୯ҥᆵεᏢᏢଣੇࢩࣴز܌
ᅺγፕЎ
Graduate Institute of Oceanography College of Science
National Taiwan University Master Thesis
ࠄੇుቫНࢬໆϐ
The volume transport of the cold deep water in the South China Sea
৪উ Wei-Lun Hsu
ࡰᏤ௲ǺঞӸ߿ റγ
Advisor ǺTswen-Yung Tang, Ph.D.
ύ҇୯ΐΜΖԃϤД
Jun, 2009
ᇞᖴ
ӧѠεޑٿԃᅺγғࢲύǴ໒ۈځჴوޑ٠όၱǴᏢಞᕉნޑׯᡂаϷ
ࣴزሦୱޑόӕǴᡣךࡋᚶᅪԾρ܌ᒧޑၰၡࢂց҅ዴǻགᖴৎΓǵᓥᝊᝊ ი໗аϷຼᎁޑܻ϶ॺόս༑ޑ๏ϒᜢЈᆶႴᓰǴᡣךόӆைǴख़ࡵߞЈǴӧ
ᏢޑၰၡᝩុǶ
ҁፕЎளаճֹԋǴ२ӃाϩགᖴঞӸ߿௲ǴགᖴԴৣჹܭፕЎޑ
ࡰᏤаϷගٮ๊٫ޑࣴزᕉნǴ٬ךॺӧჴᡍਔคࡕ៝ϐኁǴ٠གᖴԴৣӧፐ
ϷࣴزਔޑගٮࡌǴᕴࢂᡣΓԖᖷฅ໒ਟޑགǴзךڙؼӭǹԶԴ
ৣᒃϪޑᄊࡋᆶࡉᓨޑፋӗǴ׳ࢂᡣঁࣴزი໗ুޑݗቚబόϿǴ٬ளࣴ
ز࠻ғࢲόԿܭᔿЮښǶӕਔΨाགᖴഋᙼܿԴৣǵЦ߶ԴৣаϷಷЎࡘԴৣ
ჹܭፕЎޑࡰᏤᆶࡌǴ٬ҁፕЎޑቪբૈ׳ᖿֹഢǶ
ӧᓥᝊᝊი໗ύǴനाགᖴޑವၸܭ൛ᏢۊޑಒЈࡰᏤǴགᖴᏢۊόᜏ
ٌമޑךࣴزǴᡣவ႟໒ۈޑךૈԖϞВλλޑԋ݀ǴޑԖമᏢ ۊޑᔅԆǴᖴᖴیǼགᖴܴ፵ᏢߏǵᔎϘᏢߏǵ၏ඵҦᏢߏаϷБࣦඵᏢߏ ჹܭࣴزޑεΚᔅշǴؒԖգॺǴόޕၰᗋၶډӭϿ֚ᜤǴΜϩགᖴǼᗋा
ᖴᖴৣ҆ǵε༰ǵຐ㸿ۊǵဖۊǵҐঢǵባǵΪࣦǵ࢙݊کےᏦӧࣴزϷғࢲ
ޑЍᆶႴᓰǴࣴز࠻ԖΑգॺǴϺᕴࢂԖཥᗲ٣วғǴ٬ளࣴز࠻ޑ
ࡰኧόᘐගଯǴࣁࣴز࠻ޑғࢲቚబ׳ӭՅறǴԖգॺӳǼ
ԜѦǴΨाձགᖴѠεݞπᔅǺߓரǵۘϘǵλࠔǵܴǵߓၲǵܱ҅ǵ λڬکࢅᑪεუଆவੇεۯុډѠεޑॠڮགǴᖴᖴգॺၡޑཀ࣬ਇǶ
ӣᓐᔠຎԾρޑᅺγғఱǴനሡाགᖴޑϝࢂР҆คค৷ޑбрǴЍך
܌ޑঁ،ۓǴԋࣁךᆒઓനԖΚޑξǴᡣךوрឦܭԾρޑၰၡǹԶ ᆶঢঢؼৣঋ϶ޑϕǴ׳ࢂᡣךགڙډৎޑᆶྕཪǶӧԜஒҁፕЎ
๏ךനᒃངޑৎΓᆶ܌ԖᜢЈךޑܻ϶ॺǴҗ૱ޑགᖴӚՏǶ
ᄔा
ਥᏵੇۭӦໆෳၗᡉҢǴӧϼѳࢩᆶࠄੇ (South China Sea, SCS)ϐ໔Ǵ ӧεऊܿ121.5 ࡋޑՏǴӸӧٿঁుН೯ၰǶԜٿঁుН೯ၰෳࣁుቫ (ε ܭ2000 ϦЁ)ੇНҬඤޑၡ৩ǹځύǴၨчБޑ೯ၰՏܭѠޑܿࠄᜐǴаȬD1ȭ ߄ҢǴԶၨࠄБޑ೯ၰ߾Տܭֈֺੇ (Luzon Strait)ޑܿᜐǴаȬD2ȭ߄ҢǶ
ၸჴሞᢀෳӦੇࢬᡂϯวǴుቫੇНЬाࢂҗȬD2ȭ೯ၰࢬΕࠄੇϣǴ ѳ֡ࢬໆऊࣁ1.08 (±0.32)Sv (1 Sv=106 m3s-1)ǴԶҗȬD1ȭ೯ၰᒡޑࢬໆҗܭ ၸλ (ऊ-0.09±0.03 Sv)ࡺϒа۹ౣǶਥᏵᑈӺࡡ (volume conservation)চǴ ёᙖҗࢬΕޑࢬໆᆉрۭհНޑᅉ੮ਔ໔ (residence time)ǴаϷӧНు2000 ϦЁుጕೀޑѳܹ֡ೲࡋ (upwelling)ǶਥᏵࣴز่݀ࡰрǴࢬΕޑుቫհН ሡाऊ31ɴ58 ԃޑਔ໔ωૈஒᙑԖޑࠄੇੇࣧుቫНඹඤֹԋǴ೭ᆶΓ
ᆉԃज़ሥࣁௗ߈ǹԶӧᆉܹೲࡋБय़ǴНు2000 ϦЁೀޑܹೲࡋऊࣁ 1.10 (±0.32)×10-6 ms-1ǴᆶၸQSCAT ॥ၗ (Quick Scatterometer)ीᆉрޑՆ լୗܜଌ (Ekman Pumping)ೲࡋ (1.30×10-6 ms-1)ǴаϷҗংѳ֡ॶ GDEM (Generalized Digital Environmental Model)ीᆉрޑӦᙯࢬ (Geostrophic flow)ܹ
ೲࡋ (0.30×10-6 ms-1)ޑࢬೲᕴӝ࣬КǴऊౣ߈՟ǶҗНიКჹϩࡕวǴࢬ Ε ࠄ ੇ ϣ ޑ ు ቫ ੇ Н ё ૈ ࢂ җ ϼ ѳ ࢩ ୋ ч ཱུ ύ ቫ Н (Pacific Subarctic Intermediate Water, PSIW)ᆶᙅཱུుቫН (Circumpolar Deep Water, CDW)ٿᅿНი
܌షӝԶԋǶ
ჹܭࠄੇϣѳᑽϐǴుቫհНҗȬD2ȭ೯ၰݙΕࠄੇϣޑ೯ໆ ऊࣁ-10.5 Wm-2Ǵځॶऊૈܢ40 %ޑੇ߄य़ృ೯ໆ (net heat flux)ǴᡉҢځհН ޑϲຝǴჹܭᆢࠄੇϣޑமϩቫ (stratification)תᄽΜϩख़ाޑفՅǶ
ᜢᗖӷǺࠄੇǵుቫНǵࢬໆǵܹǵᅉ੮ਔ໔ǵНიǵ೯ໆǶ
Abstract
Geographically, two deep channels which are both located around 121.5°E could lead deep water exchange (>2000 m) between Pacific Ocean and South China Sea (SCS). The north one, named as D1, is located east of southern Taiwan, while the south one, named as D2, is located east of Luzon Strait. The presented current observations indicate the deep water continuously flow into the SCS through D2. The volume transport through D2 was 1.08±0.32 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3s-1), while the transport through D1 was negligible. By assuming volume conservation, the inflow transport was used to estimate the residence time and vertical velocity on the 2000m isobaths. The estimated residence time in the deep SCS (>2000m) is from 31 to 58 years. The estimated vertical velocity at 2000m is (1.10±0.32)×10-6 ms-1. It is close to the sum of the mean Ekman pumping (1.30×10-6 ms-1) and the mean geostrophic vertical velocities (0.30×10-6 ms-1) which were calculated by using Quick Scatterometer (QSCAT) wind and Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM), respectively. The result indicates the deep current at D2 could be a primary channel providing the cold water into SCS. Examined the historical hydrography around SCS, the origination of SCS deep water could be mainly mixed by the water mass of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and the water mass of Pacific Subarctic Intermediate Water (PSIW).
Heat flux through D2 channel was also calculated. It could be balanced for 40% of net heat flux on sea surface. The result was implied that the upwelling at deep SCS as well as intermediated depths could be important for maintaining strong stratification and energetic internal motion in the SCS.
Key Words: South China Sea, deep water, volume transport, residence time, water mass,
Ҟᒵ
Ҟᒵ……….i
კҞᒵ………...ii
߄Ҟᒵ………...iii
ಃകǵᆣፕ………..1
ಃΒകǵၗϩᆶ่݀………..5
2.1 πբ……….5
2.2 ᗕ☇ᢀෳၗ……….7
2.3 ࢬໆᒡ……….9
2.4 ܹࢬޑ………...12
ಃΟകǵፕ...29
ಃѤകǵ่ፕ...37
ୖԵЎ...40
კҞᒵ
კ 2.1.1ǺࠄੇӦҢཀკ………18 კ 2.1.2Ǻᗕ☇ D1 ଛკ………19 კ 2.1.3Ǻᗕ☇ D2 ଛკ………20 კ 2.2.1ǺࢬೲሺໆෳܿՋБӛࢬೲᆶࠄчБӛࢬೲϐૈϩკ…………21 კ 2.2.2Ǻࢬೲሺ܌ӧుࡋᒿਔ໔ᡂϯკ………22 კ 2.2.3Ǻ(a) ໆෳੇྕၸ 15 Ϻեᓎၸᘠࡕϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(b) ໆෳੇࢬ ϐܿՋБӛࢬೲၸ 15 Ϻեᓎၸᘠࡕϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(c) ໆෳੇࢬϐࠄч Бӛࢬೲၸ 15 Ϻեᓎၸᘠࡕϐਔ໔ׇӈკ...23 კ 2.2.4Ǻ(a) D1U ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკǹ(b) D1D ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკǹ (c) D2U ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკǹ(d) D2D ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკ…...24 კ 2.2.5Ǻࢬೲᢀෳޑ০ືᙯඤҢཀკ………25 კ 2.2.6Ǻ(a) ໆෳੇࢬࢬೲၸ০ືᙯඤаϷ 15 ϺեᓎၸᘠࡕǴݮ೯ ၰوӛϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(b) ࢬໆᒡݮځ೯ၰوӛϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(c) ੇ ࢬࢬӛᆶӦ೯ၰ܌֨فࡋϐਔ໔ׇӈკ...26 კ 2.3Ǻ(a) D1 ೯ၰೀޑӦওय़კǹ(b) D2 ೯ၰೀޑӦওय़კ………...27 კ 3.1.1ǺCTD НЎᢀෳᗺՏϩѲკ……….33 კ 3.1.2Ǻ(a) ࠄੇుቫੇНϐྕᡶკǹ(b) ࠄੇుቫੇНᆶ Emery (2001)܌
ۓကНიޑКჹ่݀...34 კ 3.1.3Ǻࠄੇѳ֡ྕࡋϩѲკ………....35
߄Ҟᒵ
߄ 2.3ǺᆶΓჹܭࠄੇుቫհНᅉ੮ਔ໔ᆉࣴزޑКၨ………...28 ߄ 3.1ǺӄౚੇࢩӚНიޑྕᡶ܄...36
ಃകǵᆣፕ
ࠄύ୯ੇǴΞᆀࣁࠄੇ (South China Sea, SCS)ǴਥᏵ୯ሞНЎಔᙃ (International Hydrographic Organization, IHO)ჹܭࠄੇޑۓကǴځӦՏ
ᐉၠᆶ٥ୱǴጄൎऊϟܭࠄጎ 3 ࡋԿчጎ 25 ࡋǴܿ 99 ࡋԿ
ܿ 122 ࡋϐ໔ǹঁࠄੇ൳ЯεഌǵъаϷᔁ܌хൎǴܿᜐԖ
ࡓᇯဂǴՋᜐԖύࠄъ (Indochina)ǴࠄᜐԖஇᛥࢪ (Borneo)аϷ
ߐၲᛪ (Sumatra)Ǵчᜐ߾ԖѠаϷύ୯εഌǶࠄੇय़ᑈऊࣁ 350 ѳ БϦٚǴࢂܿࠄ٥നεޑᜐጔੇǴΨࢂШࣚԛܭᐞεճ٥ܿчБޑ࣑ྴ
ੇ (Coral Sea)ǴаϷߓդъᆶӑࡋъϐ໔ޑߓդੇ (Arabian Sea)Ǵ ӄౚಃΟεޑᜐጔੇǶ
ࠄੇӦНుӧύѧೀၨుǴ٠රӛѤڬᜐጔᅌᡂభǴНుനుೀё
ၲ 5000 ӭϦЁǴѳ֡Нు߾ऊࣁ 1200 ӭϦЁǴࣁঁъ࠾ഈޑੇࣧǹځ ύੇࣧܿъࣁుНੇୱǴεҽНుࣣຬၸ 3600 ϦЁǴӦഌැઞǴ ЬाࢂၸੇᆶѦੇೱ่ǴԖֈֺੇ (Luzon Strait)ᆶчϼѳࢩ࣬ೱǴа Ϸ҇ӭᛥੇ (Mindoro Strait)کЃЃլੇ (Balabac Strait)ᆶੇ
(Sulu Sea)࣬ೱǴੇࣧՋъ߾ࣁቶᗡޑεഌැǴቨ൯ऊϟܭ 200 ϦٚԿ 300 Ϧٚϐ໔ǶӧੇࣧࠄᜐԖഞϤҘੇ (Strait of Malacca)ᆶӑࡋࢩ࣬ೱǴ ٠Ԗьٚଭ༣ੇ (Karimata Strait)ᆶПࠐੇ (Java Sea)࣬ೱǴੇࣧчᜐΨԖ ᆵੇᆶܿੇ (East China Sea)࣬ೱǴᗨฅೱௗຼᎁੇୱޑ೯ၰӭǴՠ εӭࣁНుၨభ܈ੇቨࡋၨઞޑ೯ၰǴ٬ளࠄੇᆶڬൎੇН٠คϼᡉ
ޑҬඤǴѝԖՏӧѠᆶࡓᇯֈֺϐ໔ޑֈֺੇࢂНుၨుЪቨ ࡋၨ໒ᗡޑ೯ၰ (Wyrtki, 1961)Ƕ
ֈ ֺ ੇ ܿ ௗ ϼ ѳ ࢩ Ǵ Ջ ೯ ࠄ ੇ ੇ ࣧ Ǵ ࢂ җ ᆵ ᆶ Ѓ Ϗ ဂ (Batan Islands)ϐ໔ޑЃγੇ (Bashi Channel)ǵЃϏဂᆶЃѲۯဂ
(Babuyan Islands)ϐ໔ޑЃ݅༠ੇ (Balintang Channel)ǴаϷЃѲۯဂک ֈֺϐ໔ޑЃѲۯੇ (Babuyan Channel)܌ಔԋǶੇࠄчБӛߏࡋऊ ࣁ 400 ϦٚǴۭӦଆҷᡂϯࣗεǴӦНుӧύѧೀၨుǴനుёၲ
4500 ӭϦЁǴ٠රӛࠄчٿᆄᅌᡂభǹӧܿՋБӛޑϩǴٿᆄࣣࣁቨ ቶޑుНੇୱǴܿᜐޑՋࡓᇯੇࣧѳ֡ऊԖ 5000 ӭϦЁుǴՋᜐޑࠄੇ
ੇࣧΨऊԖ 4000 ӭϦЁుǴࢂࠄੇᆶϼѳࢩੇНҬඤޑЬाၡ৩Ƕ
ఉ (2002) ϩ Ο ಔ ࡼ ܫ ܭ ࠄ ੇ ύ ޑ ߄ य़ ੇ ᢀ ෳ ੌ ౚ (Automated Temperature Line Acquisition System, ATLAS)ၗǴځ่݀ࡰрࠄ
ੇੇୱޑϩቫ (stratification)ຝߚதܴᡉǴځϣԖӚᅿЁࡋޑϣၮ
(internal motion)ౢғǹԶ߈ԃٰޑࣴزҭࡰрǴࠄੇࢂϣݢ (internal wave)
ࢲ ៌ ޑ ੇ ୱ (Alford, 2003; Duda et al., 2004; Ramp et al., 2004;
Yang et al., 2004; Fang, 2007)ǶϣݢࣁੇࢩຝǴதـܭϩቫܴᡉޑ߈۞ੇ
ୱаϷੇୱ (Fu and Holt, 1982)ǴϣݢభϯᡂਔёૈౢғੇНᙌ ᙯ (overturning) ຝ Ǵ ೭ ᅿ ੇ Н ష ӝ ޑ ၸ ำ ෧ ১ ੇ Н ޑ ϩ ቫ (Helfrichet al., 1986)ǶKallberg et al. (2005)ϩኻࢪύЁࡋংႣൔύЈ (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)ޑERA-40 (ECMWF Reanalysis. 40yrs)ၗࡰрǴࠄੇӦޑԃѳ֡ੇ߄य़ృ೯ໆ (net heat flux)ࣁ҅ॶǶፕǴྍԾϼޑໆុӛੇࢩύᒡΕǴᙖ җᏤǵᘉණਏᔈǴஒૈ۳ੇۭࣧሀǴଷؒԖҺՖհྍݙΕޑ
ݩǴࠄੇϣஒᅌᡂཪǴуࠄੇύޑϣݢຝࣁಖԃࢲ៌Ǵനಖஒ
ԋϩቫ෧১ԶѨǹฅԶǴࠄੇੇୱޑϩቫຝߚதܴᡉ (ఉ, 2002)Ǵࣁᆢ
ѳᑽϷமϩቫǴፕځڬൎੇୱѸԖհНྍݙΕǶ
Ԑ ය ჹ ܭ ࢬ Ε ࠄ ੇ ϣ ޑ հ Н ྍ ࣴ ز Ǵ Chu (1972) ᇡ ࣁ җ ܭ ࠄ ੇ ӧ 2000 ϦЁుೀޑੇНྕࡋёեԿ 2.5!ʚǴӵԜեྕޑੇН٠όࢂځڬൎН
ుၨభޑੇ܌ૈගٮޑǴӢԜࢬΕࠄੇޑుቫհНନΑҗֈֺੇϐ
ѦǴคݤၸѠੇ܈ࢂځдݮֈֺ۱ (Luzon Arc)ϩѲޑੇΕߟǹ Nitani (1972)ᆶ Gong et al. (1992)ჹࠄੇНՉНი܄ϩࡕࡰрǴࠄੇϣ
ӧНుຬၸ 2000 ϦЁϐࡕޑНი܄Ǵᆶֈֺੇܿୁޑϼѳࢩుቫੇ
Н܄፦࣬ӕǶᆕӝॊᢀᗺǴፕаϼѳࢩుቫੇୱёૈࣁհНྍǴၸ ֈֺੇஒځుቫೀၨհޑੇНݙΕࠄੇੇࣧǴࢂᆢӦѳᑽϷੇНϩ ቫຝޑচӢϐǶ
ᜢܭֈֺੇߕ߈ޑుቫНࣴزǴWang (1986)ၸϩНЎᢀෳၗ
ࡰрǴੇࢬҗֈֺੇΕࠄੇࡕǴҗܭӦᙯਏᔈǴࢬݮుጕࢬ
ǴӧࠄੇчԋঁਔଞᙯޑۭቫհЈ (cold-core)ᕉࢬǴ٠ਥᏵ
ፕှ (Stommel Theory)ᆉрֈֺੇНు 1500 ϦЁаΠୱޑࢬໆǴ ऊࣁ 0.7 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3s-1)ǶLiu and Liu (1988)ၸթܫܭЃγੇుੇ
ೀޑᙯԄࢬೲሺǴໆෳుࡋࣁ 2000ɴ2700 ϦЁǴӧၸऊ 82 Ϻޑᢀෳ
ࡕࡰрǴЃγੇНు 2000 ϦЁаΠୱޑੇࢬѳ֡ࢬೲऊࣁ 0.14 ms-1Ǵ ࢬӛࣁӛՋǴࢬໆ߾ऊࣁ 1.2 SvǴՠځ҂ഋॊԜࢂցࣁޑᒡଌᆅၰǶ Han et al. (1994)ᙖҗࣴزࠄੇϣޑ਼ᐚࡋໆǴᆉрऊԖ 0.67 Sv ޑࢬໆǴԾֈֺੇНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑୱࢬΕࠄੇǶChen et al. (2001) ճҔНໆϷᡶࡋޑ፦ໆѳᑽচǴࣴزࠄੇੇНҬඤޑǴԶᆉрֈ
ֺੇНు 1350 ϦЁаΠୱޑࢬໆǴऊࣁ 1.2 SvǶ݅ (2000)аΒᆢኧॶ ኳԄ (Reduced Gravity Model)ᆶթܫܭֈֺੇکࠄੇчޑࢬೲሺၗ
࣬КၨࡰрǴੇࢬΕࠄੇࡕǴࢬೲமޑୱၨୃӛੇࣧύѧǴځύΞ аੇࣧՋъᜐޑࢬೲεܭܿъᜐޑࢬೲǴ٠ᆉрऊԖ 4 Sv ޑࢬໆǴԾֈ
ֺੇНు 1500 ϦЁаΠޑୱࢬΕࠄੇǶQu et al. (2006)่ӝНЎᢀෳၗ
ᆶፕှ (Hydraulic Theory)ǴᆉрֈֺੇНు 1500 ϦЁаΠୱ ޑࢬໆǴऊࣁ 2.5 SvǶ
ᆕӝॊჹܭֈֺੇࢬໆᆉޑࣴزёวǴᗨฅճҔόӕޑၗٰ
ྍᆶϩБݤǴᏤठࢬໆനεॶ (4 ঁ Sv)ᆶനλॶϐ໔ (0.67 ঁ Sv)ৡ౦ሥ εǴՠࢬໆᡂϯࣣࣁࢬΕࠄੇੇࣧǴᡉҢрިᛙۓޑుቫੇࢬǴҗϼѳࢩ ೯ၸֈֺੇݙΕࠄੇǶ
җܭࠄੇࣁ߈՟࠾ഈޑੇࣧǴځჹѦೱௗϐ೯ၰаֈֺੇࣁനుЪቶ ᗡǴԶҞੇࢩᏢࣚჹܭࠄੇᆶϼѳࢩϐ໔ޑుቫੇНҬඤࣴزǴε߳ज़ ܭНი܄፦ࣴزǴᗲϿՉޔௗໆෳǴࡺҁࣴزջаֈֺੇࣁుቫੇН Ҭඤޑၡ৩ǴհНҗֈֺੇݙΕࠄੇుቫୱޑࢬໆǴΑှుቫհ НࢬΕࠄੇޑǴբࣁࣴزࠄੇϩቫຝޑ୷ᘵǶၸᐕўНుၗள ޕǴӧֈֺੇߕ߈ѝԖϿኧ൳ঁుН೯ၰǹӢԜǴёճҔϿኧ൳ঁుੇࢬ ೲሺᢀෳ೭٤೯ၰޑࢬೲᡂϯǴᔈёᕇளుቫੇНޑࢬ೯ໆǴ٠ᆉрࠄੇ
ుቫНϐܹೲࡋᆶᅉ੮ਔ໔ (residence time)ǴԶፕځჹѳᑽϐቹ ៜǶ
ҁፕЎӅϩԋѤঁകǴځࢎᄬӵΠǺҁകࣁᆣፕǹಃΒകࣁၗޑϩ
ᆶ่݀ǹಃΟകࣁፕǹಃѤകࣁ่ፕǶ
ಃΒകǵၗϩᆶ่݀
2.1 πբ
ਥᏵΓࣴز่݀ᡉҢǴࠄੇӧ 2000 ϦЁుೀޑుቫհНନΑҗֈ
ֺੇϐѦǴคݤၸځдੇΕߟࠄੇ (Chu, 1972)ǹNitani (1972)ᆶ Gonget al. (1992)ࣣࡰрࠄੇϣӧНుຬၸ 2000 ϦЁϐࡕޑНი܄Ǵᆶ ֈֺੇܿୁޑϼѳࢩుቫੇН܄፦࣬ӕǶᆕӝॊፕᗺǴӧҁࣴزύջஒ Нు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑҽۓကࣁుቫհНǶࣁԖਏໆෳుቫհНݙΕࠄੇ
ޑࢬໆǴሡפрհНΕࠄੇޑЬाၡ৩Ǵၸ୯ࣽੇࢩᏢߐੇࢩၗ
(Ocean Data Bank, National Science Council, Taiwan)܌ගٮޑࠄੇੇୱੇۭ
Ӧ ၗ (South China Sea Bathymetry Dataset V1.3, SCSBDv1.3, NCOR/ODB, 1999)ᡉҢǴࠄੇӧݮНు 2000 ϦЁుጕޑୱඔᛤǴࣁ
߈՟࠾ഈޑ፺ᄂǴѝԖӧֈֺੇܿБᆶϼѳࢩ࣬ೱೀǴεऊӧܿ
121.5 ࡋޑՏǴӸӧԖٿঁుН೯ၰǴӵკ 2.1.1 ܌ҢǴځၗޑٰྍЬ
ाࢂၸѠߕ߈ੇୱኧॶੇۭӦၗಔ (Taiwan Digital Bathymetry Model Version 6, TaiDBMV6, NCOR/ODB, 1998)ǵӄౚഌӦᆶੇۭӦၗ
ಔ (Measured & Estimated from gravity data derived from satellite altimetry and shipboard depth soundings, MESTv6.2, Smith and Sandwell, 1997)ǵӄౚ 5'×5' ഌӦᆶੇۭӦၗಔ (ETOPO5 5-minute gridded elevation data, ETOPO5, NOAA/NGDC, 1988)ǵऍ୯୯ৎӦౚނၗύЈ (National Geophysical Data Center, NGDC)ǴаϷ୯ϣΟᑬੇࢩࣴزಭ (ੇࣴဦǵΒဦǵΟဦ)ԏ
ޑӚԄНుၗ܌ጓԶԋǶၗಔޑጄൎࢂҗчጎ 2 ࡋԿчጎ 26 ࡋǴ
ܿ 105 ࡋԿܿ 122 ࡋǴ఼ࡴΑεҽޑࠄੇੇୱǴځύᆛϯၗᗺ ຯࣁ 1 ۱ϩᗺǴᕴीӅԖ 1021×1441 ঁၗᗺՏǶ
კ 2.1.1 ύၨчБޑ೯ၰՏܭѠޑܿࠄᜐǴ೯ၰوӛࣁܿՋБӛǴ೯
ၰቨࡋऊࣁ 10 ϦٚǴӦНుҗܿᜐරӛՋᜐᅌᡂభǴӧკаȬD1ȭ ߄ҢǹԶၨࠄБޑ೯ၰ߾ՏܭֈֺੇޑܿᜐǴ೯ၰوӛࣁܿчɡՋࠄӛǴ ೯ၰቨࡋऊࣁ 15 ϦٚǴӦНుӧύѧೀၨుǴ٠රӛѤڬᜐጔᅌᡂభǴ ӧკаȬD2ȭ߄ҢǶଷࠄੇᆶϼѳࢩӧНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑୱዴჴ ӸӧԖుቫੇНޑҬඤຝǴځѸฅҗ೭ٿঁుН೯ၰՉࢬ೯ǴԶࢬΕ ໆޑӭჲᜢۭ߯ቫհНӛܹޑೲࡋǴቹៜੇύϩቫຝϐᡂϯǴࡺ҅
ዴीుቫհНޑᒡΕǴࣁҁࣴز२ाޑຝǶ
ҁࣴزϩձଞჹ D1ǵD2 ԜΒᆶѦੇࣧԖుቫ (εܭ 2000 ϦЁ)ੇН ࢬ೯ೀǴࡼܫٿಔࢬೲሺᗕ☇ D1 (ܿ 121.4493 ࡋǴчጎ 22.409 ࡋ)ǵD2 (ܿ
121.6795 ࡋǴчጎ 21.11 ࡋ)ՉੇࢬᢀෳǴځࢬᡂϯǴаᆉ 2000 ϦЁుࡋаΠϐեྕհНӵՖࢬΕ܈ࢬрࠄੇޑᒡଌໆǹᗕ☇ࡼܫ܌
ೀޑٿ೯ၰǴࣣࣁόሡගрਸҙፎϐૐՉੇୱǴӢԜբ٠คᔮੇୱ ޟޑୢᚒǶD1 ᗕ☇ϐଛӵკ 2.1.2 ܌ҢǴᗕ☇ుࡋࣁ 2980 ϦЁǴᗕ
☇୷ҁीࣁໆෳНు 2000 ϦЁаΠϐࢬᆶྕࡋǴໆෳࢬೲǵࢬӛϐሺ Ꮤࣁ Aanderaa Instruments Ϧљ܌ᇙޑ three ducted paddlewheel recording current meters (RCMs)ࢬೲሺǴሺᏔ٠းԖྕࡋǵᏤႝࡋаϷᓸΚགᔈᏔǴ ёӕਔᒵೱុࢬೲǵࢬӛǴаϷྕࡋǵᡶࡋکᓸΚᒿਔ໔ޑᡂϯǴځႣ
ीໆෳుࡋϩձࣁ 2100 ϦЁᆶ 2550 ϦЁǴӧ RCMs ࢬೲሺΠБ 1 ϦЁ
ೀǴ߾ӚԖၩঁ SeaBird Ϧљᇙޑ SBE39 ྕࡋीǴёӕਔᒵྕࡋ ᒿਔ໔ޑᡂϯǹD2 ᗕ☇ϐଛᆶ D1 ࣬ӕǴӵკ 2.1.3 ܌ҢǴᗕ☇ు
ࡋࣁ 2750 ϦЁǴӢᗕ☇ӦᗺుࡋόӕǴԶᗕ☇ߏࡋҭԖ܌όӕǶ
ᗕ☇ D1 ޑࡼܫਔ໔ࣁ 2007 ԃ 7 ДǴᗕ☇ D2 ޑࡼܫਔ໔߾ࣁ 2007 ԃ 4 ДǴ٠ࣣܭ 2008 ԃ 1 ДӣԏǶӧሺᏔۓ RCMs ࢬೲሺࣁΜϩដ
ၩၗǴSBE39 ྕࡋी߾ࣁٿϩដၩၗǴځύՏܭᗕ☇
D2 ΠБޑ RCMs ࢬೲሺҗܭႝΚόىǴၗѝᒵԿ 2007 ԃ 12 Д
19 ВǴԶځΠБޑ SBE39 ྕࡋीǴΨӧӣԏࡕวࡺምؒԖᒵၗǴӢ Ԝҁࣴز܌٬Ҕޑᢀෳၗࣁᗕ☇ D1 ޑٿЍ RCMs ࢬೲሺǵٿЍ SBE39
ྕࡋीǴаϷᗕ☇ D2 Бޑ RCMs ࢬೲሺǵSBE39 ྕࡋीᆶᗕ☇ D2 ΠБ
ᒵԿ 2007 ԃ 12 Д 19 Вޑ RCMs ࢬೲሺǶ
2.2 ᗕ☇ᢀෳၗ
ਥᏵΓࣴزࡰрǴࠄੇੇୱύкѾӭଯᓎၮǴӵϣݢǵϣዊ (internal tide)ǴЪځਁ൯ᡂϯཱུ֡ε (Duda et al., 2004; Ramp et al., 2004;
ఉ, 2002)Ƕკ 2.2.1 ջࣁѤЍ RCMs ࢬೲሺӚձໆෳܿՋБӛࢬೲᆶࠄчБ ӛࢬೲϐૈϩკǴᡉҢӦੇࢬЬाࣣаዊԤၮϐӄВዊᆶъВዊࣁ ЬǴځύ D1U ࣁᗕ☇ D1 ՏܭБϐࢬೲሺ (ࡕᆀࣁᗕ☇ D1 БࢬೲሺǴ D1U)ǴځѳᑽՏऊࣁ 2700 ϦЁǴD1D ߾ࣁᗕ☇ D1 ՏܭΠБϐࢬೲሺ (ࡕᆀࣁᗕ☇ D1 ΠБࢬೲሺǴD1D)ǴځѳᑽՏऊࣁ 2950 ϦЁǹD2U ᆶ D2D ϩձж߄ӧᗕ☇ D2 ύǴՏܭБϐࢬೲሺ (ࡕᆀࣁᗕ☇ D2 Бࢬ ೲሺǴD2U)ᆶΠБϐࢬೲሺ (ࡕᆀࣁᗕ☇ D2 ΠБࢬೲሺǴD2D)Ǵځѳᑽ Տϩձऊࣁ 2100 ϦЁᆶ 2650 ϦЁǶܭҁࣴزύǴ܌ाޑࢂӧၨե ᓎၮޑᡂϯǴࡺӦዊԤၮ܌ԋޑቹៜǴѸӃᘠନǴӢԜ܌Ԗᗕ
☇ໆෳၗஒՉ 15 Ϻޑեᓎၸᘠ (low-pass filtered)ࡕǴӆޑϩ
Ƕၸ RCMs ࢬೲሺးޑᓸΚགᔈᏔǴёளޕѤЍࢬೲሺ܌ೀుࡋ ᒿਔ໔ϐᡂϯǴځၸ 15 ϺեᓎၸᘠࡕޑᓸΚၗᡉҢ (ӵკ 2.2.2)Ǵ D1UǵD1D аϷ D2D ΟЍ RCMs ࢬೲሺ܌ೀՏޑࠟޔᡂϯࣣλܭ 25 Ϧ ЁǴԶ D2U ೀޑࠟޔᡂϯ߾ӧ 100 ϦЁаϣǴᡂϯ൯ࡋၨεǴᔈᆶ܌ᢀෳ
ుࡋೀޑੇࢬமࡋԖᜢǶ
ᜢܭ SBE39 ྕࡋी܌ໆෳډޑੇНྕࡋၗǴკ 2.2.3ɡ(a)ջࣁྕࡋၗ
ၸ 15 Ϻ ե ᓎ ၸ ᘠ ࡕ ϐ ਔ ໔ ׇ ӈ Ǵ ځ ύ D1U ೀ ޑ ѳ ֡ ྕ ࡋऊ ࣁ
1.697ʚǴD1D ೀ߾ऊࣁ 1.640 ʚǴᡉҢుࡋҗ D1U ೀቚуԿ D1D ೀࡕǴ
ੇНྕࡋΠफ़ 0.057 ʚǹӧྕࡋᒿਔ໔ᡂϯБय़ǴD1U ᆶ D1D ᒵډޑ
ྕࡋᡂϯᖿ༈࣬߈Ǵྕࡋനଯॶࣣวғӧ 2007 ԃ 11 ДǴനեॶ߾ӧ 2008 ԃ 1 ДᢀෳډǶӧᗕ☇ D2 ೀǴҗܭᢀෳుࡋၨ D1 ೀٰளభǴࡺ
ໆෳрٰޑྕࡋΨၨ D1 ೀٰளଯǴӧ D2U ೀޑѳ֡ྕࡋऊࣁ 2.173 ʚǴ D2D ೀ߾ऊࣁ 1.980 ʚǴځύ D2D ೀޑྕࡋၗࢂׯа RCMs ࢬೲሺ܌
ໆෳޑ่݀ϩǹ่݀ᡉҢుࡋҗ D2U ೀቚуԿ D2D ೀࡕǴੇНྕࡋ
Πफ़ 0.193 ʚǹӧ 2007 ԃ 6ɴ7 ДаϷ 9ɴ10 Д໔ǴD2U Ϸ D2D ֡
ᒵډၨε൯ࡋޑྕࡋᡂϯǴᡏᡂϯ൯ࡋΨၨᗕ☇ D1 ೀٰளܴᡉӭǶ ӧࢬೲᢀෳБय़ǴܿՋБӛࢬೲ (U)ᆶࠄчБӛࢬೲ (V)ၗၸ 15 Ϻեᓎၸᘠࡕϐਔ໔ׇӈϩձӵკ 2.2.3ɡ(b)ǵ(c)܌ҢǴځύ D1U ೀޑ ѳ֡ೲऊࣁ 0.74×10-2 m/sǴD1D ೀ߾ऊࣁ 3.91×10-2 m/sǴుࡋҗ D1U ೀ ቚуԿ D1D ೀࡕǴੇࢬޑѳ֡ೲቚуΑӭ (ऊ 3.17×10-2 ms-1)ǹԶӧᗕ
☇ D2 Бय़ǴU ǵV БӛޑࢬೲࣣܴᡉКᗕ☇ D1 ೀٰளமǴځύ V Бӛ ޑࢬೲΞК U БӛޑࢬೲமǴӧ D2U ೀޑѳ֡ೲऊࣁ 14.38×10-2 ms-1Ǵ D2D ೀ߾ऊࣁ 12.73×10-2 ms-1Ǵుࡋҗ D2U ೀቚуԿ D2D ೀࡕǴੇࢬ ޑѳ֡ೲ෧ϿΑऊ 1.65×10-2 ms-1Ǵځࢬೲᡂϯᖿ༈ᆶᗕ☇ D1 ೀ࣬ϸǴຫ ۳ۭࢬೲຫ১Ƕ
ᙖҗੇࢬಕӛໆკ (Progressive Vector DiagramǴаΠᙁᆀ PVD კǴ ӵკ 2.2.4)ёวǴD1U ೀϐѳ֡ࢬӛරܿǴӢѳ֡ࢬೲࡐλǴࡺໆෳය໔ (ϤঁД)ϐಕຯᚆҭࡐอ (Ͽܭ 200 Ϧٚ)ǹԶӧ D1D ೀ߾ᡉҢځѳ֡ࢬ ӛࣁܿчǴܭϤঁДໆෳය໔ϣϐಕຯᚆऊࣁ 700 ϦٚǴऊࣁ D1U ೀϐ ಕຯᚆϐѤ७Ƕӧᗕ☇ D2 ೀǴD2U ᆶ D2D ޑѳ֡ࢬӛᡉҢӕࣁՋࠄ ӛǴᆶᗕ☇ D1 ೀࢬӛ࣬ϸǴځύ D2U ޑѳ֡ࢬೲӧໆෳය໔ (ΜঁД)ϐ ಕຯᚆ߾ёၲ 3100 ϦٚǴԶ D2D ӧໆෳ߈ΐঁДϐಕຯᚆ߾ऊࣁ
3000 ϦٚǴᡉҢᗕ☇ D1 ೀޑੇࢬܴᡉၨᗕ☇ D2 ೀٰள১ӭǴЪӧࢬ ӛǴᗕ☇ D1 ೀࣁࢬрࠄੇǴᗕ☇ D2 ೀ߾ࣁࢬΕࠄੇǶ
ࣁΑ׳ܴዴޑٿుН೯ၰೀǴੇНࢬ܈ࢬрࠄੇޑᖿ༈Ǵஒࢬೲ ᢀෳޑ০ືׯаѳՉܭӦ೯ၰೀޑЬື (Y ື)ǴаϷࠟޔܭӦ೯ၰ
ೀޑୋື (X ື)ٰ߄Ңϐ (ӵკ 2.2.5)Ǵځύ D1 ೯ၰೀޑوӛࣁа҅чࣁ
႟ਔଞᙯ 80 ࡋǴӢԜஒᗕ☇ D1 ೀޑ০ືׯࣁਔଞᙯ 100 ࡋǹ Զӧ D2 ೯ၰޑҽǴ೯ၰوӛࣁа҅чࣁ႟ਔଞᙯ 45 ࡋǴࡺஒᗕ☇
D2 ೀޑ০ືׯࣁਔଞᙯ 135 ࡋǶӧЬືޑ߄ҢǴа҅ॶࣁࢬΕࠄ
ੇੇࣧǴॄॶ߾ࣁࢬрࠄੇੇࣧǶٿుН೯ၰೀੇࢬӧၸ 15 Ϻޑեᓎၸ ᘠࡕϐЬືБӛਔ໔ׇӈӵკ 2.2.6ɡ(a)܌ҢǴځύ D1U ᆶ D1D ᡉҢޑࢬ ೲࣣࣁॄॶǴ٠ၨ D2U ᆶ D2D ٰள༾১ӭǴࢬӛБय़ǴD1U ೀᆶӦ ೯ၰ֨Αऊ-170 ࡋف (аЬືࣁ႟Ǵਔଞᙯ)ǴD1D ೀ߾ᆶӦ೯ၰ֨
Αऊ 120ɴ150 ࡋف (ӵკ 2.2.6ɡ(c))Ǵࣣࣁࢬрࠄੇੇࣧǹᗨฅӧ D1 ೯ ၰೀޑੇࢬࢬӛ٠όࢂݮځ೯ၰޑБӛࢬǴՠ൩ᡏޑࢬೲԶقǴᗋࢂ
К D2 ೯ၰೀٰளλǶ
ӧᗕ☇ D2 Бय़ǴӦੇࢬࢬӛ߈ЯݮӦ೯ၰࢬΕࠄੇǴջ D2U ᆶ D2D ӧЬືޑࢬೲࣣࣁ҅ॶǴځύ D2U ޑࢬೲᡂϯ൯ࡋၨεǴനλॶࣁ 0.13×10-2 ms-1Ǵനεॶ߾ёၲ 30.10×10-2 ms-1ǴԶ D2D ߾ڀԖᆶ D2U ࣬ӕ ޑᡂϯᖿ༈Ǵՠᡂϯ൯ࡋၨλǴऊϟܭ 9.48×10-2ɴ16.80×10-2 ms-1ϐ໔Ƕᆕ ӝॊϩ่݀Ǵᗕ☇ D2 ೀޑࢬೲၨᗕ☇ D1 ೀࣁεǴЪࢬӛࣁࢬΕࠄ
ੇǴᆶᗕ☇ D1 ೀ࣬ϸǴёፕӧֈֺੇܿᜐޑ D2 ೯ၰᔈࣁϼѳࢩుቫ հНࢬΕࠄੇੇࣧޑЬाၡ৩Ƕ
2.3 ࢬໆᒡ
ӧ D1 ೯ၰೀޑوӛࣁа҅чࣁ႟ਔଞᙯ 80 ࡋǴD2 ೯ၰೀ߾ࣁ
а҅чࣁ႟ਔଞᙯ 45 ࡋǴࡺܭᗕ☇ D1ǵD2 ࡼܫޑᗺՏೀǴӚۓက
ࠟޔځ೯ၰوӛޑওय़ (ӵკ 2.2.5)ǴᙖаᆉుቫੇНΕࠄੇੇࣧޑࢬ ໆǶӧ၀ওय़य़ᑈޑीᆉǴ߯җ୯ࣽੇࢩᏢߐੇࢩၗගٮޑࠄੇੇ
ୱੇۭӦၗ܌ளǴᆉБԄࣁஒۓကጄൎϣ܌ԖᗺՏుܭ 2000 ϦЁ ࡕޑኧॶуᕴǴӆ४ 1'×1' ޑᆛय़ᑈջёளǶӧҁࣴزύǴჹܭ
ࡋᆶጎࡋޑ۱ߏࣣа 111000 ϦЁीᆉǴځύ D1 ೯ၰೀНు 2000 Ϧ ЁаΠޑওय़य़ᑈऊࣁ 6.30×106 ѳБϦЁǴӦওय़ӵკ 2.3ɡ(a)܌ҢǴࣁ
ుЪઞޑӦᖿ༈Ǵుࡋനుёၲ 3300 ϦЁǹԶ D2 ೯ၰೀޑӦᖿ༈
߾ၨ D1 ೯ၰೀٰளቨЪభ (ӵკ 2.3ɡ(b))ǴځНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑওय़ य़ᑈऊࣁ 8.11×106 ѳБϦЁǶٿ೯ၰೀࢬໆޑीᆉǴЬाࢂ٩ᏵӚᗕ☇ύ ࢬೲሺᢀෳుࡋޑόӕǴӃஒНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑୱϩԋΠٿҽǴ ӆճҔᑈϩ֡ॶۓᆉǴځࢬໆޑीᆉБำԄ (2.3 Ԅ)ё߄ҢӵΠǺ
2000 ( ) + ( )
2 m m 2
1 1 m m
2 m 2
1 1 m
b d d b bottom bottom
b 2000 b d d
b d b bottom
U b 2000 D b d
Vol V y dydzdx V y dydzdx V dzdx +V dzdx
³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³
³ ³ ³ ³
(2.3)
Ԅύޑ Vol ջࣁ೯ၰࢬໆ (m3s-1)ǴV ࣁ೯ၰࢬೲ (ms-1)Ǵځύ VU ᆶ VD ϩ ձж߄БࢬೲሺаϷΠБࢬೲሺӧЬືБӛޑࢬೲ (ms-1)Ǵx ࣁ೯ၰޑ ቨࡋ (m)Ǵy ᆶ z ࣁНు (m)ǴаӛΠࣁ҅Ǵb1 ᆶ b2 ࣁ೯ၰѰѓٿୁᜐࣚ
ޑጎࡋǴdm ࣁБࢬೲሺᆶΠБࢬೲሺ܌ᢀෳుࡋޑѳ֡ (m)Ǵӧᗕ☇
D1 ೀࣁ 2837 ϦЁǴᗕ☇ D2 ೀࣁ 2479 ϦЁǶ
ᆉрޑࢬໆӧݮځ೯ၰوӛᒡϐਔ໔ׇӈύ (ӵკ 2.2.6ɡ(b))Ǵ D2 ೯ၰೀޑѳ֡ࢬໆ (4ɴ12 Д)ऊࣁ 1.08±0.32 SvǴځϩձӧ 2007 ԃ 6ɴ7 ДаϷ 9ɴ10 Д໔Ǵᒵډٿԛၨε൯ࡋޑࢬໆᡂϯǹԶӧ D1 ೯ၰ
ೀ Ǵ ځ ࢬ ໆ ᡂ ϯ ߾ ܴ ᡉ λ ܭ D2 ೯ ၰ Ǵ ѳ ֡ ࢬ ໆ (8 ɴ 1 Д ) ऊ ࣁ
-0.09±0.03 SvǴᡉҢၸ D1 ೯ၰࢬрࠄੇޑࢬໆΜϩ༾λǴЪໆॶКଆ D2 ೯ၰೀޑࢬໆλঁໆભ (order)аǴࡺҁࣴزύǴD1 ೯ၰೀޑࢬໆჹܭ ࠄੇϣޑቹៜࣣౣԶόीǴа D2 ೯ၰೀޑࢬໆࣁుቫੇНݙΕࠄੇੇ
ࣧޑЬाྍᓐǶ
ଷۓࢬໆޑᒡᆢᑈӺࡡǴёᙖҗࢬΕޑࢬໆᆉрӧࠄੇੇࣧН
ు 2000 ϦЁుጕೀޑܹೲࡋǴаϷځۭհНޑᅉ੮ਔ໔Ƕၸࠄੇ
ੇୱੇۭӦၗǴёӃᆉрࠄੇੇࣧܭНు 2000 ϦЁೀޑੇНᄒय़ ᑈǴᆉБݤࣁஒၗಔ܌఼ᇂጄൎϣ (чጎ 2 ࡋԿчጎ 26 ࡋǴܿ
105 ࡋԿܿ 122 ࡋ)܌ԖНుుܭ 2000 ϦЁޑၗᗺՏҢрٰǴ٠Ԍ ନੇ܌఼ᇂޑୱǴځҢрޑᗺՏኧᕴکӆ४ 1'×1' ޑᆛय़ᑈǴ ջёள၀ᄒय़ᑈऊࣁ 9.86×1011 ѳБϦЁǶӆஒ D2 ೯ၰೀޑࢬໆᆶᆉ рޑᄒय़ᑈ࣬ନǴջёளډࠄੇੇࣧੇНܭНు 2000 ϦЁೀޑܹೲࡋऊ ࣁ(1.10±0.32)×10-6 ms-1Ƕ
Զӧᅉ੮ਔ໔ޑᆉБय़Ǵ२ӃሡाӃᆉрࠄੇੇࣧНు 2000 ϦЁ аΠޑੇНᡏᑈǴੇНᡏᑈޑीᆉ߯җࠄੇੇୱੇۭӦၗ܌ளǴीᆉ рޑ่݀ऊࣁ 1.38×1015 ҥБϦЁǴஒځᡏᑈᆶ D2 ೯ၰೀޑࢬໆ࣬ନǴջ ёрుቫНӧݙΕࠄੇੇࣧࡕǴऩคҺՖੇНషӝၸำวғǴᙖҗϲ ޑၸำǴሡाऊ 31ɴ58 ԃޑਔ໔ωૈஒᙑԖޑࠄੇੇۭࣧቫНඹඤֹ
ԋǶ
ӧᆶΓჹܭࠄੇుቫհНᅉ੮ਔ໔ᆉࣴزޑКၨύ (ӵ߄ 2.3)Ǵ Chen and Huang (1995)ճҔНໆϷᡶࡋޑ፦ໆѳᑽচǴࣴزࠄੇੇНҬඤ ޑǴԶᆉрࠄੇੇࣧНు 1350 ϦЁаΠޑੇНᅉ੮ਔ໔ऊࣁ 40 ԃǹ݅ (2000)аΒᆢኧॶኳԄᆶթܫܭֈֺੇکࠄੇчޑࢬೲሺၗ
࣬КၨࡰрǴࠄੇੇࣧНు 1500 ϦЁаΠޑੇНᅉ੮ਔ໔ऊࣁ 30 ԃǹ Qu et al. (2006)٬ҔНЎᢀෳၗᆶፕှբ่ӝǴᆉрࠄੇੇࣧНు
1500 ϦЁаΠޑੇНᅉ੮ਔ໔ᔈϿܭ 30 ԃǹGong et al. (1992)٩ᏵНЎϯ ᏢБय़ޑࣴزаϷթܫܭֈֺੇޑࢬೲሺၗࡰрǴֈֺੇНు
2000 ϦЁаΠୱޑੇНᅉ੮ਔ໔ऊࣁ 40ɴ115 ԃǹChao et al. (1996)ճҔ ΟᆢኧॶኳԄ (Climatology-Driven Circulation Model)Չࠄੇۭቫᕉࢬޑ ኧॶኳᔕǴᆉрࠄੇੇࣧНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑੇНᅉ੮ਔ໔ऊࣁ 45ɴ83 ԃǹᡉҢҁࣴز܌ᆉрᅉ੮ਔ໔ޑ่݀ (31ɴ58 ԃ)ᆶॊᆉԃ ज़ࣣሥࣁௗ߈Ǵ٠ࡰрֈֺੇܿᜐޑ D2 ೯ၰࣁϼѳࢩ 2000 ϦЁ аΠϐుቫੇНࢬΕࠄੇੇࣧޑЬाྍᓐǶ
2.4 ܹࢬޑ
ుቫੇࢬޑܹǴЬाࢂၸՆլୗܜଌ (Ekman pumping)аϷӦᙯࢬ (Geostrophic flow)ϲБԄᆶቫੇНషӝ (Stommel, 1958)ǶԖᜢՆլୗܜ ଌೲࡋޑᆉǴёၸ QSCAT ፁࢃ॥ၗ (Quick Scatterometer)ीᆉ
ளǴځၗٰྍࢂҗऍ୯୯ৎૐޜᄤϼޜᕴ (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)܌ගٮǴၗໆෳࣁϺᒵǴໆෳጄൎ఼
ᇂӄౚǴၗӧНѳޜ໔ޑှࡋࣁ 0.25°×0.25°Ǵၗϣх֖Ԗੇय़
10 ϦЁଯϐ॥ೲᆶ॥ӛǴаϷٿफ़ߘၗૻǴၗᜪࠠ߾ϩࣁǺВᢀෳǵ Вѳ֡ǵຼѳ֡ǴаϷДѳ֡ǴӅѤᅿǶҁࣴز܌٬ҔޑࢂВѳ֡ޑ॥ၗ
Ǵᒧڗਔ໔ࢂҗ 1999 ԃ 7 Д 19 ВԿ 2008 ԃ 7 Д 18 ВǴӅी 9 ԃޑ ਔ໔Ǵᒧڗጄൎ߾ࢂவчጎ 3.125 ࡋԿчጎ 23.875 ࡋǴܿ 101.125 ࡋԿ
ܿ 121.875 ࡋǴӅी 84×84 ঁၗᗺՏǶ
ճҔځύޑ॥ೲᆶ॥ӛၗǴӃрӚၗᗺՏޑࡋӛϐ॥ೲᆶጎࡋ ӛϐ॥ೲǴӆճҔځ่݀ीᆉрӦޑ॥ᔈΚ (wind stress)Ƕҁࣴزӧ॥ᔈ ΚޑीᆉБय़ǴЇҔ Kowalik and Murty (1993)܌ගрޑीᆉϦԄǴځ॥ᔈΚ ޑीᆉБำԄ (2.4.1 Ԅ)ё߄ҢӵΠǺ
10
10
2 2
x
a x
y
a y
x y
C Ww C Ww
W w w
W U
W U
(2.4.1)
Ԅύ IJx ᆶ IJy ϩձж߄ࡋӛϐ॥ᔈΚᆶጎࡋӛϐ॥ᔈΚ (kgm-1s-2)Ǵ ȡa ࣁޜஏࡋ (kgm-3)ǴW ǵwx ᆶ wy ϩձж߄ໆෳ॥ೲǵࡋӛϐ॥ೲ ᆶ ጎ ࡋ ӛ ϐ ॥ ೲ (ms-1)Ǵ C10 ࣁ ੇ ѳ य़ 10 Ϧ Ё ଯ ϐ ነ ᔔ ߯ ኧ (drag coefficient)Ǵҁࣴز௦Ҕ Trenberth et al. (1989)܌ගрޑ߯ኧीᆉБԄǴ ځीᆉϦԄ (2.4.2 Ԅ)ӵΠǺ
3 -1
10
3 -1
10
3 -1
10
0.49 0.065 10 10 ms 1.14 10 3 10 ms
0.62 1.56 10 3 ms
C W for W
C for W
C for W
W
u !
u d d
§ ·
u
¨ ¸
© ¹
(2.4.2)
ၸीᆉрӚၗᗺՏޑ॥ᔈΚኧॶǴёӆीᆉрӦޑ॥ᔈΚࡋ (wind stress curl) Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ز ӧ ॥ ᔈ Κ ࡋ ޑ ी ᆉ Б य़ Ǵ Ї Ҕ Cushman-Roisin (1994)܌ගрޑीᆉϦԄǴځ॥ᔈΚࡋޑीᆉБำԄ (2.4.3Ԅ)ё߄ҢӵΠǺ
1, 1, , 1 , 1
2 2
y y x x
y x
i j i j i j i j
x y x y
W W W W
W W
§w w ·
¨ w w ¸ ' '
© ¹
(2.4.3)
ځ ύ
y x
x y
W W
§w w ·
¨ ¸ w w
© ¹ ջ ࣁ ॥ ᔈ Κ ࡋ (Nm-3)Ǵ ҁ ࣴ ز ௦ Ҕ ύ ѧ ৡ ϩ ݤ
(central difference) ी ᆉ Ǵ ၶ ډ ᜐ ࣚ ਔ Ǵ ຎ ݩ ٬ Ҕ ৡ ϩ ݤ (forward difference)܈ࡕৡϩݤ (backward difference)ीᆉǹǻx ᆶ ǻy ߾ϩձ ж߄ࡋӛᆛᗺ໔ޑຯᚆᆶጎࡋӛᆛᗺ໔ޑຯᚆ (m)Ƕ
ԶӧՆլୗܜଌೲࡋޑीᆉБय़ǴёၸीᆉрӚၗᗺՏޑ॥ᔈΚ
ࡋ Ǵ ӆ ी ᆉ р Ӧ ޑ Ն լ ୗ ܜ ଌ ೲ ࡋ Ǵ ी ᆉ Б ݤ ࣣ Ї Ҕ Cushman-Roisin (1994)܌ගрޑीᆉϦԄ (2.4.4 Ԅ)Ǵ߄ҢӵΠǺ
0
1 y x
w f x y
W W
U
§w w ·
¨ ¸ w w
© ¹ (2.4.4)
ځύw ջࣁՆլୗܜଌೲࡋ (ms-1)Ǵȡo ࣁੇНஏࡋ (kgm-3)Ǵf ߾ࣁࣽМୖ
ኧ (Coriolis parameter)ǴൂՏࣁ s-1ǹஒӚᗺՏीᆉрޑ่݀Ǵޜ໔ᆶਔ ໔ޑѳ֡ࡕࡰрǴ॥ჹܭࠄੇНుεܭ 2000 ϦЁୱ܌ౢғޑѳ֡Ն լୗܜଌೲࡋऊࣁ 1.30×10-6 ms-1Ƕ
Ԗ ᜢ Ӧ ᙯ ࢬ ϲ ೲ ࡋ ޑ ᆉ Ǵ ё ၸ җ ऍ ୯ ੇ ै ࣴ ز ჴ ᡍ ࠻ (Naval Research Laboratory, NRL)܌วϐҔܭीᆉӄౚషӝቫుࡋኳԄޑ
ংѳ֡ॶၗ (Generalized Digital Environment Model, GDEM)ीᆉ
ளǴځၗᜪࠠࣁДѳ֡ǴНѳޜ໔ޑှࡋࣁ 0.25°×0.25°Ǵࣁӧޜ ໔ᆶਔ໔ϩթၨ֡ϬޑεጄൎНЎᢀෳၗǴᒡрၗޑԄх֖ǺઠՏ
ࡋᆶጎࡋǵᓸΚǵྕࡋǵᡶࡋǴаϷੇύᖂೲǶҁࣴز܌ᒧڗޑၗጄൎ
ࢂவчጎ 3.25 ࡋԿчጎ 24 ࡋǴܿ 101.25 ࡋԿܿ 122 ࡋǴӅी
84×84 ঁၗᗺՏǶ
ճҔ GDEM ύޑᓸΚǵྕࡋаϷᡶࡋၗǴёीᆉрӦӚᗺՏǵӚ
ుࡋޑख़ΚՏ౦தॶ (Geopotential anomaly)Ƕҁࣴزӧख़ΚՏ౦தॶޑीᆉ Бय़ǴЇҔ Pond and Pickard (1983)܌ගрޑीᆉϦԄǴځύख़ΚՏ౦தॶ
ޑीᆉБำԄ (2.4.5 Ԅ)ё߄ҢӵΠǺ
2
1
, , 35, 0,
, ,
, ,
1
p p
S T P P
S T P
S T P
D Gdp
G D D
D U
'
³
(2.4.5)
Ԅύޑ D ջࣁख़ΚՏ (m2s-2)ǴĮ ࢂК (specific volume)Ǵࣁஏࡋ (ȡ)ޑ ॹኧǴൂՏࢂ m3kg-1ǴSǵTǵP ϩձж߄ᡶࡋǵྕࡋϷᓸΚǴį ࢂКᆶᡶ ࡋ 35 psuǵྕࡋ 0 ࡋϐྗੇНޑ౦தॶǴp ࣁᓸΚ (db)ǴҁࣴزӧᓸΚ
ၗᒧڗޑጄൎࢂவНు 2000 ϦЁډӚᗺՏۭޑНుೀǴ௦ 200 ϦЁ
ीᆉቫǴځᗺՏനుೀёၲ 5200 ϦЁǴp1ǵp2 ߾ϩձж߄ӚుࡋǵΠ ٿᜐࣚቫޑᓸΚॶǶ
ԶӧӦᙯࢬೲࡋޑीᆉБय़ǴёճҔीᆉрӚᗺՏǵӚుࡋޑख़ΚՏ౦ தॶǴӆளӦӦᙯࢬޑೲࡋǴीᆉБݤᆶीᆉख़ΚՏ౦தॶ࣬ӕǴࣣ
ЇҔ Pond and Pickard (1983)܌ගрޑीᆉϦԄǴځीᆉБำԄ (2.4.6 Ԅ)ё ߄ҢӵΠǺ
1 2
(V V ) 10[ DB DA]
Lf ' ' (2.4.6)
ځύ V1ǵV2 ջϩձж߄ӚుࡋǵΠٿᜐࣚቫϐࡋӛ܈ጎࡋӛޑӦᙯࢬ ೲࡋ (ms-1)Ǵf ࣁࣽМୖኧ (s-1)ǴǻDAǵǻDB ࣁӚᗺՏӧࡋӛ܈ጎࡋӛϐ ѰѓٿୁᗺՏޑख़ΚՏ౦தॶ (m2s-2)ǴL ࣁӚᗺՏӧࡋӛ܈ጎࡋӛϐѰ ѓٿୁᗺՏ໔ޑຯᚆ (m)ǴԶӧၶډᜐࣚਔǴຎݩ٬Ҕৡϩݤ܈ࡕৡϩ ݤीᆉǶ
җ Ԅ ܌ ी ᆉ р ϐ Ӛ ᗺ Տ ǵ Ӛ ు ࡋ ޑ Ӧ ᙯ ࢬ ೲ ࡋ Ǵ ࢂ ٩ Ᏽ rigid-lid assumptionǴаଷੇ߄य़ࢬೲࣁ႟ޑ࣬ჹࢬೲǹஒӚᗺՏǵӚుࡋ
ीᆉрޑ่݀Ǵޜ໔ᆶਔ໔ޑѳ֡ࡕǴёளᒿጎࡋᡂϯޑӦᙯࢬ
ǶऩाᆉӦޑӦᙯࢬܹೲࡋǴёၸӦᙯࢬޑڋБำԄ (2.4.7 Ԅ)аϷࢬᡏޑೱុБำԄ (2.4.8 Ԅ)ीᆉளрǹӧҁࣴزύࢂаଷۭޑ Ӧᙯࢬೲࡋࣁ႟Ǵ٠Եቾ ȕ ਏᔈ܌ԋޑቹៜीᆉǴځᆉӦᙯࢬܹ
ೲࡋޑБำԄ (2.4.9 Ԅ)ё߄ҢӵΠǺ
0 0
0
0 0
0
1
1 f y v p
x f y u p
y
E U
E U
w w
w w
(2.4.7)
u v w 0 x y z w w w
w w w (2.4.8)
1 2 0
*
0 0
2
v w w w
z z f y
E E
w
w ' (2.4.9)
ځύ u ǵv ᆶ w ϩձж߄ӚుࡋϐࡋӛǵጎࡋӛޑӦᙯࢬೲࡋаϷӦᙯ ࢬޑܹೲࡋ (ms-1)Ǵf0 ࣁࣽМୖኧ (s-1)Ǵȕ0 ࣁࣽМୖኧ໙ጎࡋޑᡂϯ (m-1s-1)ǴӧҁࣴزύࢂаၗᒧڗጄൎޑനࠄᆄǴчጎ 3.25 ࡋբࣁࣽМୖ
ኧीᆉޑୖԵጎࡋǴy* ࣁӚጎࡋᆶୖԵጎࡋ໔ޑຯᚆ (m)Ǵȡo ࣁੇНஏࡋ (kgm-3)Ǵp ߾ࣁᓸΚ (db)ǴᒧڗޑጄൎࢂவНు 2000 ϦЁډۭޑНు
ೀǴ௦ 200 ϦЁीᆉቫǹஒӚుࡋᆉрޑ่݀࣬уǴޜ໔ޑѳ
֡ࡕࡰрǴӦᙯࢬჹܭࠄੇНు 2000 ϦЁаΠୱ܌ౢғޑѳܹ֡ೲࡋ ऊࣁ 0.30×10-6 ms-1Ƕ
җॊᆉ่݀วǴճҔ QSCAT ॥ၗीᆉрޑՆլୗܜଌೲࡋ (1.30×10-6 ms-1)Ǵуҗংѳ֡ॶ GDEM ीᆉрޑӦᙯࢬܹೲࡋ
(0.30×10-6 ms-1)ޑࢬೲᕴӝǴӧ४ࠄੇੇࣧܭНు 2000 ϦЁೀޑੇНᄒ य़ᑈ (9.86×1011 ѳБϦЁ)ࡕǴёளځᒡޑࢬໆऊࣁ 1.58 SvǴᆶၸᗕ
☇ၗीᆉрϐ D2 ೯ၰೀޑѳ֡ࢬໆ (1.08±0.32 Sv)࣬КǴࢬໆᒡऊၲ
ډ߈՟ѳᑽޑᜢ߯ǴᡉҢՆլୗܜଌаϷӦᙯࢬϲёૈࢂٿঁԋࠄੇ
Нు 2000 ϦЁೀੇНܹޑЬाᐒڋǴԶߦ٬ుቫհНԾ D2 ೯ၰࢬΕ ࠄੇੇࣧǴаံᓭܹޑੇНǶ
კ 2.1.1ǺࠄੇӦҢཀკǴځύՅϩࣁНుభܭ 2000 ϦЁୱǶӧݮН
ు 2000 ϦЁుጕޑୱඔᛤǴѝԖӧֈֺੇܿБᆶϼѳࢩ࣬ೱೀǴӸӧԖٿ
ঁుН೯ၰǴځύՏܭѠܿࠄᜐޑ೯ၰаȬD1ȭ߄ҢǴԶՏܭֈֺੇܿᜐޑ ೯ၰ߾аȬD2ȭ߄ҢǶ
კ 2.1.2Ǻᗕ☇ D1 ଛკǴుࡋ 2096 ᆶ 2551 ϦЁೀࣁ RCMs ࢬೲሺǴుࡋ 2097 ᆶ 2552 ϦЁೀࣁ SBE39 ྕࡋीǴుࡋ 2969 ϦЁೀࣁൂॣៜញܫሺ (Release)Ƕ
კ 2.1.3Ǻᗕ☇ D2 ଛკǴుࡋ 2112 ᆶ 2599 ϦЁೀࣁ RCMs ࢬೲሺǴుࡋ 2113 ᆶ 2600 ϦЁೀࣁ SBE39 ྕࡋीǴుࡋ 2727 ϦЁೀࣁൂॣៜញܫሺ (Release)Ƕ
კ 2.2.1ǺࢬೲሺໆෳܿՋБӛࢬೲᆶࠄчБӛࢬೲϐૈϩკǶ D1U
D2D D2U D1D
კ 2.2.2Ǻࢬೲሺ܌ೀుࡋᒿਔ໔ᡂϯკǴՅჴጕࣁ D1U ܌ໆෳǹՅጕࣁ D1D ܌ໆෳǹՅᗺጕࣁ D2U ܌ໆෳǹՅᗺጕࣁ D2D ܌ໆෳǴѤޣࣣၸ 15 ϺեᓎၸᘠǶ
კ 2.2.3Ǻ(a) ໆෳੇྕၸ 15 Ϻեᓎၸᘠࡕϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(b) ໆෳੇࢬϐܿՋ Бӛࢬೲၸ 15 Ϻեᓎၸᘠࡕϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(c) ໆෳੇࢬϐࠄчБӛࢬೲၸ 15 Ϻեᓎၸᘠࡕϐਔ໔ׇӈკǶ
კ 2.2.4Ǻ(a) D1U ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკǹ(b) D1D ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკǹ (c) D2U ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკǹ(d) D2D ໆෳϐੇࢬಕӛໆკǶ
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
კ 2.2.5Ǻࢬೲᢀෳޑ০ືᙯඤҢཀკǴаѳՉܭӦ೯ၰೀޑЬື (Y ື)Ǵа ϷࠟޔܭӦ೯ၰೀޑୋື (X ື)ٰ߄ҢϐǴځύᗕ☇ D1 ೀޑ০ືࣁਔଞ
ᙯ 100 ࡋǴᗕ☇ D2 ೀࣁਔଞᙯ 135 ࡋǴ๋Յჴጕ߾ࣁӧٿᗕ☇ࡼܫޑᗺ ՏೀǴӚԾۓကࠟޔځ೯ၰوӛޑওय़Ƕ
100̓
X
Y
X
Y
135̓
D1a
D1b
D2a
D2b
კ 2.2.6Ǻ(a) ໆෳੇࢬࢬೲၸ০ືᙯඤаϷ 15 ϺեᓎၸᘠࡕǴݮ೯ၰوӛ ϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(b) ࢬໆᒡݮځ೯ၰوӛϐਔ໔ׇӈკǹ(c) ੇࢬࢬӛᆶӦ ೯ၰ܌֨فࡋϐਔ໔ׇӈკǶ
კ 2.3Ǻ(a) D1 ೯ၰೀޑӦওय़კǴځНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑওय़ᑈऊࣁ 6.30×106 ѳБϦЁǹ(b) D2 ೯ၰೀޑӦওय़კǴځНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑওय़ ᑈऊࣁ 8.11×106 ѳБϦЁǶ
(a)
(b)
߄2.3ǺᆶΓჹܭࠄੇుቫհНᅉ੮ਔ໔ᆉࣴزޑКၨǶ ReferencesResidence time of the deep waterResearch depthVolume transportMethod Chen and Huang, 1995~ 40 yearsBelow 1350 mChemical Analysis Lin, 2000~ 30 yearsBelow 1500 m4 SvReduced Gravity Model Qu et al., 2006Љ 30 yearsBelow 1500 m2.5 SvHydraulic Theory Gong et al., 199240-115 yearsBelow 2000 m1.2 SvChemical Analysis & Mooring Observation Chao et al.,199645-83 yearsBelow 2000 mClimatology-Driven Circulation Model Present study31-58 yearsBelow 2000 m1.08 (̈́ 0.32) SvMooring Observation
ಃΟകǵፕ
ܭകύǴၸᗕ☇ᢀෳၗǴᘜયрࢬΕࠄੇϣޑుቫ (εܭ 2000 ϦЁ)ੇНЬाࢂҗֈֺੇܿᜐޑ D2 ೯ၰೀݙΕǴԶᜢܭځుቫ հНٰྍޑǴਥᏵ Emery (2001)ჹܭӄౚੇࢩύӚНი܌ගрޑۓက (߄ 3.1)ǴӧϼѳࢩύޑύቫН (500ɴ1500 ϦЁ)ǴЬाࢂҗϼѳࢩୋчཱུ
ύቫН (Pacific Subarctic Intermediate Water, PSIW)ǵуԀύቫН (California Intermediate Water, CIW)ǵ ܿ Б ࠄ ϼ ѳ ࢩ ύ ቫ Н (Eastern South Pacific Intermediate Water, ESPIW)ǴаϷࠄཱུύቫН (Antarctic Intermediate Water, AAIW)ѤᅿНი܌ಔԋǹќѦӧځుቫН (1500 ϦЁɴۭቫ)ޑҽǴ߾ࢂ
аᙅཱུుቫН (Circumpolar Deep Water, CDW)ࣁЬाНიǴӢԜჹܭࢬΕࠄ
ੇϣϐుቫհНٰྍޑǴᔈёவ೭ϖᅿНიύՉКჹǶ
ၸ ୯ ࣽ ੇ ࢩ Ꮲ ߐ ੇ ࢩ ၗ ܌ ග ٮ ޑ CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth)НЎᢀෳၗǴёᇙբрੇНϐྕᡶკ (T-S diagram)Ǵ ᙖаϩࠄੇϣుቫհНޑНი܄ǶځύၗٰྍЬाࢂҗ୯ϣΟᑬੇ
ࢩࣴزಭ (ੇࣴဦǵੇࣴΒဦǵੇࣴΟဦ)а SeaBird Ϧљᇙޑྕᡶుሺ
܌ໆෳளډǴໆෳጄൎ఼ᇂѠڬൎੇୱǴځᒡрၗޑԄх֖ԖǺໆෳ
Вයᆶਔ໔ǵઠՏࡋᆶጎࡋǵᓸΚǵྕࡋǵᡶࡋǴаϷࣴزಭжဦᆶૐԛǹ ҁࣴزࢂаՏܭࠄੇੇୱЪ CTD ໆෳుࡋεܭ 2000 ϦЁբࣁᒧڗྗǴ ځНЎᢀෳᗺՏϩѲӵკ 3.1.1 ܌ҢǴӅԏډ 531 ᢀෳၗǶ
ճҔᢀෳၗ܌ᛤᇙрޑྕᡶკ่݀ᡉҢǴӧࠄੇϣϐుቫհНޑྕ
ࡋጄൎऊϟܭ 1.2ɴ2.8 ʚϐ໔Ǵᡶࡋጄൎ߾ϟܭ 34.58ɴ34.7 psu ϐ໔Ǵӵკ 3.1.2ɡ(a)܌ҢǹӧԜϩѲᖿ༈ύǴ߈ۭޑНი܄ឦܭᙅཱུుቫН (ྕࡋ ጄൎϟܭ 0.1ɴ2 ʚϐ໔Ǵᡶࡋጄൎϟܭ 34.62ɴ34.73 psu ϐ໔)ǴќѦόឦ ܭᙅཱུుቫНޑҽǴҗᆶځдѤᅿНიКჹၸࡕวǴځుቫհНᆶϼ
ѳࢩୋчཱུύቫН (ྕࡋጄൎϟܭ 5ɴ12 ʚϐ໔Ǵᡶࡋጄൎϟܭ 33.8ɴ34.3 psu ϐ໔)аϷᙅཱུుቫНΟޣ໔ऊև߈՟ጕ܄ޑᜢ߯ (კ 3.1.2ɡ(b))Ǵ
ࡺፕࢬΕࠄੇϣϐుቫհНޑٰྍёૈࢂҗԜٿᅿНი܌షӝԶԋǶ ࣁᆢࠄੇӦޑϩቫຝǴᜢܭࠄੇϣܹޑుቫհНჹځੇ߄ቫ
֎ԏໆࡕ܌ૈԋޑቹៜǴёၸ೯ໆᒡޑБݤᆶᑈϩ֡ॶۓ
ीǹ೯ໆࣁൂՏਔ໔ϣൂՏᄒय़ᑈ܌೯ၸޑໆǴځीᆉБำԄ (3.1.1Ԅ)ё߄ҢӵΠǺ
2
1 2000 2000
0 1
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2 m 2
1 1 m
b bottom bottom
o p cold SCS b
bottom
N i
b d b bottom
i
o p cold U b 2000 D b d
C T T V y dydzdx
Q q
A SCS surface area t z dz
bottom
C T V dzdx +V dzdx
N
SCS surface area U
U
³ ³ ³
¦ ³
³ ³ ³ ³
(3.1.1)
ځύ Q ջࣁ೯ໆ (Wm-2)Ǵq ࣁൂՏਔ໔ϣ܌೯ၸޑໆ (W)ǴA ࣁ೯ၸ ޑᄒय़ᑈ (m-2)Ǵȡo ࣁੇНஏࡋ (kgm-3)ǴCp ࣁੇНޑК (specific heat capacity)ǴൂՏࣁ Jkg-1K-1ǴTcold ࣁࢬΕޑհНྕࡋ (ʚ)Ǵа D2 ೯ၰೀ D2U ᆶ D2D ܌ໆෳډޑྕࡋϐѳ֡ (2.077 ʚ)ᆉǴTSCS ࣁঁࠄੇϣϐ ѳ֡ྕࡋ (ʚ)Ǵ௦Ҕ GDEM ޑংѳ֡ॶၗᆉǴஒࠄੇੇୱϣӚၗ
ᗺՏ (N)җੇ߄य़ԿځۭНుೀޑྕࡋኧॶ (t)уᕴࡕѳ֡Ǵځѳ֡
ࡕޑੇНྕࡋϩѲӵკ 3.1.3 ܌ҢǴᡉҢӧчࠄੇНుၨుޑୱϣǴѳ֡
ྕࡋࣣӧ 10 ʚаΠǴԶӧࠄੇࠄᆄᆶ߈ύ୯εഌޑୱǴѳ֡ྕࡋ߾ࣣ
ӧ 20 ʚаǴঁࠄੇੇୱϣޑྕࡋѳ֡ॶऊࣁ 10.60 ʚǴV ࣁࢬΕޑ
ੇНೲࡋ (ms-1)Ǵа D2 ೯ၰೀ D2U ᆶ D2D ܌ໆෳډޑࢬೲ (VUǵVD)
ᆉǴx ࣁ೯ၰޑቨࡋ (m)Ǵy ᆶ z ࣁНు (m)ǴаӛΠࣁ҅Ǵb1 ᆶ b2 ࣁ ೯ၰѰѓٿୁᜐࣚޑጎࡋǴdm ࣁБࢬೲሺᆶΠБࢬೲሺ܌ᢀෳుࡋޑ
ѳ֡ (m)Ǵӧᗕ☇ D2 ೀࣁ 2479 ϦЁǶ
ӧࠄੇޑੇ߄य़ᑈᆉБय़Ǵၸ୯ࣽੇࢩᏢߐੇࢩၗ܌ගٮޑ ࠄੇੇୱੇۭӦၗǴஒၗಔ܌఼ᇂጄൎϣ (чጎ 2 ࡋԿчጎ 26 ࡋǴ
ܿ 105 ࡋԿܿ 122 ࡋ)܌ԖੇࢩୱޑၗᗺՏҢрٰǴӆஒځҢ рޑᗺՏኧᕴک४ 1'×1' ޑᆛय़ᑈǴջёᆉрࠄੇӦޑੇ߄य़ᑈऊ ࣁ 3.53×1012 ѳБϦЁǴஒॊ่݀ΕБำԄύ܌ᆉрޑ೯ໆᒡॶ ऊࣁ-10.5 Wm-2Ƕ
ਥᏵऍ୯୯ৎεࣴزύЈ (National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR)܌ගٮޑੇࢩεᆕӝၗ (Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, COADS)ၗࡰрǴࠄੇੇ߄य़ృ೯ໆॶऊࣁ 26.2 Wm-2ǴᡉҢҗ D2 ೯ၰೀࢬΕࠄੇϣޑుቫհНǴӧؒԖҺՖੇНషӝၸำวғޑݩ ΠǴځݙΕϐհྍ (-10.5 Wm-2)ᙖҗϲޑၸำǴऊૈܢ 40 %ޑੇ߄य़ృ
೯ໆǴᇥܴΑځհНޑϲຝǴჹܭᆢࠄੇϣޑமϩቫаϷܮޑ ϣၮתᄽΜϩख़ाޑفՅǹԿܭќѦ 60 %ޑੇ߄य़ృ೯ໆǴ߾ෳ
ёૈࢂၸၨቫ (λܭ 2000 ϦЁ)ੇୱύޑځдੇࢩၮ܌ܢǶ
ԜѦǴਥᏵ෮ᏤБำԄ (3.1.2 Ԅ)Ǵёᙖҗໆෳளډޑࢬೲᆶྕ
ࡋၗǴჹࠄੇϣޑ෮ࢬᘉණ߯ኧ (eddy diffusivity)ՉᆉǶҁࣴزӧ
ीᆉ෮ࢬᘉණ߯ኧޑϦԄǴࢂЇҔ Wang (1986)ၸ Stommel (1958)ޑፕǴ ଷੇࢩύࠟޔБӛޑჹࢬ (advection)ᆶࠟޔБӛޑᘉණ (diffusion) ऊၲډѳᑽᜢ߯ΠᆉǴځ෮ࢬᘉණ߯ኧޑीᆉБำԄ (3.1.3 Ԅ)߄Ң ӵΠǺ
2 2 2
2 2 2
T T T T T T T
u v w k
t x y z x y z
§ ·
w w w w w w w
¨ ¸
w w w w © w w w ¹
(3.1.2)
2 2
T T
w k
z z
w w
w w (3.1.3)
ځύ u ǵv ᆶ w ϩձж߄ࡋӛϐੇࢬೲࡋǵጎࡋӛϐੇࢬೲࡋаϷੇН ϣޑܹೲࡋ (ms-1)ǴT ࣁੇНྕࡋ (ʚ)Ǵk ߾ࣁੇНύޑ෮ࢬᘉණ߯
ኧǴൂՏࣁ m2s-1ǶӧੇНྕࡋᒿుࡋᡂϯޑҽǴҁࣴز௦Ҕ GDEM ޑ
ংѳ֡ॶၗᆉǴӆஒകᆉрޑࠄੇੇࣧੇНܭНు 2000 ϦЁ
ೀޑܹೲࡋ(1.10±0.32)×10-6 ms-1 жΕीᆉԄࡕǴջёளࠄੇӧНు
2000 ϦЁೀǴ4ɴ12 Дޑѳ֡෮ࢬᘉණ߯ኧऊࣁ (12.12±3.24)×10-4 m2s-1Ƕ
კ 3.1.1ǺCTD НЎᢀෳᗺՏϩѲკǴځύՅϩࣁНుభܭ 2000 ϦЁୱǴ आՅϩ߾ࣁ CTD НЎᢀෳᗺՏǶ
კ 3.1.2Ǻ(a) ࠄੇుቫੇНϐྕᡶკǴځྕࡋጄൎऊϟܭ 1.2ɴ2.8 ʚϐ໔Ǵᡶࡋጄ ൎ߾ϟܭ 34.58ɴ34.7 psu ϐ໔ǹ(b) ࠄੇుቫੇНᆶ Emery (2001)܌ۓကНიޑК ჹ่݀ǴځύᙔਣхൎୱϣࣁϼѳࢩୋчཱུύቫНǴआਣхൎୱϣ߾ࣁᙅཱུ
ుቫНǶ (a)
(b)
კ 3.1.3Ǻࠄੇѳ֡ྕࡋϩѲკǴӧчࠄੇНుၨుޑୱϣǴځѳ֡ྕࡋࣣӧ 10ʚаΠǴԶӧࠄੇࠄᆄᆶ߈ύ୯εഌޑୱǴѳ֡ྕࡋ߾ࣣӧ 20 ʚаǶ
߄ 3.1ǺӄౚੇࢩӚНიޑྕᡶ܄Ƕ
ҁ߄ᘏڗԾǺEmery, W. J. (2001), Water types and water masses, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 6, pp.3182.
ಃѤകǵ่ፕ
ҁࣴزЬाࢂࢬΕࠄੇϣϐుቫ (εܭ 2000 ϦЁ)ੇНޑࢬໆ ᆶٰྍǴբࣁࣴزࠄੇϣϩቫຝܴᡉޑ୷ᘵǶਥᏵ୯ࣽੇࢩᏢߐੇࢩ
ၗ܌ගٮޑࠄੇੇୱੇۭӦၗᡉҢǴࠄੇӧݮНు 2000 ϦЁ
ుጕޑୱඔᛤǴࣁ߈՟࠾ഈޑ፺ᄂǴѝԖӧֈֺੇܿБᆶϼѳࢩ࣬ೱ
ೀǴεऊӧܿ 121.5 ࡋޑՏǴӸӧԖٿঁుН೯ၰ D1ǵD2Ǵځύ D1 ࣁ
ၨчБޑ೯ၰǴՏܭѠޑܿࠄᜐǴԶ D2 ߾ࣁၨࠄБޑ೯ၰǴՏܭֈֺੇ
ޑܿᜐǶ
ଷऩࠄੇᆶϼѳࢩӧНు 2000 ϦЁаΠޑୱዴჴӸӧԖుቫੇНޑ ҬඤຝǴځѸฅҗ D1ǵD2 ೭ٿঁుН೯ၰՉࢬ೯Ǵၸঁձࡼܫ
ಔుੇᗕ☇ՉੇࢬᢀෳǴёளհНҗ೯ၰݙΕࠄੇ 2000 ϦЁаΠ
ୱޑࢬໆǴаϷΑှుቫհНࢬΕࠄੇޑǶᢀෳ่݀ࡰрǴD2 ೯ၰೀ
ޑѳ֡ࢬӛࣁՋࠄӛǴѳ֡ࢬໆ߾ऊࣁ 1.08±0.32 SvǹԶӧ D1 ೯ၰೀǴځ ѳ֡ࢬӛࣁܿчӛǴѳ֡ࢬໆΨऊࣁ-3.62×10-2 Sv (ॄॶࣁࢬрࠄੇੇ
ࣧ)ǴᡉҢၸ D1 ೯ၰࢬрࠄੇޑࢬໆΜϩ༾λǴଆዸК D2 ೯ၰೀޑࢬ ໆλঁભኧаǴࡺа D2 ೯ၰೀޑࢬໆࣁుቫੇНݙΕࠄੇੇࣧޑЬ
ाྍᓐǶ
ుቫੇНΕࠄੇϣࡕǴଷۓࢬໆޑᒡᆢᑈӺࡡǴЪݙΕޑ հНคځдᆅၰёࢬрࠄੇੇࣧǴࣣа֡ϬܹޑБԄᆶቫੇНషӝǴё ᙖҗ D2 ೯ၰೀࢬΕޑࢬໆᆉрӧࠄੇੇࣧНు 2000 ϦЁుጕೀޑ
ܹೲࡋऊࣁ 1.10 (±0.32)×10-6 ms-1ǹԶԖᜢܭࠄੇۭհНᅉ੮ਔ໔ޑᆉ Бय़ǴࢬΕޑుቫհНӧᙖҗϲޑၸำࡕǴሡाऊ 31ɴ58 ԃޑਔ໔ ωૈஒᙑԖޑࠄੇੇۭࣧቫНඹඤֹԋǶԜᆉԃज़ӧᆶΓჹܭࠄੇుቫ հНᅉ੮ਔ໔ᆉࣴزޑКၨύǴChen and Huang (1995)ճҔНໆϷᡶࡋޑ
፦ໆѳᑽচǴࣴزࠄੇੇНҬඤޑǴԶᆉрࠄੇੇࣧНు 1350 Ϧ ЁаΠޑੇНᅉ੮ਔ໔ऊࣁ 40 ԃǹ݅ (2000)аΒᆢኧॶኳԄᆶթܫܭֈֺ
ੇکࠄੇчޑࢬೲሺၗ࣬КၨࡰрǴࠄੇੇࣧНు 1500 ϦЁаΠޑ
ੇНᅉ੮ਔ໔ऊࣁ 30 ԃǹQu et al. (2006)่ӝНЎᢀෳၗᆶፕှǴ
ᆉ р ࠄ ੇ ੇ ࣧ Н ు 1500 Ϧ Ё а Π ޑ ੇ Н ᅉ ੮ ਔ ໔ ᔈ Ͽ ܭ 30 ԃ ǹ Gong et al. (1992)٩ᏵНЎϯᏢБय़ޑࣴزаϷթܫܭֈֺੇޑࢬೲሺၗ
ࡰ р Ǵ ֈ ֺ ੇ Н ు 2000 Ϧ Ё а Π ୱ ޑ ੇ Н ᅉ ੮ ਔ ໔ ऊ ࣁ 40ɴ115 ԃǹChao et al. (1996)ճҔΟᆢኧॶኳԄՉࠄੇۭቫᕉࢬޑኧॶ ኳ ᔕ Ǵ ᆉ р ࠄ ੇ ੇ ࣧ Н ు 2000 Ϧ Ё а Π ޑ ੇ Н ᅉ ੮ ਔ ໔ ऊ ࣁ 45ɴ83 ԃǹᡉҢॊᆉԃज़ࣣᆶҁࣴز܌ளډޑ่݀ (31ɴ58 ԃ)ሥࣁௗ
߈Ƕ
ӧԋࠄੇНు 2000 ϦЁೀੇНܹޑᐒڋύǴճҔ QSCAT ॥
ၗीᆉрޑՆլୗܜଌೲࡋ (1.30×10-6 ms-1)Ǵуҗংѳ֡ॶ GDEM
ीᆉрޑӦᙯࢬܹೲࡋ (0.30×10-6 ms-1)ޑࢬೲᕴӝǴӧ४ࠄੇੇࣧܭН
ు 2000 ϦЁೀޑੇНᄒय़ᑈ (9.86×1011 ѳБϦЁ)ࡕǴёளځᒡޑࢬ ໆ ऊ ࣁ 1.58 Sv Ǵ ᆶ ၸ ᗕ ☇ ၗ ी ᆉ р ϐ D2 ೯ ၰ ೀ ޑ ѳ ֡ ࢬ ໆ (1.08±0.32 Sv)࣬КǴࢬໆᒡऊၲډ߈՟ѳᑽޑᜢ߯ǴᡉҢՆլୗܜଌа ϷӦᙯࢬϲᔈࢂٿঁԋࠄੇНు 2000 ϦЁೀੇНܹޑЬाᐒڋǴ
Զߦ٬ుቫհНԾ D2 ೯ၰࢬΕࠄੇੇࣧǴаံᓭܹޑੇНǶ
ԶᜢܭࢬΕࠄੇϣϐుቫհНٰྍޑǴճҔ୯ࣽੇࢩᏢߐੇࢩ
ၗගٮޑᢀෳၗ܌ᛤᇙрޑྕᡶკ่݀ᡉҢǴӧࠄੇϣϐుቫհН ޑྕࡋጄൎऊϟܭ 1.2ɴ2.8 ʚϐ໔Ǵᡶࡋጄൎ߾ϟܭ 34.58ɴ34.7 psu ϐ໔ǹ ԜϩѲᖿ༈ᆶ Emery (2001)ჹܭӄౚੇࢩύӚНი܌ගрۓကύޑϼѳࢩୋ
чཱུύቫН (ྕࡋጄൎϟܭ 5ɴ12 ʚϐ໔Ǵᡶࡋጄൎϟܭ 33.8ɴ34.3 psu ϐ ໔ ) а Ϸ ᙅ ཱུ ు ቫ Н ( ྕ ࡋ ጄ ൎ ϟ ܭ 0.1 ɴ 2 ʚ ϐ ໔ Ǵ ᡶ ࡋ ጄ ൎ ϟ ܭ
34.62ɴ34.73 psu ϐ໔)Οޣ໔ऊև߈՟ጕ܄ޑᜢ߯ǴࡺፕࢬΕࠄੇϣ
ϐుቫհНޑٰྍёૈࢂҗԜٿᅿНი܌షӝԶԋǶ
ࣁᆢࠄੇϣޑϩቫຝǴᜢܭࠄੇϣܹޑుቫհНჹځੇ߄ቫ
֎ԏໆࡕ܌ૈԋޑቹៜǴёၸ೯ໆᒡޑᆉՉǴᡉҢҗ D2 ೯ၰೀݙΕࠄੇϣޑհྍ (-10.5 Wm-2)Ǵऊૈܢځ 40 %ޑੇ߄य़ృ
೯ໆ (26.2 Wm-2)ǴᇥܴΑځհНޑϲຝǴჹܭᆢࠄੇϣޑமϩ ቫаϷܮޑϣၮתᄽΜϩख़ाޑفՅǶԜѦǴਥᏵ෮ᏤБำ ԄǴଷੇࢩύࠟޔБӛޑჹࢬᆶࠟޔБӛޑᘉණऊၲډѳᑽᜢ߯
(Wang, 1986)Ǵёᙖҗᗕ☇ၗीᆉрޑܹೲࡋǴჹࠄੇϣޑ෮ࢬᘉණ
߯ኧՉᆉǴ่݀ᡉҢǴࠄੇӧНు 2000 ϦЁೀޑ෮ࢬᘉණ߯ኧऊࣁ (12.12±3.24)×10-4 m2s-1Ƕ
ୖԵЎ
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30. ݅ⓟྻ (2000)ǴࠄੇۭቫᕉࢬޑኧॶኳᔕǴ୯ҥѠεᏢੇࢩࣴز܌ᅺ γፕЎǶ
31. ఉЎቺ (2002)ǴࠄੇቫੇྕϷੇࢬᡂϯϐࣴزǴ୯ҥѠεᏢੇࢩࣴ
ز܌റγፕЎǶ
