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资产定价 复习

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资产定价 复习

securtity 证券 asset 资产 stock 股票

在表示一种商品的时候,会混用。

Chapter 2

security

security 证券的 payoff

下标 表示 state,在不同状态的未来有不一样的 payoff。

定义 security structure

j 表示债券序号

当 是满秩的时候,称为完全市场,因为在 中任意资产价格组合(在任何 state 都可以有想要的 payoff )都可 以被 中的 种债券组合出来。

否则称为不完全市场。

标准正交基向量称为 Arrow-Debreu securities.

short-sell :证券除了买,也可以卖。在图中画的话就是这个证券反向。

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portfolio

是 一个列向量

表示每种证券取的数量

Asset Span

就是能被 表示出来的 portfolio 集合。

所有 的时候就是 complete market.

所以,complete market 当且仅当 也就是市场上至少存在 个线性独立的证券。

所以当存在 ,( 这个资产完全可以由别的组合出来,也就是 和其他资产不是线性独立的)则

是多余的。

price

因为 portfolio 是列向量,所以 price 是行向量。乘下来是一个1*1,即一个数。

The cost of portfolio is given by

如果 则 收益

Return = payoff / prize

Use option to complete the market

假设一个 stock 的 payoff为

如果引入 call option 则

, s = future prize

k = strike prize

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如果引入 S-1 个 call option 对应 则我们可以得到如下如下证券。

结合原有的 stock 可以组成 security structure

是一个上三角矩阵,行列式的值为1(主对角线的乘积),所以是个满秩矩阵,所以市场完备。

 

Chapter 3

几个符号

对任意

if and (可以有部分 )

对任意 i , 是内积

No-Arbitrage

设 h,k 是两个 portfolio

1. Law Of One Prize (LOOP) if then 2. No Strong Arbitrage(NSA) if then 3. No Arbitrage (NA) if then

Three lemmas:

1. LOOP implies that every portfolio with 0 payoff has zero prize.

2. NA implies NSA 3. NSA implies LOOP 定义

v 可以理解为所有资产组合的价格的集合,z 是一个组合的payoff,是列向量 如果 LOOP 成立,则 v 是一个线性泛函。也就是说,它把 映射到了

1. 是单值的,因为如果 ,根据 LOOP 则存在一个唯一的 使得 .

所以我们可以写成 (函数体现出来了)

2. 在 上是线性的

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3.

反向也正确,也就是说,如果 是 上的线性泛函,则 成立。

State Prices

定义

使得

所以 是一个向量,和 一样。

速记

h z q 都是列向量 p 是行向量

定义

线性泛函 是价值评估函数当且仅当

1. 对每一个 都有

2. 对每一个 , 对 with

也就是说 从 扩展到了

其中 是个基向量

Proposition

若 LOOP 成立, q 是 state price 则对所有的 ,

反之也成立。即 iff q 是个 state price 且 loop 成立,则对所有的 ,

Fundamental Theorem of Finance

Proposition 1

Security prices exclude arbitrage iff there exists a valuation functional with

Proposition 2

Let be a matrix, and . There is no satisfying , and at least one strict inequality iff there exists a vector with and .

中心思想

the absence of arbitrage is equivalent to the existence of a vector of positive state prices.

Pricing Kernel

q 可以有无数个,然而 kernel 只有一个。就是这个 q 在 上的投影。说白了就是 q 在 上。

Proposition 3

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Markets are complete and there is no arbitrage iff there exists a unique valuation functional.

Asset Pricing Formulas

要推导!

State Price Model

这就是 没啥好讲的

Stochastic Discount Factor

是每个 state 发生的概率。

定义 stochastic Discount Factor

所以可以说

因为

假设存在一个 risk-free bond 我们有

其中 是 risk-free return。

这样子对任意

典型情况下 < 0.

定义 则可以得到 .

因为对于一个 risk-free bond 我们可以写出 或者

也就是说

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所以对于一个资产 的超额收益单纯只和协方差与随机贴现因子有关。所以一个投资者只能得到系统性风险的补偿。

equivalent martingale measure

等价鞅 风险中性概率

对于无风险债券

其中 是无风险净return.

其中

也就是说 是s状态价格占总状态价格的比重。

State-Price Beta Model

在CAPM模型里会详解。

 

Chapter 4 Risk Preferences and Expected Utility Theory

State-by-State Dominance (SSD)

given two random variables and defined over the state space ( ,F,P), we say that Y State-by-State dominates X if

定义有点复杂,其实就是每一个state的收益都占优。

mean-variance dominance

算期望收益和方差

期望收益大且方差小的更好。

Sharpe Ratio

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Stochastic Dominance

First Order Stochastic Dominance

let F_A and F_B represent, respectively, the cumulative distribution functions of two random variables (investments payoff) defined in the interval [a,b]. We say that first-order stochastically dominates (FSD) if

在任何时期,B的累计分布函数都大于等于A,称 FOSD .

Second Order Stochastic Dominance

SOSD if

要每一点的累积分布函数的差的积分大于0.

也就是说,如果 稍大了一点点但是后来一直远远小于 那也不能说 A 比 B 强,只能说无法比较。

FOSD implies SOSD.

Mean-Preserving Spread

we say that the random variable is a mean-preserving spread of the random variable if , where the random variable is independent of , and has zero mean and positive variance.

Proposition

Let and be the CDFs of two random variables and defined on the same space with identical means. Then SSD iff is a mean-preserving spread of .

derive 要考!

 

Certainty Equivalent

it is the certain payoff which gives the same expected utility as the uncertain lottery .

if is the expected utility of lottery , will be the certainty equivalent of .

Jensen’s Inequality

Let be concave over and let be a random variable such that . If the expectations and exist, then . Forthermore, if is concave then then the inequality is strict.

Risk Aversion

1. Absolute Risk Aversion

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2. Relative Risk Aversion

3. Risk Tolerance

Constant Absolute Risk Aversion

CARA utility function

Constant Relative Risk Aversion

CRRA utility function

Q: When utility function invariant when you transform wealth?

A: Risk Neutral. When .

Q: economic meaning of relative and absolute risk aversion

A: They measure the change in the investment due to the change in the wealth. Relative one measues the ratio whether absolute one measures the total amount.

Portfolio Allocation

Savings

smooth consumption and collateral constrain.

 

參考文獻

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