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第一單元第一單元第一單元第一單元 Operations Research and the Art of Problem Solving

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第一單元 第一單元第一單元 第一單元

Operations Research and the Art of Problem Solving

Operations Research (OR) seeks the determination of the best (optimum) course of action of a decision problem under the restriction of limited resources.

在有限資源條件限制下,尋求決策問題之最佳(最適)的活動方案。

Step 1. Analyze the decision problem (Art) 針對決策問題分析 Step 2. Modeling the decision problem 把問題模型化 Step 3. Solve the decision problem (Science) 解決問題

1. Deterministic model 定性模型 — Mathematical programming 數學規劃:肯定、簡明、不會模擬兩可。

2. Probabilistic model 機率模型— Stochastic programming 隨機過程。

Note: 並非數學(科學)方法便能解決所有的決策問題,尚須考慮其 他面向的問題,如人性、……。

一般處理問題分類 一般處理問題分類 一般處理問題分類 一般處理問題分類

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Mathematical Model

Optimize f(x

1

, x

2

, …, x

n

)

Subject to g

1

(x

1

, x

2

, …, x

n

)

b

1

……….

g

m

(x

1

, x

2

, …, x

n

)

b

m

x

1 ≥

0 , …, x

n ≥

0

Optimize

c r ′ x r

, s.t. A

x r

b r

,

x r

≥ 0 r

Optimize c

1

x

1

+…+c

n

x

n

s.t.

mn m

n

a a

a a

L L L L L

L

1 1 11

 

 

x

n

x M

1

b

m

b

M

1

Optimize 和 s.t.之方程式均為線性

x

1 ≥

0 , …, x

n ≥

0

1. L.P. (linear programming) problem 線性規劃問題 向量、矩陣、聯立方程式

2. I.P.(Integer programming) 整數規劃 3. D.P.(Dynamic programming) 動態規劃 Dynamic multi-stage program 多階段規劃 4. N.L.P.(Non-linear programming) 非線性規劃

1. Probability Theory 機率論 2. Decision theory, Game theory 3. PERT / CPM

4. Inventory Systems 5. Markovian Decision Process

6. Queuing systems 7. System simulation

Deterministic Model

Probabilistic Model

參考文獻

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