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Professional Development Programme on Enriching 

Knowledge of the Business, Accounting and Financial Studies  (BAFS) Curriculum <Elective Part>

Course Title: Development of a Quality Workforce

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Learning Outcomes

• Upon completion of this course, teacher  participants should be able to:

• Explain why good employee relations are  important 

• Describe the parties involved in good  employee relationship

• Develop effective practices to facilitate  communication in order to enhance good  employee relationship 

(3)

Learning Outcomes

Develop appropriate disciplinary systems and grievance  procedures n order to maintain good employee 

relationships

Describe the collective‐bargaining process

Apply the various impasse‐resolution techniques such as  conciliation, mediation and arbitration in resolving 

industrial conflicts

Develop appropriate orientation programme in order to  reduce turnover and  socialize new employee

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Learning Outcomes

Define motivation (激勵理論)

Compare and contrast the following early theories of 

motivation and contemporary theories of motivation (激勵理論)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (需要階梯理論)

Herzberg’s Dual‐factor Theory (兩因子理論)

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y (X 理論和 Y 理論)

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory (期望理論)

Adam’s Equity Theory (公平理論)

Apply the said motivation theories to enhance staff efficiency  and reduce absenteeism and turnover

Evaluate current issues in motivating employees

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Syllabus in HKDSE Examination

• Employee relations

Explain the functions of collective bargaining,  conciliation, mediation and arbitration in 

industrial conflicts (L1 & 2)

Suggest appropriate orientation and internal  communication programmes (L4)

Explain grievance handling and disciplinary action  procedures (L1 & 2)

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Syllabus in HKDSE Examination

• Motivation theories

Apply the motivation theories to enhance staff  efficiency and reduce absenteeism (L2 & 4)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Herzberg’s Dual‐factor Theory

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

Adam’s Equity Theory

(7)

Course Outline 

• Development of a quality workforce

Issues related to good employee relations

Communication programmes

Well‐defined disciplinary and grievances procedures

Collective bargaining process

Appropriate orientation programme

Application of the 5 motivational theories

Current issues relating to motivating employees

• Case illustration

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Employee Relations

• One of the activities of the maintenance  function in HRM

Maintenance functions:

Safety and health

Communications programme Employee relations (ER)

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Importance of Good ER Practices

• Retain high quality, competent and adapted  workforce who are willing to maintain their  commitment and loyalty to the organisation

(11)

S

urvey of turnover rate in HK by HKIHRM

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Employee Relations

• Employee relations video in Foxconn.

• What is good ER?

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Good ER Practices

Develop 2-way communication channels between management

and employees

Develop 2-way communication channels between management

and employees

Appropriate Orientation Programme Appropriate Orientation Programme Provisions for a fair and

effective disciplinary systems and well-defined

grievance procedures Provisions for a fair and

effective disciplinary systems and well-defined

grievance procedures

Reduce  employee 

Turnover? Others, e.g.

Employee Assistance &

Others, e.g.

Employee Assistance &

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Employers’

Associations Employer

Employees

HKSAR Government

Staff

Association

Trade Unions

Participants in Employee

Relationship

Parties involved in good ER

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Effective 2‐way Communication Channels

To keep employees informed of the latest development  and let them aware of the new policies and 

procedures that would affect them 

(DeCenzo and Robbins, Human Resource  Management, 10th ed. Wiley 2010)

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Essential elements of the communications  programmes

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Commonly‐found Communication Channels

Work unit meeting

Briefing groups

In‐house seminars

Joint consultative  committee 

Exit interview

Employee attitude survey

Suggestion scheme

Video presentation  /videoconferencing

Written media

¾ Employee handbook

¾ Circulars

¾ Written notices

¾ In‐house newsletters 

¾ Staff bulletins

¾ Internet, e‐mail & intranets

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Challenge Corner – Q1

What are the 

commonly found 

disciplinary problems  at workplace?

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Suggested Answers ‐ Q1

Commonly‐found disciplinary problems

• Attendance

• On‐the‐job behaviours

• Dishonesty

• Outside activities

(DeCenzo and Robbins, Human Resource  Management, 10th ed. Wiley 2010)

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Disciplinary Procedures

Recommended by Labour Department, Hong Kong

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Challenge Corner – Q2

Case on Disciplinary Action 

Mr. Chan was the Branch Manager  of a bank.  Paul was one of his 

subordinates.  Lately he found that  Paul was always absent on Monday  mornings.  Mr. Chan was quite 

reluctant to face Paul as he knew  that Paul was quite emotional.  Mr. 

Chan avoided emotional 

confrontation with him. What  should Mr. Chan do?

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Suggested Answers – Q2

Disciplinary Guidelines

Make sure disciplinary action is  corrective rather than punitive

Progressive discipline

Hot‐stove rule

(DeCenzo and Robbins, Human  Resource Management, 10th ed. 

Wiley 2010)

(23)

Grievance Procedures

• Survey of organisations providing grievance  procedures

(Ng and Chan, 2000 in Chan, Mak & Bannister,  Managing HR in HK, Thomson, 3rd ed. 2002)

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Survey Results

Survey over one hundred and half 

respondents, only half made provisions for  grievance procedures

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Grievance Procedures

Formal complaint of 

employee or employees’

dissatisfaction with the  company policies and/or  inappropriate 

management actions.

(Chan, Mak & Bannister,  Managing HR in HK, 

Thomson, 3rd ed. 2002)

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Procedures recommended by Labour Department

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Case on Labour Dispute

For the past 11 months, employees of Vitasoy  have repeatedly requested for the following:‐

¾Respect union rights

¾Demand for regular meeting

¾Annual wage increase bargaining

¾Sales increased, demand 

for reasonable wage scheme

¾Wage increase 7%, share the prosperity

¾Collective bargaining rights

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Challenge Corner – Q3  Case on Labour Dispute

The Management refused to  recognize the union and meet  with the union.  They only 

acceded to 5% increase in salaries  on 18 June 2011.

(Adapted from http://cms.iuf.org/)

a. What are the causes of the  labour disputes in this case?

b.Is collective bargaining legally  recognized in HK?

c. Discuss how you would handle  the labour dispute in this case.

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Suggested Answers – Q3a.

• Rate of annual salary adjustment is lower  than expected

• Employees are not satisfied with the existing  wage scheme and level of pay

• Refusal of meeting with the union to discuss  employment issues

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Suggested Answers – Q3b.

• In Hong Kong, there are no legal provisions  governing the rights of collective bargaining  and also the recognition of unions.

(31)

Suggested Answers – Q3c.

No universal formula

• The responsible manager should:‐

Prepare for the negotiation

review the company’s position and external factors

understand the company’s baseline

assess the possible outcome of the dispute

identify employees’ representatives

Start the negotiation with the employees’

representatives using various tactics (collective  bargaining process)

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Suggested Answers – Q3c.

• If the labour and management cannot reach a  satisfactory agreement, consider the 

assistance of an objective third party.

• Consider service of conciliatory service  provided by the Labour Department.

• The role of the conciliator is go‐between to  keep the negotiations going.

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Suggested Answers – Q3c.

• If no progress is made, mediator will be 

needed to pull together the common ground  and advise recommendation on settlement.

• If impasse still exists, arbitration will bring in  to render a decision on how to settle the 

current labour dispute.  

(Adapted from DeCenzo and Robbins, Human Resource  Management, 10th ed. Wiley 2010)

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Orientation Programme

Outsider‐Insider Passage

Socialization ‐ Familiarization and adaptation

Parties involved:

– HRM Staff – Employees’

supervisors

– Senior Management

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Typical Orientation Programme

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Case ‐ How orientation programme changed AA Hotel’s customer  services?

AA Hotel was renowned for their best customer services to  travelling executives.  

In the 90s, the hotel recruited their front‐line staff at  recruitment fairs.  They would select the best candidates  and offer higher than the market rate for each position. 

These newly recruited staff members would undergo an  orientation programme in their first day with the hotel.  

They were given an hour’s briefing on the benefits of the  hotel.  After then, they were put to work knowing nothing  about the organization’s mission.  Even though, the pay is  higher than its competitors, 40% of the new employees quit  within the first six months and customers’ satisfaction rate  was quite low.

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How orientation programme changed AA Hotel’s  customer services?

Things have changed now.  Customers’ satisfaction rate was high. AA Hotel could  do  what  they  had  promised  to  the  travelling  executives.  The  check‐in  time  had been cut from 15 min. to within 3 min.   What had they done?  

The HR people had re‐engineered their orientation programme.  New employees  went through a 90‐day orientation.  On the 1st day, they attended an eight‐

hour session on what was quality service.  New employees were introduced  to  the  AA’s  culture,  brand  and  specific  role  they  could  make  the  hotel  a  success.  An extravagant lunch was served as a welcome gesture.

The new employees were also assigned a mentor to work with them for the next  three months.  The mentor attended the refresher courses together with the  new employees to foster commitment to best customer services.   At the end  of the 90‐day orientation, new employees and mentors were invited to a gala  banquet for recognizing their efforts in the past months.

(adapted from HMA Administrator June 2010)

(38)

Challenge Corner – Q4

a. What were the problems of the  old orientation programme?

b. Why did the new orientation  programme help enhancing  customers’ satisfaction?

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Suggested Answers – Q4a. 

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Suggested Answers – Q4b.

90‐day orientation programme ‐ communicate 

management’s commitment to the new employees,  their willingness to invest in them

Mentorship programme – foster commitment to best  customer services

Lunch and banquet ‐ the hotel is willing to reward their  employees’ efforts to pay attention and learn during  orientation.

When new employees know what is expected of them,  they can contribute to better organizational 

performance thus leading to better customer services  and better customers’ satisfaction.

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Survey Results by 

City University of Hong Kong (2011)

A survey on employee engagement

• Generation Y had the highest turnover rate  among all working groups in different 

generations.

• Reasons:

• lack of opportunities for personal growth and  development

• Dissatisfied with company policy

(42)

Survey Results by 

City University of Hong Kong (2011)

• What do the Generation Y employees want? 

• Top five factors encouraging Gen Y  employees:

Friendly relationship with colleagues (65.2%)

Clear understanding of work performance  assessment criteria (63.3%)

Opportunities for personal growth and development  (60.8%)

Opportunities to acquire new knowledge (50.7%)

(43)

Motivation

Latin ‘movere’ = to move

• Why do management concern about  employee motivation?

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Definition

• Motivation defined as the willingness to exert  high levels of effort (努力) to reach 

organisational goals (目標), conditioned by the  effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need

(需要).

(Robbins, 7th ed., Fundamentals of  Management, Pearson, 2011)

(45)

Needs

(46)

Maslow Maslowss Hierarchy Hierarchy of Needs

of Needs SelfSelf--act.act.

Esteem Esteem

Social Social Safety Safety

Physiological Physiological

e.g. Food , Drink &

other physical requirements

e.g. Security & protection from physical & emotional harm

Internal esteem, e.g. self- respect & autonomy

External esteem, e.g. status &

recognition

e.g. affection, belongingness &

friendship

e.g. growth &

achieving one’s potential

Lower Order Needs Higher Order

Needs

(47)

Motivational Implications

To motivate:

• Understand which level of need the employee  is in

• focus on satisfying needs at or above that  level

(48)

A Hierarchy of A Hierarchy of Work Motivation

Work Motivation SelfSelf--act.act.

Esteem Esteem

Social Social Safety Safety

Physiological

Physiological e.g. Pay

e.g. Seniority plans, union, health insurance, employee assistance plans,

severance pay, pension e.g. Titles, status symbols, promotions, banquets

e.g. Formal &

informal work groups or teams

e.g. Personal growth, realization of

potential

Lower Order Needs Higher Order

Needs

(49)

Challenge Corner – Q5

The Management neglected one of Maslow’s  need levels in the following work situations. 

Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 

Theory, what motivating technique is likely to  work best in each situation. 

a. Tom was a supervisor in a factory.  He developed a  method to cut production time.  The factory 

manager adopted his method without giving him 

credit.  Tom was angry.  He told his colleague that he 

(50)

Challenge Corner – Q5

b. There was a rumor of imminent layoffs of  some machine operators in a factory.  The  machine operators were upset and morale  was low.

(51)

Suggested Answers – Q5a. 

• Maslow classified the needs for esteem into  two categories: 

internal worth  external esteem

• Tom was looking for esteem need as he  wanted prestige for his work done.

• The factory manager should motivate Tom by  recognizing his contribution.  He should praise  Tom for initiating the method.

(52)

Suggested Answers – Q5b.

• The machine operators felt upset because  there was a possibility of losing their jobs.  

Their security need was very strong.

• If it was really a rumor, the factory should 

inform employees immediately that there was  no immediate layoff plan so that they would  feel secure in their jobs.

(53)

Suggested Answers – Q5b.

• If it was the real intention that the factory  would undergo a downsizing exercise, the  Management should formulate a plan and  announce it as soon as practicable.  If 

possible, some workers may be deployed to 

other sections.  Workers may be given training  before deployment.  

• At least, let the survivors felt that their jobs  were secure.

(54)

Activity 1

What is your assumption of  human nature?

(Halloran & Benton, Applied  Human Relations, P.256)

(55)

Douglas McGregor Theory X and Y

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Contrast with Maslow’s Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy  of Needs Theory

McGregor’s Theory  X and Theory Y

Higher order needs Theory Y

Lower order needs Theory X

(57)

To motivate Theory Y

workers To motivate

Theory Y workers

Good Group Relations Good Group

Relations

Participative decision making

Participative decision making

Responsible and Challenging jobs

Motivational Implications

(58)

To motivate Theory X

workers To motivate

Theory X workers

Attractive pay package Attractive pay

package

Rules and Regulations to control and

monitor

Motivational Implications

Training and development

(59)

Challenge Corner – Q6

• What kind of management style is McDonald’s  chain?  What kind of assumptions will lead to  this type of management style?

(60)

Suggested Answers – Q6

Dominant X theory 

Success of theory X in progress:

Strict company policy of Quality, Service, and  Cleanliness.  

Rigid training programs of potential managers

Uniform structure of each franchise

Production line method of serving

Automatic program of inventory

(Adapted from Halloran & Benton, Applied Human Relations, Prentice‐Hall)

(61)

Activity 2

What do people want from  their job?

(Robbins, Organizational  Behaviour, 9

th

ed. P. 180)

Add up each column.  Did you  select hygiene or motivating 

factors as being more important 

to you?

(62)

Frederick Herzberg’s Two‐factor Theory

• Also called Motivation‐Hygiene Theory

• Intrinsic factors relate to job satisfaction   Extrinsic factors relate to job dissatisfaction

• Motivators (激動因子) (job satisfiers) are related  to job content and hygiene factors (保健因子) 

(job dissatisfiers) are associated with job  context 

(Adapted from Robbins, Organizational Behavior, 11th ed.,  Prentice‐Hall, 2011)

(63)

Herzberg’s Two‐Factor Theory 

Hygiene Factors

™ Company policy and administration

™ Quality of supervision

™ Relationship with supervisor, peers &

subordinates

™ Working conditions

™ Salary

™ Personal life

™ Security and status

Motivators

™ Achievement

™ Recognition

™ Work itself

™ Responsibility

™ Advancement

™ Growth

(64)

p.295

滿意 沒有滿意 不滿意 沒有不滿意

(65)

Contrast with Maslow’s and McGregaor’s Theories

Maslow’s  Hierarchy of  Needs Theory

McGregor’s  Theory X and  Theory Y 

Herzberg’s Two  Factor Theory

Higher order  needs

Theory Y Motivators

Lower order  needs 

Theory X Hygiene Factors

(66)

Motivational Implications

• Hygiene factors are necessary to maintain 

peaceful working environment for employees.

• To motivate:

job content must be re‐designed to provide  opportunities for achievement, recognition, 

responsibility and advancement. (Job enrichment)

(67)

Challenge Corner – Q7

• According to Herzberg’s Two‐Factor Theory,  how could Management motivate 

professionals? 

(68)

Suggested Answers – Q7

• Professionals are typically different from  nonprofessionals. 

• The main motivator in their job is the work  itself.

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Suggested Answers – Q7

• Management should motivate professionals  by providing them with new assignments and  challenging projects.   Examples:‐

• Give them autonomy in their work (work itself 

& responsibility)

• Reward them with educational opportunities  (advancement & growth)

• Reward them with recognition (recognition)

(Adapted from Robbins, DeCenzo & Coulter , Fundamentals of Management,  

(70)

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation

• Peter is the Assistant Branch Manager of an  international bank.  He will soon get married  and wants to buy a flat as his new home 

(individual goal).

(71)

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation

His supervisor tells him 

that there will be a vacant  position in a branch at the  end of this year.  If he 

puts more efforts in his  work and achieves a 

certain level of 

performance, he may  have a chance for the  position.

Promotion Chance!

If promoted, I can buy a new flat!

(72)

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation

• Peter believes that if he works hard (individual  effort) he can achieve superior performance  level (individual performance) to be promoted  to a Branch Manager.  

• After promoting to the Branch Manager, he  can get extra pay (organisation rewards) and  that extra rewards can achieve his personal  goals of buying a new home (achieving 

individual goal).

(73)

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation

• It states that an individual tends to act on the  basis of the expectation that the act will be  followed by a given outcome and the 

attractiveness of that outcome to the  individual.

(Adapted from Robbins, DeCenzo & Coulter , Fundamentals of Management,  7th ed. 

©Prentice Hall, 2011)

(74)

Expectancy Theory

3. Rewards-personal goals relationship 1. Effort-performance relationship

2. Performance-rewards relationship Individual

Individual Effort Effort

Individual Individual Performance Performance

Individual Individual

Goals Goals

Organizational Organizational

Rewards Rewards

1 2

3

Adapted from Robbins, DeCenzo & Coulter ,

Fundamentals of Management, 7thed. ©Prentice Hall,

Expectancy 期望值

Instrumentality 工具值

Valence 效價/數價

(75)

Motivational Implications

• perceptions will determine employee’s level  of effort.

• It emphasizes rewards.

• To motivate:

rewards offered will match what employees want.

understand which type of reward is attractive Communicate expectation to employees and 

implementing fair appraisal system

(76)

Challenge Corner – Q8 

• Referring to Peter’s case in the bank, Peter  had doubts in the performance appraisal  system.  Based on Vroom’s Expectancy  Theory, would Peter be motivated to put  more effort in his work?  

(77)

Suggested Answers – Q8

Even if Peter thought that he could put in extra 

effort and attain a certain level of performance, he  had doubts in the criteria that will be used to judge  his performance.

Therefore the performance‐rewards relationship was  broken, Peter might not be motivated.

In order to be motivating, employees should know  what is expected of them and how they will be 

appraised.  

(78)

Adams’ Equity Theory

Employees tend to make comparison with others and inequalities will affect the efforts they put in  their work.  When they felt inequalities, they will 

‘strive’ to restore equalities.

Employees perceive what they get from a job 

situation (outcomes) in relation to what they put  into it (inputs) and then compare their inputs‐

outcome ratios with those of the relevant others (persons, systems or selves).

(Adapted from Robbins, DeCenzo & Coulter , Fundamentals of Management,  7th ed. 

©Prentice Hall, 2011)

(79)

Mr. Wong – employee (A)

Mr. Chan – the referent (B)

Outcomes A/Inputs A = Outcomes B/Inputs B

Equity

Outcomes A/Inputs A > Outcomes B/Inputs B

Inequity (overrewarded)

Adams’

Equity Theory

Adapted from Robbins, DeCenzo &

Coulter ,

Fundamentals of Management, 7th ed. ©Prentice Hall, 2011

(80)

Motivational Implications

To motivate:

• justice inside the organization on the whole

• Fairness in the amount of rewards and  allocation of rewards

• Fairness in the process

• Treat and respect employees in a fair and  impartial manner

(81)

Challenge Corner – Q9

• Referring to Peter’ case in the bank, how  could the managers improve the overall  equity in the bank?

(82)

Suggested Answers – Q9

Organizational justice: an overall perception of what is  fair in the workplace

Distributive justice:  perceived fairness of the amount  and allocation of rewards among employees e.g. 

distribution of bonus

Procedural justice: Employees are sensitive to fairness of  the process used to determine the outcome, e.g

appraisal system 

Interactional justice: Employees are sensitive to how one  is treated with dignity and respect

(Adapted from Robbins, Organizational Behavior, 11th ed., Prentice‐Hall, 2011)

(83)

Recognize individual differences

Check the System for

Equity

Link rewards to

Performance

Allow Employees to participate in decisions that

affect them Motivation

Job satisfaction Employee Productivity

General guidelines:

Implications for Managers

(84)

Recognize individual Differences (Needs Theories)

Check the System for

Equity

(Equity Theory)

Link rewards to

Performance

(Expectancy Theory)

Allow Employees to participate in decisions that

affect them (Theory Y)

(Two-factor Theory) Motivation

Employee productivity Job satisfaction

Applications of the Theories learnt

(85)

Recognize individual Differences e.g. Job redesign

Flextime

Flexible Benefits

Check the System for

Equity

e.g. Fair salaries structure Fair appraisal system Performance-based rewards

Link rewards to

Performance e.g.

Variable-pay programme (浮薪制) such as bonus,

Allow Employees to participate in decisions that

affect them

e.g. Participative mgt Rep. participation

Quality Circle (品質管制小組) Motivation

Employee productivity Job satisfaction

Examples in working

environment

*ESOP= Employee Stock Ownership Plan

(86)

Last but not the least

(87)

Challenge Corner – Q10

• What role would money play in the following  motivation theories?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Herzberg’s Two‐factor Theory

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

Adam’s Equity Theory

(88)

Suggested Answers – Q10

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Physiological needs, security need for providing food and  shelter and self‐esteem need for a sense of self‐worth

Herzberg’s Two‐factor Theory Hygiene factor

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

employees perceive that the money reward is linked to  their effort level

Adam’s Equity Theory

It is a measure of fairness

(Adapted from Robbins, DeCenzo & Coulter , Fundamentals of Management,  7th ed. 

(89)

Challenge Corner – Q11

• How can managers motivate minimum wage  employees?

HK$28

(90)

Suggested Answers – Q11

Many managers believe that money is the only motivator

Employee Recognition programme Employee of the year

Employee award ceremonies The power of praise

Job Redesign

Job enrichment Job rotation

Job enlargement

(Adapted from Robbins & DeCenzo, Fundamentals of Management,  6th ed. ©Prentice  Hall, 2008)

(91)

Challenge Corner – Q12

• Case Study Questions

(92)

Challenge Corner – Q13

• End of coursework ‐ MC Questions

(93)

Reference

• A survey on employee engagement, City University of Hong Kong 2011 in  Hong Kong Institute of Human Resource Management website news 

digest

• BAFS Curriculum and Assessment Guide (S4‐6), Curriculum Development  Council and HK Examinations and Assessment Authority, 2007

• Chan, A.W., Mak, W.M. and Bannister, B.J., Managing Human Resources in  Hong Kong, 3rd ed., Thomson 2002

• Chan, R., Human Resources Management, Pearson‐Longman, 2010

• DeCenzo, D.A. and Robbins, S.P., Human Resource Management, 10th ed. 

Wiley 2010

• Experience Sharing in Teaching: Management Module: HRM & Marketing,   Hong Kong Association for Business Education

• Halloran, J. and Benton, D., Applied Human Relations, 3rd ed., Prentice‐

(94)

Reference

• HKAL Examination Report and Question Papers, HK Examination  Assessment Authority

http://hma.hotelworldasia.com, HMA Administrator 08 June 2010

http://cms.iuf.org/?Q=node/950, Vitasoy Australia workers support fight  for union rights in Hong Kong (9‐6‐2011)

http://edblog.hkedcity.net/te_bafs_e

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com (Foxcom news, May & June 2010)

http://ihrmenews.netsoft.net/enewspreview.php?ecard_id=2901, Hong  Kong Institute of Human Resource Management ‐ Surveys and News  Digest

http://www.businessballs.com

http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?nodeID=7513&langno=1

http://www.keewah.com

(95)

Reference

• Robbins & DeCenzo , Fundamentals of Management, 6th ed., Prentice Hall,  2008

• Robbins S.P., DeCenzo, D.A. & Coulter, M. , Fundamentals of  Management,  7th ed., Prentice Hall, 2011

• Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T.A., Organizational Behavior, 11th ed., Prentice  Hall, 2009

• Robbins, S.P., Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 10th ed., Pearson  Prentice‐Hall, 2010

• Robbins, S.P., Organizational Behavior, 9th ed., Prentice Hall, 2001

• Tse, W.L. & Ho, P.K.W., BAFS in the New World, Vol.5B, Pilot Publishing,  2010

• Woo, S.C.A, BAFS Exam Guide for HKDSE Business Management Module,  Volume 2, Manhattan, 2010

(96)

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