is based on experimental data or

observed nutrient intake by a group of healthy people, with an assumption that the intake is

(21)

References

• British Nutrition Foundation (2016). Nutrition Requirements.

• Combet, E., & Buckton, C. (2015). Micronutrient deficiencies, vitamin pills and nutritional

supplements. Medicine,43(2), 66-72.

doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.002

• Fung, J. (2008). Nutrient and Health - Maintain

Optimal Nutrient Intake(Vol. 28, Food Safety Focus) (Hong Kong, Centre for Food Safety, Risk

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