Ocean Giants

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Unit 1

Animals:

Ocean Giants

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Talk about these questions and share your opinions with your classmates.

1. Do you think ocean animals are in danger? Why or why not?

2. What do you think can be done to protect the ocean and the animals that live in it?

Warm Up Warm Up

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Fact File

The ocean covers 75% of the Earth’s surface and is home to thousands of species, many still undiscovered.

Scientists estimate that only 10% of all sea life has been catalogued. And that’s good news for marine biology students! There is still so much we need to learn about one of the most important and least explored parts of our world - the ocean.

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Lesson 1

Discussion A

Key Vocabulary

Look for the words in bold type in the passage on the opposite page.

Write the each word next to its definition using the base form of the word.

B

1. Look at the picture above and discuss.

a. What do you know about sharks?

b. Are you afraid of sharks? Why or why not?

2. Which do you think is true? Compare and discuss your answers.

a. Sharks like the taste of humans. T F b. Sharks are afraid of some animals. T F c. Sharks like eating seals. T F

1. ________________ to find; to meet

2. ________________ a type of plant or animal

3. ________________ a detailed study of something in order to find out new information 4. ________________ a covering that has a consistent thickness

5. ________________ something that has been attacked by something else 6. ________________ really; certainly; without a doubt

7. ________________ to find out about or learn more about something 8. ________________ in a normal way

Killer Sharks?

1. Pre-Reading

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Killer Sharks? Killer Sharks?

A great white shark.

A surfer lying on a surfboard.

A tiger shark.

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Should we be afraid of sharks? Maybe not. New research into the causes of shark attacks suggests that sharks don’t like the way humans taste! In fact, most shark attack victims survive after receiving only one bite. Why is this?

There are many theories to explain why sharks sometimes attack people. One theory is that sharks are just curious. We know that sharks are the strongest animals in their environment, so they are not scared of anything. Naturally, that means they are curious when they encounter something unusual. Because they don’t have hands or feet, the only way they can explore an object is to bite it! It is thought that sharks sometimes bite humans for this reason, and then swim away.

Scientists also say that sharks would not waste energy trying to eat a human, as we have a lot of bones. It is hard for a shark to eat us because sharks don’t have hands, and they can’t pull the meat off our bones. Maybe that’s why they only bite us once.

Unfortunately, one bite from a large shark is enough to cause a lot of damage!

Another theory is that sharks attack humans by mistake. Some species, such as the great white sharks, may sometimes mistake humans for a seal. An example of this is when a shark attacks a surfer. A surfer lying on a surfboard looks like a seal when seen from below. Sharks like seals because they have a thick layer of tasty fat.

Whatever the reason for shark attacks on humans, sharks should definitely be afraid of us. Sadly, we kill almost 40 million of them each year. ^{275 words}

Fact File 1 Did you know?

Sharks never need to see a dentist! When a tooth is damaged, it simply falls out.

Then another tooth comes up to fill its place.

Lesson 01 13

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2. During Reading

1. What happens to shark attack victims?

a. Only a few survive.

b. Most of them die.

c. Most of them live.

2. What do sharks like to eat?

a. They like to eat seals because of their thick layer of fat.

b. They like to eat humans because they have lots of meat.

c. They like to eat fish because they have lots of fat.

3. According to one theory, how do sharks explore an unusual object?

a. by smelling b. by touching c. by biting

4. Which sentence about sharks is true?

a. Sharks pull meat off bones when they eat.

b. Sharks might mistake humans for seals.

c. Sharks only attack surfers.

5. Which sentence about sharks is NOT true?

a. One bite from a shark can cause a lot of damage.

b. Sharks like the taste of humans.

c. Sharks don’t have hands to help them eat.

Fact File 2 Read this!

The great white shark lives in coastal waters all around the world. They can grow up to 6 meters long and weigh up to 2000 kg. They like to eat fish, seals, and sea lions.

Scanning for Information

Circle the correct answer.

A

Reading Skill Tip

When you scan, don’t read every word, and don’t stop when you see a word you don’t know. Read quickly and stop only to find the information you are looking for.

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0

Every paragraph has a main idea. Often, but not always, the main idea is contained in a topic sentence.

Identify the various actions that occur in the passage. Then consider the consequences of each of those actions.

Use this method to summarize what happened in the passage.

1. Which is the main idea of paragraph 2?

a. The only way that sharks can explore an object is to bite it.

b. Sharks are the strongest animals in their environment.

c. Sharks sometimes attack people because they are curious about anything that is unusual.

d. Sharks swim away after biting humans.

a. Sharks can’t pull the meat off our bones.

b. Sharks don’t have hands.

c. Sharks don’t like humans because we have a lot of bones.

d. One bite from a large shark is enough to cause a lot of damage.

Identifying Main Ideas

B-1

Organizing Information: Identifying Cause and Effect

Complete the chart.

B-2

Lesson 01 15

Cause Effect

Sharks are ___________________

____________________________.

Sharks bite people.

Humans have ________________

____________________________.

It is difficult for sharks to eat humans.

A human lying _______________

_________ looks like __________.

Sharks mistake people for seals.

Humans _____________________

____________________________.

Sharks should be afraid of people.

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Understanding Words in Context

C

1. In line 5, what does the word ‘theories’ mean?

a. reasons b. ideas c. facts

2. In line 7, what does the word ‘environment’ mean?

a. surroundings b. mind c. species

Identifying Referents

D

1. In line 11, what does it refer to?

a. an object b. a human c. a shark

2. In line 21, what does this refer to?

a. the great white shark b. attacking a surfer

c. mistaking a human for a seal

Making Inferences

E

1. Why do you think sharks don’t like to eat humans?

a. Humans are harder to eat than fish and seals.

b. There isn’t any meat on a human.

c. Humans are too hard to find.

2. Why do you think sharks are curious about humans?

a. because humans look like seals

b. because sharks don’t see humans often

c. because sharks want to be friends with humans

Recognizing Restatements

F

1. Which of the following sentences best restates the highlighted information in line 11?

a. This is the reason why sharks bite us.

b. This is the only reason why sharks always bite us.

c. Some people think this is why sharks sometimes bite us.

Think about how the target word is related to the topic of the passage.

Then look at the words around the target word to guess its meaning.

A referent refers to something that has been mentioned before.

Substitute the possible answer for the referent and see if the sentence makes sense.

Read carefully and choose the restatement that best summarizes the highlighted passage.

Your goal should be to leave the meaning unchanged and to include all important information.

While making

inferences, you combine the information in the passage with your general knowledge.

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Lesson 01 17

3. After Reading

Discussion

Talk with a partner and then have a class discussion.

B

1. Have you ever seen a shark? Where and when?

2. What should swimmers do if they see a shark?

3. What interesting facts do you know about sharks?

Writing Practice

Write your opinion and share it with your class.

C

I think people ( should / shouldn’t ) be afraid of sharks because __________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________.

1. The __________ is in hospital with serious injuries.

2. The new students _______________ their classroom excitedly.

3. Tourists who are prepared rarely _______________ problems when travelling.

4. In the winter, it is important to wear two or three _______________ of clothing.

5. There are many different _______________ of shark.

6. Scientists do a lot of _______________ to find out about something new.

7. It is _______________ a good idea to wear a sun hat in summer.

8. Wild mushrooms grow _______________ in our area. They are not planted.

encounter victim species definitely

research layers naturally explored

Vocabulary Practice

Fill in the blanks.

A-1

1 2 3

absolutely kinds/types

normally

=

4 5 6

meet a study attacker

=

Synonyms and Antonyms

Fill in the blanks using the words in the box above.

A-2

= synonym antonym

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Lesson 2

Discussion A

Key Vocabulary

Look for the words in bold type in the passage on the opposite page.

Write the each word next to its definition using the base form of the word.

B

1. Look at the picture above and discuss.

a. What can you see in the picture?

b. What do you know about whales? Do you think they are interesting animals?

2. Do you agree or disagree? Compare and discuss your answers.

a. Whales and humans are a lot alike. Agree Disagree b. Whales don’t sleep. Agree Disagree c. Whales generally live longer than humans. Agree Disagree

1. ________________ the organs that mammals breathe with 2. ________________ a way that people or things are the same 3. ________________ times when things happen

4. ________________ the length of time something is expected to live 5. __________ _____ to be controlled or determined by something else 6. ________________ to help show that something is true; to help 7. ________________ to change something for a new situation

8. ________________ to exchange information by speaking, writing, or gestures

Whales Like Us

1. Pre-Reading

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Whales Like Us

Blue whales are the loudest animals on the planet. Their songs, which measure up to 188 decibels, are louder than a jet taking off!

Whales Like Us

A sperm whale.

A beluga whale.

A humpback whale.

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Whales are mammals just like humans, and there are many similarities between us. We both breathe air, have warm blood, and feed our babies milk. Whales even have a small amount of hair! There are many other interesting similarities as well.

One similarity is that humans and whales both need sleep.

Sleeping is easy for humans because we live on land. It is more difficult for whales because they need to breathe and swim at the same time. To overcome this problem, scientists think that one half of the whale’s brain sleeps while the other half is awake.

This idea is supported by sightings of whales swimming with one eye closed.

Lifespan is another similarity between humans and whales.

Whales generally live for 40-90 years, depending on their species. On rare occasions, they can live for over a century. This is very similar to human’s lifespan.

Whales also communicate with each other using sounds, just like humans do. Some whales sing, while other whales use loud clicks. Because they are so large and powerful, the sounds whales make can be extremely loud. Sometimes whales shout messages to each other!

However, whales and humans are not exactly the same. There is one important difference: our lungs. Whales have a special breathing system that lets them stay underwater for long

periods of time. Some whales, such as the sperm whale, can stay underwater for up to two hours while holding a single breath.

Humans aren’t as well adapted. Our record for holding our breath is only 10 minutes and 12 seconds. 258 words

Lesson 02 19

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2. During Reading

1. How long do whales generally live?

a. up to 40 years

b. about the same as humans c. over a century

2. Why do whales make such loud sounds?

a. Sound doesn’t travel through water very well.

b. Whales can’t hear very well.

c. Whales are very big and strong.

3. According to scientists, how do whales overcome the difficulty of sleeping?

a. They breathe and swim at the same time.

b. One half of the whale’s brain sleeps while the other half is awake.

c. They swim with their eyes closed.

4. Which sentence about whales is true?

a. They don’t need to sleep.

b. They can breathe underwater.

c. They can hold their breath for a long time.

5. Which sentence about whales is NOT true?

a. They are covered with a lot of hair.

b. They feed their babies milk.

c. They breathe air.

Humpback whales feed only in the summertime. They need to eat huge amounts of fish like salmon and mackerel to fatten up for the long winters. Sometimes they hit the water with their large tails to stun schools of fish. This makes the fish easy to catch.

Scanning for Information

A

When you scan, don’t read every word, and don’t stop when you see a word you don’t know. Read quickly and stop only to find the information you are looking for.

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Every paragraph has a main idea. Often, but not always, the main idea is contained in a topic sentence.

a. Both humans and whales need sleep.

b. One half of the whale’s brain sleeps while the other half is awake.

c. People have sighted whales swimming with one eye closed.

d. Sleeping is difficult for whales because they need to breathe and swim at the same time.

a. Some species of whale live for longer than others.

b. Sometimes whales can live for over a century.

c. Whales generally live for 40-90 years.

d. Whales and humans have about the same lifespan.

Identifying Main Ideas

B-1

When you compare and contrast, you explore the similarities and differences between two or more things.

Organizing Information: Compare and Contrast

Complete the chart.

B-2

Similarities

between whales and humans

Differences

between whales and humans

① Both breathe _______________.

② Both have warm ____________.

③ Both feed their babies _______.

④ Both have some ____________.

⑤ Both need _________________.

⑥ __________________________.

__________________________.

⑦ __________________________.

__________________________.

① Whales live in _____________.

② Only one half of the whale’s brain _____________________

__________________________.

③ Whales have different _______.

Lesson 02 21

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Understanding Words in Context

C

1. In line 13, what does the word ‘generally’ mean?

a. never b. typically c. interestingly

2. In line 19, what does the word ‘extremely’ mean?

a. always b. strangely c. especially

Identifying Referents

D

1. In line 2, what does us refer to?

a. humans b. whales c. humans and whales

2. In line 16, what does each other refer to?

a. whales and humans b. other whales

c. other humans

Making Inferences

E

1. Why do people think that only half of the whale’s brain sleeps at a time?

a. because whale brains are different from human brains b. because humans have communicated with whales

c. because people saw whales swimming with one eye closed

Recognizing Restatements

F

a. Over a century ago, whales lived longer than humans.

b. It’s unusual, but some whales can live for 100 years or longer.

c. Humans can live for 100 years or longer these days.

a. Humans can stay underwater for a long time just like whales.

b. Humans and whales can’t live underwater.

c. Humans can’t hold their breath for a long time.

Think about how the target word is related to the topic of the passage.

Then look at the words around the target word to guess its meaning.

A referent refers to something that has been mentioned before.

Substitute the possible answer for the referent and see if the sentence makes sense.

Read carefully and choose the restatement that best summarizes the highlighted passage.

Your goal should be to leave the meaning unchanged and to include all important information.

While making

inferences, you combine the information in the passage with your general knowledge.

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Lesson 02 23

Writing Practice

Write your opinion and share it with your class.

C

Discussion

B

3. After Reading

1. On a few _______________, I have seen squirrels in this park.

2. Flies have a very short _______________ of only a few weeks.

3. Fish do not have _______________. They have gills.

4. Jin has _______________ well to his new school. He has made a lot of friends.

5. There are a lot of _______________ between the two countries.

6. My parents _______________ my decision to get a job.

7. Bees _______________ by doing a special dance.

8. __________________ the weather, we will either go to the museum or the amusement park.

1. What other similarities or differences between humans and whales can you think of?

2. What messages do you think whales send to each other?

3. Are you good at holding your breath?

supported occasions adapted lifespan

depending on lungs similarities communicate

I ( think / don’t think ) whales are interesting animals because ___________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________.

Vocabulary Practice

Fill in the blanks.

A-1

Synonyms and Antonyms

Fill in the blanks using the words in the box above.

A-2

1 2 3

differences times changed

=

4 5

backed up talk

=

= synonym antonym

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Review Review

1. Summary and Discussion

Connecting Lesson 1 & Lesson 2

Discussion

B

1. What was the most interesting fact you learned?

2. How can we better protect sharks and whales?

3. Have you ever read any other stories about sharks or whales?

4. Why are sharks and whales hunted by humans?

Lesson

1

^Summary: Killer Sharks?

●__________________________________________________________

Lesson

2

^Summary: Whales Like Us

●__________________________________________________________

Collect the main ideas to complete the summary.

A passage has one or more main ideas which give us the most important information in that passage. Supporting details explain, give examples or give more information about the main ideas.

Main Ideas and Supporting Details

Choose and write the three main ideas of each passage. There are two supporting details.

A

① A surfer looks like a seal.

② Whales are different from humans because they have special lungs.

③ Sometimes sharks bite humans because they are curious about us.

④ Other times sharks mistake humans for tasty seals.

⑤ One half of the whale’s brain sleeps while the other half is awake.

⑥ Whales and humans have similar lifespans, and an ability to communicate.

⑦ Sharks probably only bite humans once because humans have a lot of bones.

⑧ Whales and humans both need sleep.

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Review 25

Crossword Puzzle

Complete the puzzle.

B

Word Definition

Circle the best answer.

A

definitely research victim depends on

lungs lifespan layer communicate

2. Vocabulary Review

1. adapted a. grown b. shrunk c. changed

2. explore a. investigate b. exercise c. endanger

3. species a. pieces b. type c. difference

4. similarity a. being similar b. being different c. being unique

5. naturally a. truly b. normally c. really

6. encounter a. meet b. hit c. charge

7. support a. help b. stop c. clear

8. occasion a. purpose b. time c. place

1. A ____ is a person who is hurt.

2. Police ____ using radios.

3. There is a thick ____ of cheese on a pizza.

4. Smoking hurts your ____.

5. A: Can we go picnic tomorrow?

B: It ____ the weather.

6. Flies and mosquitoes have a short ____.

7. I will ____ go to the game. I wouldn’t miss it.

8. Scientists do ____ to find cures for disease.

Down Across

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