୯ҥᆵεᏢғᄊᏢᆶᄽϯғނᏢࣴز܌
ᅺγፕЎ
Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology College of Life Science
National Taiwan University Master thesis
ቹៜѱϦ༜ഌғᕷചဂᆫϐ
Study on terrestrial breeding bird community of urban parks
Ц✎◖
Yu-Wei Wang
ࡰᏤ௲Ǻ റγ Adviser: Pei-Fan Lee, Ph.D.
ύ҇୯ 103 ԃ 7 Д July 2014
Ūġ
Ūġ
ठ ठᖴ
ҁፕЎૈճֹԋǴ२Ӄҗ૱ޑགᖴࡰᏤ௲റγǴ๏ϒך೭ঁ
ᐒǴ٠ᕴӧᜢᗖޑਔং๏ϒךࡰᏤᆶࡌǴΨவԴৣيᏢډӭࣴزᔈԖ ޑᄊࡋǴзᏢғಖيڙঘభǶӧፕЎޑঅ҅ᆶጓኗǴाձགᖴ٫֗റγǵ
ےറγϷฐӵറγǴΟՏԴৣගٮךӭᝊЪཀـᆶࡰ௲Ǵ٬ҁЎ ፕޑϣ׳уޑֹᆶዴჴǴӕਔΨ٬ךӆࡋᕇளӭࣽᏢࣴزޑࡘགྷޑ௴ว ᆶԏᛘǴӧԜ૱ЈޑགᖴǶ
ךᗋाձགᖴࣴزፕλಔޑԋǶλᏢߏᕴࢂܭࡰᏤǵ܍ࣴز
ᡍ٠ᇡӦࡰрୢᚒǴ٥ᑼǵЎฐکߪ܃ޔࢂவᚒҞ☣ǵፓډፕЎቪբၸ ำύଆոΚޑუՔǴࢂ೭ٿԃٰനྕཪޑЍǶགᖴࡘǵଈԳǵKeven ӧനࡕ ፕЎፂڈޑਔයǴਔਔڅڅ๏ϒךᜢྣکගᒬǶӕਔΨाགᖴޜ໔ғᄊࣴزࢂޑ
܌ԖӕϘǴ೭ٿԃӧࣴز࠻ޑགྷрǴ٬ךόፕӧፐǵࣴز܈ғࢲǴಕᕮ
ӭᆶа۳όӕޑᐕǴԜғஒڙҔόᅰǴΨᡣךૈճֹԋךޑࣴزǶ ԜѦǴךᗋाགᖴڐշךፓޑୖᆶޣǴ҅ӹǵᑵဃণǵቅηඦǴ׳ձ གᖴӧፓکፕЎڐբਔคਔคڅ๏ϒЍǵႴᓰکഉՔޑζܻ϶ಷࡏࡀǶךૈ
գॺᇥޑόӭǴՠҗ૱གԖգॺӳǶനࡕᗋाགᖴךޑݿݿǵ༰༰ޔаٰ
ჹךޑᜢЈکྣ៝ǴᡣךૈؒԖځдᓸΚޑރݩΠǴЈΕ೭ٿԃޑࣴزғࢲǶ ךஒ೭ҽ഻৹ᆶգॺϩ٦Ǽ
Ūġ
ύ
ύЎᄔा
ࣁቹៜѱϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫޑख़ाӢηǴх֖Ϧ༜य़ᑈǵහ݅႖ᚆࡋǵݞ ࢬ႖ᚆࡋǵғࡰኧǵΓނᙟᇂКٯǵᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯǵᆶϦ༜ύНᡏϐрǴ ҁࣴزܭ 2013 ԃ 3 Д~7 ДܭᆵчࣧӦ (ᆵчѱᆶཥчѱ) ѱჹ 100 ঁय़ᑈε ܭ 1 ϦഘޑѱϦ༜ǴаӄीኧݤՉΟԛചᜪဂᆫፓǶճҔኧՏεӦቹႽ ᆶӦၗૻسኧϯӚঁϦ༜ޑय़ᑈǵහ݅႖ᚆࡋǵݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋǵNDVIǵΓނ ᙟᇂКٯǵᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯᆶНᡏϐрǶаቶကጕ܄ኳࠠᆶ Akaike’s Information Criterion ϩΎঁख़ाӢηᆶഌғᕷചکځ१܄ӕфဂᆶӦӕфဂޑചᅿᙦ
ࡋǵചᜪঁᡏஏࡋǵᆶചᜪӭኬ܄ޑᜢ߯Ƕ
ҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢϦ༜य़ᑈࢂቹៜചᜪᙦࡋکঁᡏஏࡋޑख़ाӢηǴၨεޑ Ϧ༜ԖၨӭޑചᅿǵᆶၨեޑঁᡏஏࡋǶНᡏϐрԖշܭቚуᕴഌғചᜪᙦ
ࡋᆶӭኬ܄Ǵӧᚇ१ചᆶቶѲചӕфဂύձܴᡉǶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋᆶചᜪᙦࡋ ևॄ࣬ᜢǴ٠ӧӕфဂ໔ԖόӕޑਏᔈǶΓނᙟᇂКٯᆶᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯٿޣჹ ᕴഌғചᜪᙦࡋԖॄय़ቹៜǶ හ݅႖ᚆࡋᆶғࡰኧჹᕴഌғᕷചᜪᙦࡋ
ؒԖቹៜǴՠٿޣჹᐋ݅ചᙦࡋᆶӭኬ܄Ԗ҅य़ਏᔈӸӧǶᕴٰ่ᇥǴϦ༜य़ ᑈǵНᡏϐрᆶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋࢂЬाቹៜϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫ่ᄬޑӢηǴЪόӕޑӕ фဂ໔ჹΎঁख़ाӢηޑϸᔈԖ܌όӕǶ܌аǴਥᏵҁࣴز่݀ǴѱϦ༜ೕჄ ޣёଞჹόӕᔼᆅҞ௦ڗаΠБԄǺ(1) ቚуय़ᑈਔӕਔԵໆϦ༜ϣޑ Γނᆶᐋ߷ޑᙟᇂКٯࣣόەၸଯǴаᗉխჹചᜪဂᆫౢғॄय़ቹៜǶ(2) Եໆ හ݅ᆶݞࢬჹϦ༜ޑ࣬ჹՏૈԖਏගϲόӕചᜪᜪဂޑӭኬ܄Ƕ(3) Ϧ༜ύቚ
НԣૈԖਏቚуചᜪᙦࡋǴᔈયΕѸाࡼϐǶ(4) ቚуѱϦ༜ύޑឲᘀа ቚуឲᘀചрޑᐒǶ
ᜢᗖӷǺ ചᜪဂᆫǵѱϦ༜ǵӕфဂǵᆵчࣧӦ
ŪŪġ
Abstract
Parks are biodiversity hotspots in urban landscape, and has considered as “shelter”
of creatures lived in urban. This research aims to understand the effect of the important factors on terrestrial breeding bird communities and its functional guilds in urban parks.
Bird community surveys of 100 parks larger than 1 ha in Taipei basin were conducted three times during March to July in 2013 using total counting. I used generalized linear models and Akaike’s Information Criterion to analyze the seven important factors: park area, the degree of isolation of habitat, the degree of isolation of river, vegetation index, artifact coverage, canopy coverage and the presence of water bodies with the bird species richness, bird density, and bird diversity of terrestrial breeding birds and its feeding guilds and habitat guilds.
Park area were main factor affected the species richness and density, and larger parks tended to support more species but lower density. Presences of water bodies were found to enhance species richness and diversity, especially in omnivores and generalists guilds. In addition, degree of isolation of river showed negative relations with total species richness and had different responses within habitat guilds. Both artifact coverage and canopy coverage had negative effects on total bird richness. Degree of isolation of habitat and vegetation index did not have significant impacts on total species richness, density, and diversity, but only had positive effect on woodland bird richness and diversity. In conclusion, park area park size, presence of water bodies, and degree of isolation of river affected bird community structure, and different functional guilds had different response to seven important factors.
Keywords: Bird community, Urban parks, Guild, Taipei Basin
ŪŪŪġ
Ҟ Ҟᒵ
Contents
ق... 1
ᆶБݤ... 4
ࣴزጄൎ... 4
ኬᒧڗ... 4
ചᜪፓ... 5
ᕉნᡂኧෳໆ... 5
ചᜪғᄊࡰीᆉ... 7
ኳࠠᒧᆶᘜϩ... 8
ࣴز่݀... 9
ചᜪဂᆫಔԋ... 9
Ϧ༜ᕉნ... 10
ചᜪᙦኧ... 10
ചᜪঁᡏஏࡋ... 11
ചᜪӭኬ܄... 12
ፕ... 13
ӦᔁӢηჹചᜪဂᆫϐቹៜ ... 13
ᙟᇂࡋჹചᜪဂᆫϐቹៜ ... 15
ϣޜ໔่ᄬჹചᜪဂᆫϐቹៜ ... 15
Ϧ༜ύНᡏϐр... 16
Ϧ༜ೕჄϐࡌ... 17
ୖԵЎ... 19
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კ კҞᒵ
List of Figures
Fig. 1 Satellite image of Taipei Basin in 2013 which is captured by Google Earth Pro ... 26 Fig. 2 Location of the selected 100 urban parks in this study in Taipei Basin. ... 27 Fig. 3 Results of hierarchy clustering of original feeding guilds according to average linkage with height of 3 before comparing. ... 28 Fig. 4 Results of hierarchy clustering of original habitat guilds according to average linkage with height of 3 before comparing. ... 29 Fig. 5 Boxplot of water and other six variables including park area, distance to forest, distance to rive, NDVI, artifact cover, and canopy cover. ... 30 ġ
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߄ ߄Ҟᒵ
List of Tables
Table 1 Definition of the seven selected variables in this study. ... 31 Table 2 Original resource matrix of feeding guilds in use of hierarchy clustering.. ... 32 Table 3 Original resource matrix of habitat guilds in use of hierarchy clustering.. ... 33 Table 4 Original data of seven selected variables of the one hundred urban parks in this study. ... 35 Table 5 Bird species observed in hundred urban parks. Included specie occurrence park number and its total number... ... 40 Table 6 Bird communities composition of 100 urban parks. Included number of species, bird density, and diversity index. Average and Standard deviation is at the bottom of the table.. ... 42 Table 7 Classification of food guilds of 24 bird species analyzed in the 100 urban parks in this study.... ... 45 Table 8 Classification of habitat guilds of 24 bird species analyzed in the 100 urban parks in this study. ... 46 Table 9 Spearman’s correlation matrix among variables included in analyses of the effects of park area, distance to forest, distance to river, NDVI, canopy cover, and artifact cover on breeding terrestrial bird communities in parks of Taipei Basin in 2013-2014. ... 47 Table 10 Descriptive statistics of seven variables of the 100 urban parks in this study.
Included maximum, minimum, average, standard deviation, and the presence of water. ... 48 Table 11 Results of regression analysis of species richness (number of species) to area, presence of water, distance to forest, distance to river, artifact cover, canopy cover, and NDVI... 49 Table 12 Model Selection for identifying factors that affected number of species of urban parks. Model with ΔAIC < 2 were selected as the best subset of models.
... 50
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Table 13 Relative importance for identifying factors that affected number of species of urban parks. Values are from 0 to 1. ... 51 Table 14 Results of regression analysis of bird density to area, presence of water, distance to forest, distance to river, artifact cover, canopy cover, and NDVI.
... 52 Table 15 Model Selection for identifying factors that affected bird density of urban parks. Model with ΔAIC < 2 were selected as the best subset of models. .... 53 Table 16 Relative importance for identifying factors that affected bird density of urban parks. Values are from 0 to 1. ... 55 Table 17 Results of regression analysis of bird diversity to area, presence of water, distance to forest, distance to river, artifact cover, canopy cover, and NDVI.
... 56 Table 18 Model Selection for identifying factors that affected bird diversity of urban parks. Model with ΔAIC < 2 were selected as the best subset of models. .... 57 Table 19 Relative importance for identifying factors that affected bird diversity of urban parks. Values are from 0 to 1. ... 58
IJġ
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ѱΓα՞ӄౚΓαޑКٯِೲӦԋߏǴѝाѱΓαុᚹϲǴՔᒿԶٰ
ޑӦඳࠠᄊ༈Ѹቚу (Dearborn and Kark 2010)ǶѱวޑၸำதԋԾฅ
Ӧ෧Ͽ (Czech et al. 2000)ǴԋӭচғނᅿӢᕉნၸࡋᡂᎂԶεໆྐ๊
(Marzuluff 2001)Ƕՠѱวύౢғޑઇ࿗Ӧ (fragmented habitats) ૈբࣁғނ ᗉᜤ܌ (shelter) ᆶғᄊ൴ၰ (corridor)Ǵ٠ၲډߥៈғނӭኬ܄ޑҞޑ (Gibb and Hochuli 2002)ǶചᜪܰᢀჸکӭᡂӦᒧ܄ࢂࣴزѱઇ࿗Ӧғނဂᆫޑ
གྷᜪဂ (Chace and Walsh 2006ǹOliver et al. 2011)Ƕѱઇ࿗Ӧޑചᜪဂᆫ
ڙډӭᕉნޜ໔܄ቹៜǴх֖Ӧय़ᑈ (fragment area) (Opdam et al. 1985ǹ Jokimäki 1999)ǵහ݅႖ᚆࡋ (fragment isolation) (Fernández-Juricic 2004)ǵݞࢬ႖ ᚆࡋ (Knopf 1985ǹRosenberg et al. 1997ǹလӂԃ 2008)ǵᙟᇂࡋ (Zhou and Chou 2012ǹᙁ☰ԁ 2007)ǴаϷϣޜ໔่ᄬ (Sandström et al. 2006ǹᙁ☰ԁ 2007)
Ƕ
Ϧ༜ࢂѱύനЬाѱઇ࿗ӦǴ٠ᆀբȨғނᔁ (islands)ȩǴӕਔ Ψࢂѱύޑғނӭኬ܄ᗺ (biodiversity hotspots)ǴӢԜԖӭаϦ༜ᆘӦࣁЬ ޑചᜪဂᆫӭኬ܄ࣴز (Jokimäki 1999ǹOliver et al. 2011ǹࢫᖃ 2005ǹᙁ☰ԁ 2007)ǶϦ༜य़ᑈӧӭࣴزύᇡࣁࢂϸᔈചᜪᙦࡋᆶӭኬ܄ޑؼӳࡰ
(Opdam et al. 1985ǹJokimäki 1999ǹZhou and Chu 2012)Ǵ٠ᆶചᜪᙦࡋӸӧ҅
ӛᜢ߯ (࣬܃ 2009ǹᎄ⽋ӵ 2006)Ƕ ਥᏵނᅿय़ᑈፕ (species-area theory)Ǵ
ઇ࿗Ӧय़ᑈቚуǴځϣх֖׳ӭӦᜪࠠޑёૈ܄ຫଯǴёٮғނճҔޑၗ
ྍᅿᜪᆶໆΨຫӭǴ٬ளᕉნૈ܍ၩ׳ӭޑނᅿᆶ׳εޑဂໆ (Connor and McCoy 1979ǹMacArthur and Wilson 1967ǹWilliams 1943)ǶԶහ݅႖ᚆࡋჹϦ༜
ചᜪဂᆫޑቹៜǴ߾ڙࣴزӦᗺǵࣴزۑᆶࣴزჹຝቹៜԶԖ܌όӕǶ Fernández-Juricic (2004) วහ݅႖ᚆࡋჹόӕചᅿϐ໔ޑਏᔈόӕǹΨԖࣴزᡉ ҢѱϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫᆶහ݅႖ᚆࡋؒԖᡉޑᜢ߯ (Jokimäki 1999ǹᙁ☰ԁ
ijġ
2007ǹလӂԃ 2008)Ƕ࣬ၨܭහ݅႖ᚆࡋǴݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋᆶϦ༜໔ޑᜢ߯߾ၨϿ
ࣴزǶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋж߄Ϧ༜ډݞࢬޑݞᔭᕉნޑຯᚆǴԖЎᇡࣁݞࢬޑݞᔭᕉ ნёࣁӭചᜪޑ౽೯ၰǴӕਔځݞᔭᕉნޑڬൎૈගٮӭޑӦၗ
ྍǴԶ֎Їചᜪр (Knopf 1985ǹRosenberg et al. 1997)Ƕလӂԃ (2008) ޑࣴ
ز่݀ߡวϦ༜ചᜪᙦࡋᆶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋԖॄӛᜢ߯Ƕނᙟᇂࡋᇡࣁࢂቹ ៜϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫޑख़ाӢન (Zhou and Chou 2012ǹᙁ☰ԁ 2007)Ǵ٠ᡉҢჹചᜪ ဂᆫӭኬ܄Ԗ҅ӛਏᔈ (Цדဃ 2002ǹᙁ☰ԁ 2007)ǶٰᇥǴނᙟᇂࡋё Ҕܭж߄Ϧ༜ϣޑғౢໆǶਥᏵғౢໆፕǴғౢΚၨଯޑᕉნૈયၨӭޑނ ᅿ (Connell and Orias 1964)ǶԶ݅ᖃ (2005) ᇡࣁڰۓӦय़ᑈਔऩᙟᇂࡋ ຫଯǴځϣՍೱᐒຫεǴၨܰԋεय़ᑈޑύၗྍǴࡺჹചᜪဂᆫ Ԗ҅य़ਏᔈǶ
Ϧ༜ࣁᅈىۚ҇ᆶၯ࠼ޑ٬Ҕሡ܌Չޑޜ໔ೕჄǴ٬ளϦ༜ϣх֖ӭኬ ޑӦᜪࠠ (ᐋ݅ǵНԣǵΓࡌނ)Ǵ൩Ϧ༜ፄᚇޑϣޜ໔่ᄬǶѱϦ
༜ϣޜ໔่ᄬаᐋ݅ᆶΓނࣁЬǴΞӢځϦ༜ჄϐҞޑόӕ٬ளځϣϐᐋ
݅ᆶΓނޑᙟᇂКٯԖ܌όӕǶ ځύǴᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯቹៜϦ༜ޑചᜪဂᆫ (Jokimaki 1999ǹFernandez-Juricic 2000aǹᙁ☰ԁ 2007ǹSalvador and Montelongo 2013)ǶѱϦ༜ᆘӦޑᐋ߷ᙟᇂࡋКϺฅහ݅ᕉნٰޑե (Erz 1966)ǴΞӭച ᅿޑғӸѸһᒘᐋ݅܌ගٮޑ१ނᆶӦǶ Lancaster and Rees (1979) วᐋ݅
ᙟᇂКٯΠफ़Ǵ࣬ӕελϐӦϣചᜪޑނᅿᆶኧໆΨᒿϐΠफ़Ƕ Ϧ༜ύΓ
ނ (ࡌᑐނǵόНᎎय़ᆶኴӦ݈) ޑрǴᗨόૈගٮചᜪ१ނၗྍǴࠅૈග ٮ׳ӭኬޑӦᜪࠠǶࢫᖃ (2005) ࣴز่݀ࡰрϦ༜ϣΓނКٯޑගϲ
ԋᕴചᜪӭኬ܄Πफ़ǴՠଯࡋᔈΓᕉნޑऐڙ܄ނᅿޑኧໆᒿϐϲǶ Нࢂഌୱғᄊسύόё܈લЪதڙډज़ڋޑၗྍ (McCluney and Sabo 2009)ǶНޑёҔ܄தҔٰႣෳނᅿᙦࡋǵғނޑኧໆ (Hawkins et al. 2003)Ǵ аϷόӕӕфဂޑӧޜ໔ޑϩѲ (Chown and Nicolson 2004ǹGrear and Schmitz
Ĵġ
2005)Ƕѱวၸำ٬ளϺฅѨǵόНቫቚуᆶΓࣁ໒วԡࢉǴԋ
ѱғᄊسύᛙۓǵଳృޑНྍϐёҔ܄෧ϿǴԶቹៜѱғᄊسނဂᆫǶ Ҟ
Нჹܭѱނဂᆫޑቹៜޑ࣬ᜢࣴزߚதલЮǴՠςԖࣴزวϦ༜ύ НᡏϐрჹѱϦ༜ᆘӦചᜪဂᆫӸӧ҅य़ਏᔈ (ᙁ☰ԁ 2006ǹလӂԃ 2008)Ƕ ӕфဂ (guilds) ޑۓကࢂဂόӕޑނᅿа࣬ӕޑБԄճҔ࣬՟ޑᕉნၗྍ
(Dayan 1991)ǶۓޑᕉნၗྍᡂਔǴߡቹៜځ࣬ჹᔈӕфဂύޑނᅿ (Severinghaus 1981)ǶԶόӕޑӕфဂ໔ჹόӕޑᕉნၗྍౢғόӕޑϸᔈǶӢ Ԝ Ǵ ӕ ф ဂ ޑ ཷ ۺ த բ ࣁ ғ ᄊ ຑ ۓ ᆶ ᔼ ᆅ ޑ ୖ Ե ٩ Ᏽ (Hawkins and MacMahon 1989)Ƕ
֤ပܭᆵᆵчࣧӦޑᆵч (Taipei Metropolis) ᄒԿ 2011 ԃԖ߈ 700
ޑΓα (ՉࡹଣЬीೀ 2011)ǶࣧӦӦޑज़ڋϐΠǴᆵчکځдεࠤѱ όӕǴଯࡋวޑѱᆙᎃԾฅޑեੇܘහ݅ǶӧଯࡋวޑࠤѱύϩѲӭ
εኴᆶၰၡ႖໒ޑϦ༜Ǵࢂբࣁࣴزѱઇ࿗Ӧചᜪဂᆫޑ๊٫Ƕၸѐჹ ܭѱϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫޑࣴزǴᗲϿᜢܭόӕӕфဂ໔ϸᔈޑৡ౦Ƕࡺҁࣴز ޑҞޑԖΟǺ(1) य़ᑈǵ႖ᚆࡋ (හ݅႖ᚆࡋǵݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋ)ǵނᙟᇂࡋǵک ϣޜ໔่ᄬ (ΓނᙟᇂКٯǵᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯǵϦ༜ύНᡏϐр) ӅΎঁӢη ჹѱϦ༜ᕴഌғᕷചϐᙦࡋǵঁᡏஏࡋᆶӭኬ܄ϐቹៜǶႣයᕴചᜪဂᆫ ᆶϦ༜य़ᑈǵނᙟᇂࡋǵᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯǵНᡏϐрև҅ӛᜢ߯ǹԶᆶ႖ᚆࡋǵ ΓނᙟᇂКٯևॄӛᜢ߯Ƕ(2) ᕕှΎঁӢηჹܭόӕޑഌғᕷചӕф ဂ (guilds) ޑቹៜǶനࡕǴ(3) ׆ఈૈࣁѱϦ༜ᆅޣǴගрૈᆢៈғނӭኬ܄
ޑೕჄБԄᆶࡌǶ
ĵġ
ᆶБݤ
ࣴزጄൎ
ᆵчࣧӦੇܘեܭ 20 ϦЁޑय़ᑈऊ 24300 ϦഘǴՏܭѠчǴՋчഗᗺՏ
ೀᜢǴܿчفࣁࠄෝǴՋࠄفࣁᓪǹࣧӦڬൎξӦЫഊᕉᙅǴчॸεЂОξ ဂǴՋᎃ݅αѠӦǴܿࠄᜐࢂഓξξેξЫഊӦ (Ўϯ 2009)ǴୱϣӅ఼
ᇂᆵчѱᆶཥчѱٿঁޔᗄѱӅ 41 ঁՉࡹǶਥᏵύѧຝֽᆵчᢀෳઠܭ 1981~2010໔ޑीၗǴࣧӦϣংྕཪዊᔸǴԃ֡ྕ 23.0ɗǴനଯД֡ྕӧ 7 Дၲ 34.3ɗǴനեД֡ྕӧ 1 Дࣁ 19.1ɗǴԃѳ֡Вྣࣁ 1405.2 λਔǹЪӄԃԖ ߘǴԃѳ֡फ़Нໆ 2405.1 ϦᙶǴЬाύܭ 5~9 ДǴ٠а 9 Дफ़ߘໆനଯၲ 360.5 ϦᙶǶ
ᆵчࣧӦϣޑѱೕჄᆶวڙډਸӦޑቹៜǴࣧӦѳڶޑۭวࣁ ଯࡋ໒วޑǴѤڬᕉᙅξӦЫഊ܌ԋޑభξғᄊس (Fig. 1)ǶԶ
ϣӚೀࣣණѲӭаϦ༜ࣁЬޑᆘӦǴλࠠϦ༜аᙁൂޑΓπਭམଛၰǹ1 Ϧ ഘаޑεࠠϦ༜߾தԖᐋ݅ǵβЫᆶ൵܌Ǵ٠ଽԖНԣᆶࢲύЈਸࡼǶ ҁࣴزࣁᕕှᆵчࣧӦѱϦ༜ᆘӦޑചᜪဂᆫǴࡺᒧڗᆵчࣧӦϣੇܘեܭ 100 ϦЁаΠޑਡЈբࣁࣴزጄൎǴځϣхࡴᆵчѱӄᆶཥчѱԤЗǵ݈ᐏǵ ύکǵ҉کǵཥ۫ǵཥಷǵᝳࢪǵΟख़ǵϖިӅ 21 ঁՉࡹǶ
ኬᒧڗ
ਥᏵᎄ⽋ӵ (2006) ࣴزൔࡰрǴ࣬ၨܭεࠠϦ༜Ǵय़ᑈλܭ 1 ϦഘаΠ ޑϦ༜ӢၗྍԖज़Ǵёـډޑᕴചᅿኧόຬၸ 8 ᅿǴࡺҁࣴزᒧڗਡЈ
ϣय़ᑈεܭ 1 ϦഘޑϦ༜ᆘӦǴ٠௨ନᆵчѱπ୍ֽ (2013) ۓကϐᆶᎃٚǵᆕӝ Ϧ༜аѦ፦ৡ౦ၨεޑԾฅϦ༜ᆶݞᔭϦ༜Ӆ 100 ೀբࣁࣴزኬ (Fig. 2)Ǵኬ
ѳ֡य़ᑈ 4.32 ± 5.21 ϦഘǶय़ᑈϟܭ 1 ϦഘԿ 10 ϦഘޣӅ 88 ೀǴѳ֡य़ᑈ 2.74
± 2.18Ϧഘǹय़ᑈεܭ 10 ϦഘޣӅ 12 ೀǴѳ֡य़ᑈ 16.17 ± 5.85 ϦഘǶځύय़ᑈ
Ķġ
നεޣࣁߙԃϦ༜Ǵऊࣁ 26.08 Ϧഘǹय़ᑈനλޣࣁཥಷϖϦ༜Ǵऊࣁ 1.02Ϧഘ (Table 4)Ƕ
ച
ചᜪፓ
ҁࣴزܭ 2013 ԃ 3~7 Дചᜪᕷۑය໔Չဂᆫӭኬ܄ፓǴঁϦ༜ջࣁ
ঁኬǶፓ 100 ঁኬࣁԛख़ፄǴԛख़ፄज़ڋܭ 25~30 ঁπբϺϣֹ
ԋǴѳ֡Ϻፓ 4~8 ঁኬǴӅख़ፄ 3 ԛǶፓᒧۓනϺ܈ϺՉǴࣁफ़ե
ԃ 4~5 ДఘߘۑޑቹៜǴࡺߚၶεߘϝՉചᜪᢀჸǴፓӧВрࡕ 4 λਔϣ
ֹԋ (Graham and Blake 2001)Ƕঁኬࡪྣځϣޜ໔Ԗ 3~5 చၡጕǴ
ԛख़ፄࣣᒧۓόӕޑၡጕǴаӄीኧݤ (total count) ᒵҞᔐ܈᠋ډޑചᅿᆶ ኧໆǴх֖ޜύុ०ՉޑঁᡏǶ ҁࣴزइᒵϐചᅿځᏢӜᆶमЎ߫ӜୖԵԾ IUCN (2009)ǴύЎ߫Ӝᆶߥػᜪ٩Ᏽӧ TaiBNET ϦѲϐᆵނᅿӜᒵࣁྗǶ
ҁࣴزୖԵᆩ (1977) ޑചᅿइᒵǵѠചᜪᇞಃΒހ (2012) ჹചᅿӧ१
܄ᆶӦճҔޑඔॊᆶҁࣴزϐᢀჸᒵǴрࣴزނᅿϐ१܄ճҔંତ
(Table 2) ϷӦճҔંତ (Table 3)Ƕ௦Ҕဂϩݤٰϩᜪࣴزኬᗺϐചᜪဂᆫ
ಔԋǴаղᘐӚঁғᄊӕфဂޑ܄ǶаചᜪрՏᆶ१ނᜪձϐᢀჸ
ᒵᆶୖԵၗբࣁቻॶ (character)ǴҔኻ୷ٚቺຯᚆ (Euclidean distance) ी ᆉӚചᅿޑ࣬౦ࡋંତ (Dissmimilarity matrix)Ǵӆа໘ቫဂݤ (Hierarchical clustering) ϐѳ֡ೱ่ݤ (averaged linkage)Ǵᕇளဂϩݤаຯᚆॶ 3 ࣁϩࣚϐ
่݀ (Fig 3 and Fig 4)Ƕᆶ࣬܃ (2009) ޑӕфဂϩᜪ߄բКၨǴаᕇள
നࡕϐ१܄ᆶӦӕфဂϩᜪ߄ǶаϷᆶΓࣴزϐКၨǴҁࣴزஒഌғᕷച ٩ځ१܄ᆶӦޑճҔރݩϩձϩࣁϖᜪ१܄ӕфဂǺᙝ१ޣ (Insectivore, I)ǵ݀
१ޣ (Frugivore, F) ǵ ዼ१ޣ (Granivore, G)ǵᚇ१ޣ (Omnivore, O) ᆶځд (Others) ǹаϷѤᜪӦӕфဂǺቶѲࠠ (Generalist, Gn) ǵᐋ݅ࠠച (Woodland Bird, WB)ǵឲᘀࠠച (Shrub Bird, SB) ᆶځд (Others)Ƕ
ᕉნᡂኧෳໆ
ķġ
य़ᑈୖԵᆵчѱࡹ۬πำೀ (2013) ᆶཥчѱϦ༜ࡼᄤၡᐩᆢៈᆅس
܌ϦѲϐၗǴ٠ଛӝ 2013 ԃ SPOT ፁࢃှࡋࣁ 2m*2m ϐፁࢃቹႽᆶӦၗ
ૻس (ArcGIS 10.1) ک Google Earth Pro уаᛤᇙኬՏаीᆉኬ႖ᚆࡋǶ ҁࣴزஒ႖ᚆࡋ٩ྣނᅿёૈޑٰྍӦϩࣁٿঁᡂኧǺ(1) ኬᆶځڬൎੇܘ 100 ϦЁаξහ݅ޑനอຯᚆǴջࣁහ݅႖ᚆࡋǹ(2) ኬᆶځڬൎݞࢬݞᔭޑന อຯᚆǴջࣁݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋǶෳໆਔࣣаനอϐᜐჹᜐຯᚆ (edge-to edge distance) ࣁ
ྗ ( Opdam et al. 1984ǹOpdam et al. 1985 ) (Table 1)Ƕ
ނᙟᇂࡋதҔҔܭж߄ӦғౢΚǶҁࣴز௦ҔፁࢃᇿགቹႽޑϩ
ඹжჴӦፓǴԶဂᅱෳޑᇿགෳמೌճҔނ֎ԏӀϐआӀݢࢤ (RI) ᆶ ϸ߈आѦӀݢࢤ (IR) ޑ܄ǴᙖҗԜΒݢࢤၮᆉᅱෳނޑ่ᄬᡂϯǴ೭ᜪޑ ၮᆉࡰᆀࣁғࡰኧ (Vegetation Index, VI)ǶҞӧނᇿෳวǴനத
٬Ҕࣁ NDVI (தᄊϯৡ౦ғࡰኧ Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) (Goward et al., 1985ǹSalinas-Zavala et al., 2002)Ƕҁࣴزа 2013 ԃ SPOT ፁࢃቹႽǴ ճҔ Erdas imagine ڗቹႽϐआӀࢤ (R) ᆶ߈आӀࢤ (IR) ޑӀϸॶǴᏤр ᆵчࣧӦፓጄൎϣޑ NDVI ॶǴӆଛӝ ArcGIS 10.1 ᘏڗрঁፓኬϣޑ ѳ֡ NDVI ॶǴբࣁኬϣޑނᙟᇂࡋࡰ (Table 1)Ƕ
ीᆉԄǺ ൌூோିோ
ூோାோ
IRǺ߈आӀࢤ RǺआӀࢤ
ኬϣޑΓނᆶᐋ߷КٯஒӕਔቹៜΓᜪکചᜪޑճҔރݩǶ ҁࣴزа ૐྣკኧϯਔനቫ܌ـϐࢂցҗΓނᙟᇂࣁ୷ྗǴඔᛤኬϣޑΓނᙟᇂ य़ᑈǴӕਔඔᛤᐋ߷ᙟᇂय़ᑈǴനࡕஒኬӦǵྛࢬᆶНԣޑᙟᇂय़ᑈѐନǴ аᕇளኬϣϐΓނᙟᇂय़ᑈᆶᐋ߷ᙟᇂय़ᑈǴനࡕஒځନаኬᕴय़ᑈа
ीᆉᙟᇂКٯ (Table 1)Ƕ
ीᆉԄǺ ܲ ൌ
or ܲ ൌ
PaǺΓނᙟᇂКٯ PcǺᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯ
ĸġ
aǺΓނᙟᇂय़ᑈ cǺᐋ߷ᙟᇂय़ᑈ
AǺኬᕴय़ᑈ
ҁࣴزаϦ༜ύНᡏϐрᆶցჴӦፓ܌ᇆϐၗࣁЬǴԖНᡏϐр
ࣁ 1ǹคНᡏϐрࣁ 0 (Table 1)Ƕ
җܭԾᡂኧ໔ޑ࣬ᜢ܄ቹៜϩޑ่݀ǴӢԜӧीϩՉ࣬ᜢ
܄ᔠۓǶҁࣴز܌х֖ϐϩӢηӢڀഢΒϡᡂኧᆶߚதᄊϩթޑ܄Ǵࡺ௦Ҕ ථҜᅟୗ࣬ᜢ܄ (Spearman Rank Correlation) ϩǶ
ച
ചᜪғᄊࡰीᆉ
Οԛख़ፄޑፓၗࣣа Microsoft Excel ࡌᔞᆶӝٳǴ٠ϩձीᆉӚঁኬ
ύᕴചᜪᆶঁձӕфဂޑаΠΟঁࡰǺ1) ചᅿᙦࡋǵ2) ചᜪঁᡏஏࡋǵᆶ 3) ചᜪӭኬ܄Ƕ
1) ചᅿᙦࡋ (richness; number of species)
ചᅿᙦࡋࢂࡰࢌጄൎϣ܌ԖނᅿኧǴቶݱբࣁຑۓӦғᄊރݩޑ
ࡰǶҁࣴزஒঁኬᢀჸډޑചᜪᅿᜪуᕴբࣁ၀ኬചᅿᙦࡋǶ
ीᆉԄǺS = ࢌኬϣ܌Ԗ/ۓғᄊဂޑചᅿᕴک 2) ചᜪঁᡏஏࡋ (bird density)
ࢌኬаӄीኧݤ܌ᒵϐചᜪঁᡏኧҞǴ٠ନаޑፓय़ᑈǴջࣁ ၀ኬޑചᜪঁᡏஏࡋǶऩाीᆉۓғᄊဂޑஏࡋǴ߾а܌ᒵۓғᄊ ဂϐചᜪঁᡏኧҞǴନаፓय़ᑈǶ
ीᆉԄǺD= N/A
DǺൂՏय़ᑈΠޑചᜪଫኧ (ջঁᡏஏࡋ) NǺࢌኬ܌ᢀჸډޑചᜪଫኧ
AǺࢌኬޑፓय़ᑈ 3) ӭኬ܄ࡰኧ (diversity index)
Ĺġ
ނᅿᙦࡋᆶஏࡋ٠ؒԖᒤݤϸᔈചᅿޑϩѲǴӢԜౢғځдຑ
ғނӭኬ܄ޑБݤǶғނݔ౦ࡋࢂёаӕਔϸᔈނᅿޑᙦࡋᆶ֡Ϭࡋޑࡰ
ϐǴځύа Shannon’s diversity index (H') (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) ന ࣁ ቶݱ٬ҔǶShannon’s diversity index ኧॶຫε߄Ңނᅿᙦࡋᆶ֡Ϭࡋຫଯǹ
ኧॶຫλ߾ނᅿᙦࡋᆶ֡ϬࡋຫեǶ
ीᆉԄǺH'=െ σௌୀଵ כ ሺሻ H'ǺShannon’s diversity index SǺࢌୱޑނᅿኧᕴک
Ǻಃ i ঁނᅿঁᡏኧ՞ᕴঁᡏኧޑКٯ ኳ
ኳࠠᒧᆶᘜϩ
ҁࣴز٬Ҕቶကጕ܄ኳࠠ (Generalized Linear Model) ٰϩചᅿᙦࡋǵച ᜪঁᡏஏࡋǵᆶചᅿӭኬ܄ΟঁࡰکΎঁှញᡂኧϩձࣁϦ༜य़ᑈ (A) ǵහ
݅႖ᚆࡋ (DF)ǵݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋȐDRȑǵғࡰኧ (N)ǵΓނᙟᇂКٯ (Af)ǵᐋ
߷ᙟᇂКٯ (C) ᆶНᡏϐр (W) ໔ޑᜢ߯ǴӆஒှញᡂኧޑᒧΕᆶ௨ନϐ α ॶࣁ 0.05ǶவճҔ R ೬ᡏ MuMIn package ύ dredging ᑔᒧှញᡂኧޑ௨ӈಔӝǴ ਥᏵ AIC (Akaike’s information criterion) ᒧ ΔAIC λܭ 2 ޑኧঁന٫ኳࠠǴ٠٩
ྣ ΔAIC ᆶ Akaike weights (Wi) ޑೕ߾௨ׇǴԶঁှញᡂኧӧኳࠠύ࣬ჹख़ा
܄ (Relative importance) җ܌Ԗр၀ှញᡂኧϐኳࠠޑኳࠠख़ᕴک (Burnham and Anderson 2002)Ƕҁࣴزϐϩ֡а R Studio ᆶ R 3.0.3.ीำԄՉ
ĺġ
ࣴ
ࣴز่݀
ചᜪဂᆫಔԋ
ҁࣴزΟԛख़ፄፓӅᒵډ 13948 ଫǴ54 ᅿചᜪǴхࡴ 35 ᅿഌғᕷചǵ 7ᅿНചǵ11 ᅿоংചᆶ 1 ᅿ᠈ύຽച (Table 5)ǶځύԖ 7 ᅿߥػᜪǺѠᙔ
(Urocissa caerulea) ǵΖঢ (Acridotheres cristatellus formosanus)ǵ㚁 (Oriolus chinensis)ǵε߷㖣 (Spilornis cheela hoya)ǵስᓐᇇᡳ (Accipiter trivirgatus formosae)ǵ
݊ഒᡳ (Accipiter virgatus fuscipectus) ᆶआ׀դമ (Lanius cristatus)ǶԶഌғᕷ
੮ചύǴځύ 11 ᅿӢрϦ༜ኧեܭϖԛ܈คޔௗճҔϦ༜ၗྍޑᢀჸइᒵԶ҂
યΕϩ (Table 5)Ǻ㚁 (Oriolus chinensis)ǵᓐਜ਼ጕ (Alcippe brunnea)ǵᙇฝ
࣭ (Alcippe morrisonia) ǵ ܾ ᙔ 㒣 (Hypothymis azurea) ǵ Ԯ ᚊ (Bambusicola thoracicus)ǵѠ๋ቖ㋴ (Myiophoneus insularis)ǵᆘႱ (Treron sieboldi)ǵύᚧ
(Cuculus saturatus saturates)ǵስᓐᇇᡳ (Accipiter trivirgatus formosae)ǵ݊ഒᡳ (Accipiter virgatus fuscipectus) ᆶε߷㖣 (Spilornis cheela hoya)ǶҁࣴزஒӧഁѦё
ՉᕷϐЇᅿຎࣁᕷചǴࡺჴሞϩചᅿӅ 24 ᅿഌғᕷച (Table 5)Ƕ қᓐશࢂഌғᕷചύрᓎനଯᆶኧໆനӭޑചᅿǴԶआ㋱ǵഞഒǵ ᆘᙇǵ੧ᓍඬႱǵᐋǵৎᐪᆶࢩᐪрᓎ֡ӧ 80%аǴࢂᆵчࣧӦѱ Ϧ༜ᆘӦޑதـഌғᕷചǴа 8 ᅿޑኧໆ՞ᕴӝޑ 68% (Table 5)Ƕѳ֡ঁ
Ϧ༜р 11.5 ± 2.8 ᅿചǴനӭр 18 ᅿ (ύ҅इۺ)ǴനϿр 5 ᅿ (εӕϦ
༜) (Table 6)Ƕѳ֡Ϧഘр 14.9 ± 9.8 ଫǴനଯࣁ 60.3 ଫ/Ϧഘ (ԤЗϦ༜)Ǵന եࣁ 2.6 ଫ/Ϧഘ (Ӽநහ݅Ϧ༜) (Table 6)ǶϦ༜ѳ֡ഌғᕷചӭኬ܄ࣁ 1.93 ± 0.32Ǵനଯࣁ 2.47 (ᅽ݅Ϧ༜)Ǵനեࣁ 0.57 (ԤЗϦ༜) (Table 6)Ƕ
१܄ӕфဂаᚇ१ޣӕфဂϐނᅿനࣁᙦӅ 9 ᅿǴ٠а⋜ചࣽکᎻࣽࣁЬ
ाϐಔԋ՞ځύϐ 7 ᅿ (Table 7)ǹԶᚇ१ޣӕфဂϐঁձނᅿύǴΞақᓐશϐ рᓎࡋᆶኧໆനӭ (Table 7)Ƕዼ१ޣӕфဂࣣࣁႱᗷࣽചᜪǴаഁᗷϐኧໆന ӭǴՠа੧ᓍඬႱϐрᓎࡋനଯ (Table 7)Ƕ݀१ޣӕфဂϐΟᅿചᜪύǴआ
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㋱ᆶϖՅചϐрᓎࡋ֡εܭ 60% (Table 7)ǹ٥ࢪ፵⋜ചԖӧΎঁϦ༜Ԗр
इᒵ (Table 7)Ƕᙝ१ޣӕфဂх֖ኧໆനӭᆶԛϐޑނᅿ (ഞഒǵᆘᙇ) (Table 7)ǹନฝ࣭ࣽചᜪѦǴᙝ१ޣϐрᓎࡋࣣଯܭ 50% (Table 7)ǶӦӕфဂаቶѲ
ࠠചᜪӕфဂᅿᜪനӭǴ՞ 24 ᅿύޑ 13 ᅿǴх֖Ⴑᗷࣽǵ⋜ചࣣࣽឦቶѲࠠϐ ചᅿ (Table 8)ǹаឲᘀࠠചᜪനϿٿᅿǴϩձࣁλᆶξआᓐٿᅿฝ࣭ࣽ
ϐചᜪ (Table 8)Ƕᐋ݅ചӕфဂӅ 7 ᅿǴх֖ѠԖᅿϐѠᙔᆶϖՅചǹ ӕਔჹܭѱڀԖଯࡋᔈϐқᓐશᆶᆘᙇࣁᐋ݅ചӕфဂϐԋ (Table 8)Ƕ ৎᐪکࢩᐪӧၸѐЎᆶჴሞፓ่ࣣ݀ឦܭޜύ१ϐചᜪǴࡺόឦቶѲࠠǵ ᐋ݅܈ឲᘀҺӕфဂ (Table 8)Ƕ
Ϧ
Ϧ༜ᕉნ
Ӣη໔࣬ᜢ܄ᔠۓϐ่݀ᡉҢǴନނᙟᇂࡋϐ NDVI ᆶΓނᙟᇂКٯԖ
ၨଯޑॄ࣬ᜢ܄ ( |r| > 0.6)ǴځᎩӢη໔࣬ᜢ܄֡եܭ 0.5 (Table 9)ǹԶНᡏޑр
ᆶցǴᆶځдӢη໔ҭคᡉ࣬ᜢ (Fig 5)Ƕ Ϧ༜ѳ֡य़ᑈࣁ 4.35 ± 5.22 ϦഘǴന εࣁ 26.01 ϦഘǴനλࣁ 1.01 ϦഘǹϦ༜ᆶξහ݅നอຯᚆѳ֡ 1359.6 ± 1427.9 ϦЁǴനᇻࣁ 4895.8 ϦЁǴന߈ࣁ 0 ϦЁǹჹݞࢬനอຯᚆѳ֡ࣁ 831.6 ± 636.6 ϦЁǴനᇻࣁ 2779.8 ϦЁǴന߈ࣁ 0 ϦЁǹނᙟᇂࡋϐ NDVIǴӄϦ༜ޑѳ
֡ NDVI ॶࣁ -0.05 ± 0.13Ǵനଯࣁ 0.32Ǵനեࣁ -0.34 (Table 10)ǶΓނᙟᇂК ٯѳ֡ࣁ 28.1 ± 15.7%Ǵനଯࣁ 82%Ǵനեࣁ 0%ǹϦ༜ޑᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯѳ֡ࣁ 44.3
± 21.8%Ǵനଯࣁ 99%Ǵനեࣁ 0% (Table 10)ǶԖНᡏрޑϦ༜Ӆ 35 ঁǴ೭٤ Ϧ༜ޑѳ֡य़ᑈࣁ 7.16 ± 7.35 ϦഘǴനεࣁ 26.08 ϦഘǴനλࣁ 1.05 ϦഘǹԶؒ
ԖНᡏрޑϦ༜य़ᑈѳ֡ࣁ 2.84 ± 2.59 ϦഘǴനεࣁ 11.00 ϦഘǴനλࣁ 1.02 Ϧഘ (Table 10)Ƕ
ചᜪᙦࡋ
ᕴഌғᕷചᅿኧᆶϦ༜य़ᑈکНᡏϐрև҅࣬ᜢǴ٠ᆶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋǵΓ
ނᙟᇂКٯǵᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 11)ǶѝԖٿঁኳࠠ ΔAIC λܭ 2 ޑ
IJIJġ
ኳࠠᒧࣁᕴഌғᕷചޑന٫ኳࠠ (Model TR1~TR2) (Table 12)ǶϦ༜य़ᑈǵᐋ
߷ᙟᇂКٯǵᆶНᡏϐрࢂቹៜᕴഌғᕷചᜪᙦࡋനख़ाޑӢηǴځ࣬ჹ ख़ा܄ࣣࣁ 1.00 (Table 13)ǹԶΓނᙟᇂКٯᆶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋԛϐǴ࣬ჹख़ा܄ϩ ձࣁ 0.98 ᆶ 0.82 (Table 13)Ƕ
Ϧ༜य़ᑈᆶᙝ१ޣǵዼ१ޣکᚇ१ޣނᅿኧࣣև҅࣬ᜢ (Table 11)ǴӕਔϦ༜
य़ᑈΨᒧΕࣁᙝ१ޣǵᚇ१ޣޑന٫ኳࠠ (Model IR1, Model OR1~OR3) (Table 12)ǴԖࡐଯޑ࣬ჹख़ा܄ 0.97 ᆶ 0.98 (Table 13)ǶНᡏϐрᆶᚇ१ޣނᅿኧև
҅࣬ᜢǴݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋǵᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯࣣᆶᚇ१ޣނᅿኧևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 11)ǴΟޣ
ࣣᒧΕ ΔAIC λܭ 2 ޑന٫ኳࠠ (Model OR1~OR3) (Table 12)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़ा܄ϩ ձࣁ 1.00ǵ0.75 ᆶ 0.96 (Table 13)Ƕዼ१ޣނᅿኧӢኳࠠှញΚόى (R2=0.18) (Table 11)Ǵࡺ҂ՉኳࠠᒧǹԶ݀१ޣϐނᅿኧ 3 ᅿǴചᅿኧёᡂϯϐ൯ࡋၸեǴ
ࡺ҂યΕϩ (Table 11)Ƕ
Ϧ༜य़ᑈᆶቶѲചکᐋ݅ചࣣև҅࣬ᜢ (Table 11)ǴӕਔΨᒧΕٿޣ ΔAIC λܭ 2 ޑന٫ኳࠠύ (Model GR1~GR4 and Model trR1~trR2) (Table 12)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़
ा܄ϩձࣁ 1.00 ᆶ 0.86 (Table 13)Ƕݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋჹቶѲചǵᐋ݅ചϐނᅿኧޑਏᔈ όӕǴϩձࣁॄ࣬ᜢک҅࣬ᜢ (Table 11)Ƕݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋᒧΕቶѲചᆶᐋ݅ചϐന
٫ኳࠠύ (Model GR1~GR4 and Model trR1~trR2) (Table 12)Ǵ٠Ԗၨଯޑ࣬ჹख़ा
܄ 1.00 ᆶ 0.92 (Table 13)ǶНᡏϐрکᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯᆶᆶቶѲചނᅿኧϩձև
҅࣬ᜢᆶॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 11)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़ा܄ϩձࣁ 0.97 ᆶ 1.00 (Table 13)Ƕ හ݅႖ ᚆࡋǵΓނᙟᇂКٯᆶᐋ݅ചނᅿᐋև҅࣬ᜢǴԶނᙟᇂࡋᆶᐋ݅ചނᅿኧ ևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 11)Ǵ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࣣଯܭ 0.90 (Table 13)Ƕឲᘀചӕфဂ 2 ᅿച ᜪǴࡺ҂ӈΕϩǶ
ച
ചᜪঁᡏஏࡋ
Ϧ༜य़ᑈᆶᕴഌғᕷചঁᡏஏࡋǵӕфဂঁᡏஏࡋ໔ࣣևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 14)Ǵ ٠рܭӄ ΔAIC λܭ 2 ޑന٫ኳࠠύ (Table 15)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࣣࣁ 1.00 ܈
IJijġ
0.99 (Table 16)Ƕݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋᆶᕴഌғᕷചঁᡏஏࡋǵӕфဂঁᡏஏࡋ໔ࣣևॄ
࣬ᜢǴᆶ݀१ޣӕфဂևόᡉ (Table 14)Ǵ٠рܭ݀१ޣӕфဂѦǴځдӄ
ΔAIC λܭ 2 ޑޑന٫ኳࠠύ (Table 15)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़ा܄ϟܭ 0.76~0.95 ໔ (Table 16)Ƕᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯᆶ݀१ޣکᐋ݅ചӕфဂϐঁᡏஏࡋև҅࣬ᜢǴᆶቶѲചঁᡏ ஏࡋևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 14)ǴᒧΕԜΟӕфဂޑന٫ኳࠠύ (Model FD1~FD7, Model GD1~GD7, and Model trD1~trD4) (Table 15)Ǵ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࣣεܭ 0.90 (Table 14)Ƕ හ݅႖ᚆࡋᆶ݀१ޣϐঁᡏஏࡋևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 14)ǴрܭΎঁന٫ኳࠠ
ύ (Model FD1~FD7) (Table 15)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࣁ 0.94 (Table 16)Ƕዼ१ޣӕфဂ ӢኳࠠှញΚόى (R2=0.12) (Table 14)Ǵࡺ҂ՉኳࠠᒧǶ
ച
ചᜪӭኬ܄
Ϧ༜य़ᑈჹᕴഌғᕷചᜪӭኬ܄คᡉਏᔈ (Table 17)ǶНᡏϐрᆶᕴഌ ғᕷചӭኬ܄ǵӕфဂӭኬ܄ࣣև҅࣬ᜢ (Table 17)Ǵ٠ᒧΕӄ ΔAIC λܭ 2ޑޑന٫ኳࠠύ (Table 18)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࡰኧࣣεܭ 0.9 (Table 19)Ƕ Γނᙟ ᇂКٯᆶᕴഌғᕷചӭኬ܄ǵӦӕфဂӭኬ܄ևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 19)Ǵрܭᕴ ഌғᕷചǵቶѲചǵᐋ݅ചϐӭኬ܄ന٫ኳࠠύ (Table 18)Ǵځ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࣣε ܭ 0.70 (Table 19)Ƕݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋᆶቶѲചӭኬ܄ևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 17)Ǵ٠рܭ 3
ঁന٫ኳ่ࠠ݀ (Model Gndi1~Gndi2) (Table 18)Ǵ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࣁ 0.95 (Table 19)Ƕ හ݅႖ᚆࡋᆶᐋ݅ചӭኬ܄ևॄ࣬ᜢ (Table 17)ǹԶނᙟᇂࡋᆶᐋ݅ചӭኬ܄և
҅࣬ᜢ (Table 17)Ƕٿޣ֡ᒧΕ 2 ঁന٫ኳࠠϣ (Model trdi1~Model trdi2) (Table 18)ǴЪ࣬ჹख़ा܄ࣣࣁ 1.00 (Table 19)Ƕ
IJĴġ
ፕ
ҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢϦ༜य़ᑈࢂቹៜചᜪᙦࡋکঁᡏஏࡋޑख़ाӢηǴၨεޑ Ϧ༜ԖၨӭޑചᅿǵᆶၨեޑঁᡏஏࡋǶНᡏϐрԖշܭቚуᕴഌғചᜪᙦ
ࡋᆶӭኬ܄Ǵӧᚇ१ചᆶቶѲചӕфဂύձܴᡉǶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋᆶചᜪᙦࡋ ևॄ࣬ᜢǴ٠ӧӕфဂ໔ԖόӕޑਏᔈǶΓނᙟᇂКٯᆶᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯٿޣჹ ᕴഌғചᜪᙦࡋԖॄय़ቹៜǶහ݅႖ᚆࡋᆶ NDVI ჹᕴഌғᕷചᜪᙦࡋؒ
ԖቹៜǴՠٿޣჹᐋ݅ചᙦࡋᆶӭኬ܄Ԗ҅य़ਏᔈӸӧǶ
ӦᔁӢηჹചᜪဂᆫϐቹៜ
ҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢϦ༜य़ᑈࢂቹៜഌғᕷചᅿኧനख़ाޑӢનǶ ࡐӭහ݅ᆶ
ѱઇ࿗Ӧඳޑ࣬ᜢЎࡰрઇ࿗Ӧޑय़ᑈࢂှញځނᅿᙦࡋᡂϯޑؼӳӢ η (Park and Lee 2000ǹ Oliver et al. 2011ǹ Zhou and Chu 2012)Ƕ ᆵчࣧӦѱ ᕉ ნ ύ ε य़ ᑈ Ϧ ༜ ૈ ၨ λ य़ ᑈ ޑ Ϧ ༜ Ѝ ၨ ӭ ޑ ച ᅿ Ǵ ᆶ ނ ᅿ य़ ᑈ ፕ (species-area theory) ޑႣෳ่݀ठ (Williams 1943ǹMacArthur and Wilson 1967)Ǵ ΨᆶځдЎޑࣴز่݀࣬಄ (Zhou and Chu 2012ǹOliver et al. 2011)Ƕ ࣬ӕޑ่
݀ΨᡉҢܭϦ༜य़ᑈჹόӕғᄊӕфဂޑਏᔈǴόፕࢂ१܄ӕфဂǴ܈ࢂӦӕ фဂǴځചᅿኧ֡ᆶϦ༜य़ᑈԖࡐεޑᜢ߯Ƕ य़ᑈၨεޑϦ༜х֖ၨӭኬޑӦ ᕉნᆶၗྍ (Triantis et al. 2005)Ǵ٠ૈफ़եᜐጔਏᔈ (edge effects) ܌ԋޑቹៜǴ
٬ளചᜪૈᆢၨᛙۓޑဂ (Evans et al. 2009)Ƕ य़ᑈӧҁࣴزύჹചᜪӭኬ܄
ޑቹៜόᡉǶғނӭኬ܄ࡰኧӕਔх֖ചᜪᙦࡋ (ջނᅿኧ) ᆶചᜪ֡Ϭࡋޑ ཀ఼ǴϦ༜य़ᑈჹചᜪᙦኧև҅࣬ᜢǴՠᆶചᜪӭኬ܄όᡉǴෳቹៜചᜪ ӭኬ܄ևόᡉϐЬӢёૈࣁय़ᑈၨεਔᗨрၨӭᅿϐഌғᕷചǴՠᒿय़ᑈ рቚуϐཥрނᅿϐኧໆᆶѱቶݱрނᅿϐኧໆԖᝌਸޑৡຯ (ҁࣴز ύനӭϖᅿചϐኧໆᕴکࣁ 9466 ଫǹനϿϖᅿചϐኧໆᕴکࣁ 184 ଫ) (Table 5)Ƕ
ࡺय़ᑈεޑϦ༜ᗨԖၨӭޑނᅿǴՠނᅿ໔ޑኧໆዴԖᝌਸޑৡຯǶ ҁࣴزύय़ ᑈᆶചᜪঁᡏஏࡋᆶϦ༜य़ᑈևॄӛᜢ߯Ǵᆶӭࣴز่݀όӕ (Zhou and Chu
IJĵġ
2012ǹ࣬܃ 2009)Ƕ ਥᏵ MacArthur and Wilson (1967) ޑѳᑽፕǴۓᜪဂ ϐނᅿޑঁᡏኧໆᒿᔁय़ᑈϲԶቚуǴՠځൂՏय़ᑈঁᡏኧໆᆢόᡂǴ ځፕᆶҁࣴز่݀όӕǶෳѱϦ༜ޑϣᕉნឦܭό֡፦ϐΓᕉნǴځ
ၗྍໆ҂Ѹᆶय़ᑈቚуԖޔௗᜢ߯ǴࡺᆶԜፕό಄Ƕ MacArthur et al. (1972) ᇡ ࣁऩނᅿӕਔрܭय़ᑈεᆶλϐӦǴ၀ނᅿӧय़ᑈλޑӦύԖၨଯޑ
ঁᡏஏࡋǴӢࣁय़ᑈλޑӦύނᅿኧၨϿǴ෧Ͽނᅿ໔ޑᝡݾ (lower interspecific competition)Ƕ ҁࣴزарᓎࡋεܭ 80%ނᅿϐᕴঁᡏஏࡋᔠෳചᜪঁᡏஏࡋᆶ Ϧ༜य़ᑈ໔ޑᜢ߯ǴᡉҢय़ᑈᆶނᅿϐঁᡏஏࡋڀॄӛᜢ߯ǴЍԜፕϐፕॊǶ ՠ၀ፕឦဂቫભޑፕǴࢂցӧဂᆫቫભԖ࣬ӕޑ่݀ࡑ׳ޑዴᇡǶ
ҁࣴزϐහ݅႖ᚆࡋᆶഌғᕷചᙦࡋǵঁᡏஏࡋᆶചᜪӭኬ܄֡όᡉǴ
ۓ१܄ӕфဂϐ݀१ޣചᜪᆶӦӕфဂϐᐋ݅ࠠചᜪᆶځԖᡉॄ࣬ᜢǴ Ԝ่݀ᆶၸѐӭЎ࣬಄ (Jokimaki 1999ǹWatson et al. 2005ǹ࣬܃ 2007)Ƕ
ѱϦ༜໔ޑ႖ᚆำࡋᆶᔁޑ႖ᚆำࡋόӕǶҗܭѱຉၰதԖӭΓਭ (ӵՉၰᐋǵᏢਠ)Ǵёբࣁചᜪӧѱύ౽ޑၡ৩Ƕନߚࢂ०ՉૈΚၨৡ܈ჹ
ӦԖਸሡޑചᜪǴωܰᆶ႖ᚆࡋౢғॄӛᜢ߯(Opdam et al. 1985ǹWatson et al. 2005ǹ࣬܃ 2007)Ƕ Ξ႖ᚆࡋӕਔԵቾނᅿϐᎂΕٰྍǶ ӭѱ Ϧ༜ചᜪૈޔௗճҔϦ༜аѦޑѱᕉნ (ӵݞᔭᕉნǵࡂᛞ)Ǵࡺჹܭ၀ᜪဂ ചᜪԶقǴහ݅Ӧ٠ߚځᅿྍǴࡺᆶ௱ජਏᔈ (Rescue effect) (Levins 1969) ஒ ᆘӦکහ݅ຎࣁ Source ک Sink ޑ࣬ϕᜢ߯όӕǹҭѳᑽፕύᔁނᅿҗεഌံ
кϐᜢ߯όӕ (MacArthur and Wilson 1967)Ƕ ӢԜǴҁࣴز݀१ޣᆶᐋ݅ചٿ ᜪǴჹܭᐋ݅Ԗଯࡋ٩Ӹޑނᅿωᆶහ݅႖ᚆࡋԖᡉ࣬ᜢǶ
ҁࣴزวຯᚆݞࢬຫ߈ϐϦ༜ᆘӦڀԖၨӭޑചᅿکၨଯޑചᜪঁᡏஏࡋǴ
ૈගϲᡏചᜪޑဂᆫރݩǶ ਥᏵғނ൴ၰፕ (corridor theory)Ǵݞࢬޑݞᔭᕉ ნёբࣁചᜪ౽೯ၰǴၸԜ೯ၰ٬ளόӕਔ໔ᆶՏޑചᜪဂளаՉঁ
ᡏҬඤǴԶගଯചᜪဂჹᕉნޑהڙΚ (Gillies and Clair 2008ǹRosenberg et al.
IJĶġ
1997)ǹԶݞࢬޑݞᔭᕉნૈගٮ࣬ၨܭݞࢬٿᕉნ׳ӭޑӦၗྍǴӢԶૈ֎
Їၨӭޑᕷചᜪ (Knopf 1985)Ƕ ࡺҁࣴزෳᚆݞࢬᕉნၨ߈ޑϦ༜Ǵځϣނ ᅿᔈԖၨଯޑᐒᆶݞࢬᕉნҬඤǴ٬ளചᜪҗݞࢬᕉნᎂΕϦ༜ᆘӦǴԶ ගϲϦ༜ޑചᜪᙦࡋᆶঁᡏஏࡋǶ ฅԶǴҭԖӭࣴز่݀ᡉҢݞࢬݞᔭᕉნ คݤբࣁғᄊ൴ၰ (Skagen et al. 1998ǹHannon and Schmiegelow 2002)Ǵٯӵݞࢬ ᆶڬᎁᕉნޑᜢ߯ஒӸӧᜐጔਏᔈ (edge effect) (Baschak and Brown 1995)Ǵ٬ள ݞࢬݞᔭᆶѱϦ༜ᆘӦ໔ނᅿޑҬඤڙډߔᛖǶ ӢԜǴᆵчࣧӦݞᔭᕉნࢂց
ૈբࣁചᜪғނ൴ၰሡޑࣴزǶ
ᙟᇂࡋჹചᜪဂᆫϐቹៜ
ނᙟᇂࡋ (NDVI) ёж߄ӦޑғౢໆࡰǶ ӭࣴزวނᙟᇂࡋᆶ
ѱϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫԖ҅य़ޑቹៜ (ᙁ☰ԁ 2007ǹᎄ⽋ӵ 2006)Ƕ ҁࣴزᡉҢ
ᙟᇂࡋ (NDVI) ჹܭᡏചᜪဂᆫޑቹៜਏ݀όᡉǴᆶᐋ݅ചޑചᅿኧᆶӭ ኬ܄ևᡉᜢ߯Ƕ ࣬܃ (2009) ᇡࣁϦ༜ύϐғౢΚନނගٮѦǴࡐӭਔং
ᆶΓࣁࢲԖᜢǴٯӵᗯ१Չࣁ܈ၯ࠼ූᎩޑ१ނǴ٬ளଯࡋᔈѱޑചᜪԖ кىޑ१ނၗྍǶ Զҁࣴزύᐋ݅ചᙦࡋᆶނᙟᇂࡋԖ҅࣬ᜢǴёૈᆶᐋ݅
ചӦၗྍޑቚуԖᜢǶ Ξࢫᖃ (2005) ࣴزύගډ NDVI Ҕܭж߄ނᙟᇂ ࡋӧଯϾሜޑݩΠǴж߄܄ό٫ǴёૈᜤаϩᒣΓπҜǵឲᘀᆶᐋ݅ӧϦ
༜ύޑᙟᇂݩǴҭёૈࢂҁࣴزᙟᇂࡋᆶചᜪဂᆫևόᡉϐচӢǶ ϣޜ໔่ᄬჹചᜪဂᆫϐቹៜ
ӭЎჴϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫڙډᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯޑቹៜ (Jokimaki 1999ǹ Fernandez-Juricic 2000aǹᙁ☰ԁ 2007ǹSalvador and Montelongo 2013)Ƕӭചᅿ ޑғӸѸһᒘᐋ݅܌ගٮޑ१ނᆶӦǴӢԜऩᐋ݅ᙟᇂКٯΠफ़Ǵ࣬ӕελ ϐӦϣചᜪޑނᅿᆶኧໆΨᒿϐΠफ़ (Lancaster and Rees 1979)Ƕ ਥᏵҁࣴز ϐ่݀Ǵᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯᆶϦ༜ഌғᕷചᅿኧևॄӛᜢ߯ǴӕਔΨᆶᚇ१ޣᆶቶ Ѳചӕфဂևॄӛᜢ߯Ƕ ҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢѱϦ༜ӭኧചᅿϐғӸёૈሡाᐋ݅
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аѦޑӦǴଯࡋ٩ᒘᐋ݅ගٮၗྍϐ݀१ޣᆶᐋ݅ചǴϩձ՞ 12.5% (3 ᅿ) ᆶ 29.1% (7ᅿ) (Table 5)Ƕ ӢԜǴᐋ߷ᙟᇂࡋКٯቚуϸԶԋᕴചᅿᆶᚇ१ޣکቶ ѲചӕфဂചᅿΠफ़Ƕ ᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯᆶചᜪஏࡋޑ่݀ᡉҢǴᐋ߷ᙟᇂКٯቚу
٬ள݀१ޣᆶᐋ݅ചӕфဂചᜪஏࡋቚуǴᡉҢᐋ݅ޑቚуᗨ٬ளചᜪނᅿ ኧΠफ़ǴՠۓޑӕфဂӧኧໆԖᡉޑගϲǶෳചᜪဂᆫޑᡂϯᆶϦ༜ϣ
ၗྍϩଛޑׯᡂԖᜢǶ
Ϧ༜ϣΓނޑрǴගٮѱചᜪନѦޑќᅿӦᕉნǴՠΓނ ᆶᕉნόӕǴ٠คݤගٮചᜪ१ނၗྍǴՠϝёૈගٮӦၗྍǶ ҁࣴز่
݀ᡉҢϦ༜ϣΓނᙟᇂКٯჹϦ༜ഌғᕷചᅿኧᆶചᜪӭኬ܄ԖᡉቹៜǴ ԶჹചᜪঁᡏஏࡋؒԖቹៜǴᆶѠϦ༜ചᜪဂᆫࣴز่݀࣬಄ (ࢫᖃ 2005ǹ ᙁ☰ԁ 2007)Ƕ ਥᏵࢫᖃ (2005) ჹѠࠄѱϦ༜ᕉნჹചᜪဂᆫޑࣴزวǴ Ϧ༜ϣࡌᑐނय़ᑈǵόНӦय़य़ᑈޑቚуᏤठȨߚऐڙᜪ (ᆶҁࣴزϐᐋ݅
ച࣬՟)ȩޑചᅿᙦࡋᆶӭኬ܄Πफ़ǴԶԋᕴചᅿኧΠफ़Ǵᆶҁࣴز่݀࣬
՟ǹԶΓނᙟᇂКٯޑቚуӕਔ٬ளȨΓࣁυᘋଯࡋऐڙ (ᆶҁࣴزϐቶѲച࣬
՟)ȩޑചᅿኧໆϲǴӢԜᏤठചᜪ֡ϬࡋΠफ़ǴԶᏤठᕴചᜪӭኬ܄Πफ़Ƕ Ϧ
Ϧ༜ύНᡏϐр
НёၸӭБԄቹៜചᜪဂᆫǴٯӵചᜪӢғНሡԶᆫᔸӦ (Gereta et al. 2005)ǵചᜪһᒘଳృНྍࢱᐙаᆢԳЛфૈ (Slessers 1970) ޔௗ
ճҔБԄǶ ചᜪҭёૈ໔ௗڙډНޑቹៜǴٯӵᙝ१ചڙډНܲᙝ१ނၗྍ
֎ЇԶᆫݞᔭᕉნ (Iwata et al. 2003)Ƕ ҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢϦ༜ύНᡏϐрࢂቹ ៜϦ༜ചᜪᙦࡋᆶചᜪӭኬ܄ޑख़ाӢηǴᆶΓࣴز࣬಄ (ᙁ☰ԁ 2007)Ƕ ਥ ᏵၗྍଷᇥǴϦ༜ύНᡏϐрቚуϦ༜ӧ१ނϷӦၗྍޑӭኬ܄Ǵஒ֎Ї
׳ӭኬޑചᜪрǴ٠ჹᕴഌғᕷചᅿኧǵঁᡏஏࡋᆶӭኬ܄ౢғ҅ӛޑቹៜǶ ՠᕴഌғᕷചঁᡏஏࡋᆶНᡏϐр߾คᡉᜢ߯ǴෳНᡏᗨૈ֎Їചᜪճ ҔǴՠਏ݀ज़ܭНᡏڬൎǶ ӢࣁਥᏵҁΓჴሞᢀჸǴϦ༜НᡏڬൎዴჴԖၨӭ
IJĸġ
ޑചᜪࢲᆶചሳǹՠᛖܭҁࣴزаӄीኧݤࣁፓБԄǴคݤаၗᡍН ᡏჹചᜪঁᡏஏࡋޑቹៜǴࡺۘࡑࣴزǶ १܄ӕфဂ่݀ᡉҢǴНᡏᆶᚇ १ചϐചᅿኧϷӭኬ܄Ԗ҅ӛᜢ߯ǴᆶځдᜪဂևόᡉǴϩᆶႣය࣬಄Ƕ চ ᇡࣁНᡏё໔ௗගٮНܲᙝբࣁᙝ१ചᆶᚇ१ചӕфဂചᜪϐ१ނٰྍǴԶ
֎Ї׳ӭޑᙝ१ചᆶᚇ१ചǶ ԋ่݀ᆶႣයϐৡຯޑځёૈচӢԖΒǺಃǴ ᙝ१ޣӕфဂނᅿ 7 ᅿύନλᆶξआᓐѦǴځᎩ 5 ᅿϐрᓎࣣεܭ 50%
(Table 5)Ƕ ᡉҢᙝ१ޣӕфဂചᜪނᅿදၹϩѲܭӄޑϦ༜ᆘӦǴځѱϣᙝ १ചǴԶᆵчࣧӦወӧϐёૈᎂΕϦ༜ᆘӦϐᙝ१ޣӭࣁฝ࣭ࣽϐឲᘀࠠചᜪǴ ځᎂΕஒڙज़ܭϦ༜ᆘӦύឲᘀӦޑલЮ܌ቹៜǹಃΒǴНᡏ٠คගٮНܲ
ᙝբࣁചᜪ१ނၗྍǴԶԋᚇ१ޣചᅿᐋᆶӭኬ܄ቚуϐচӢࣁᚇ१ޣӕфဂ ᆶቶѲചӕфဂԖଯࡋޑ࣬՟܄ (Table 7) (Table 8)ǶӢࣁӧᚇ१ޣӕфဂചᜪ 9 ᅿύǴନқᓐશǵᐋᆶѠᙔѦǴԖ 65%ឦܭቶѲࠠചᜪǴΞቶѲചϐނᅿ ኧᆶӭኬ܄ҭᆶНᡏϐрև҅ӛᜢ߯Ƕ НᡏрᆶӦӕфဂϐቶѲചނᅿኧ Ԗᡉ҅࣬ᜢǶ ቶѲചёճҔၨӭኬϯϐӦǴх֖ᐋ݅ǵΓނᆶ໒ᗡӦǴ Զᐋ݅ചܰڙᐋ݅Զज़ڋځࢲጄൎǶ Զ Slessers (1970) ගډӧϦ༜ϣቚНԣ ёբࣁගٮചᜪёޔௗճҔޑНྍǴаճചᜪՉНᆶࢱࢲǴࡺНᡏϐ рᆶቶѲചചᜪဂᆫᔈԖ҅ӛᜢ߯Ǵᆶҁࣴز่݀࣬಄Ƕ
Ϧ
Ϧ༜ೕჄϐࡌ
ѱғᄊᕉნޑ҉ុᔼࢂжѱวޑБӛǴԶѱϦ༜ᆘӦբࣁѱ Ӧඳޑғނᗉᜤ܌ᆶғނᗺǴࢂߥៈѱғᄊޑख़ᗺǶ ࣁԜǴҁࣴزගр൳
Ϧ༜ೕჄϐࡌǺ
(1) Ϧ༜य़ᑈελࢂቹៜചᜪᙦࡋനЬाޑӢનǴࢂѱϦ༜ೕჄਔᓬ
ӃԵໆޑाҹǶՠय़ᑈӧѱύ۳۳ࢂڙज़ޑӢηǴӢԜϣޜ໔ೕჄ
தωࢂૈԖਏޑගϲചᜪӭኬ܄ޑᔼᆅБԄǶ
IJĹġ
(2) හ݅႖ᚆࡋᆶݞࢬ႖ᚆࡋ܌ቹៜޑചᜪᜪဂόӕǴऩࣁቚу݀१ޣǵᐋ
݅ചӭኬ܄ەᒧᎃ߈܈ᆶξහ݅Ԗೱ่ϐՏǶ Զᎃ߈ݞࢬޑՏ
շܭቚуϦ༜ϣᚇ१ചᆶቶѲചޑӭኬ܄Ƕ
(3) Ϧ༜ύНᡏޑрૈԖਏቚуϦ༜ύޑചᜪᙦࡋᆶӭኬ܄Ƕନૈ֎Ї
߈НചճҔǴΨૈගٮഌғᕷചբࣁଳృНྍǴ҂ٰᔈયΕϦ༜ࡼ
ϐೕჄǶ
(4) Ϧ༜ϣޑΓނᆶᐋ߷ᙟᇂࡋࣣቹៜϦ༜ϣചᜪӭኬ܄ǶӢԜǴϦ
༜ϣޑᐋ݅ᆶΓࡼޑᙟᇂКٯࣣόەၸଯǴߡૈԖਏቚуചᜪᙦ
ࡋᆶӭኬ܄Ƕ
(5) ҁࣴزύឲᘀചᅿᜪኧໆࣣϿǴрܭᎃ߈ξسϐϦ༜ǴёૈᆶϦ༜
ϣલЮឲᘀ่ᄬǴаϷѱઇ࿗Ӧ໔લЮೱុឲᘀԖᜢǶ Ϧ༜ϣቚ уឲᘀёૈԖշܭቚуឲᘀചӭኬ܄Ƕ
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ୖ
ୖԵЎ
ύѧຝֽǶ http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/index.htm
ЎϯǶ 2009Ƕ ᆵεԭࣽӄਜǶhttp://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/web/content?ID=1431 ЦඵဃǶ 2002Ƕ ѱϦ༜ғᄊޜ໔܄ϐࣴز─аѠࠄѱϦ༜ചᜪࣁٯǶ ୯ҥ
ԋфεᏢѱीჄسᅺγፕЎǶ
ՉࡹଣЬीೀǶ 2011Ƕ 99 ԃΓαϷՐӻද߃ी่݀ගाϩǶ ՉࡹଣЬ
ीೀǶ
ࢫᖃǶ 2005Ƕ Ϧ༜ᕉნᆶചᜪဂᆫᜢ߯ϐࣴز─аѠࠄѱϦ༜ࣁٯǶ ୯ҥԋ фεᏢࡌᑐࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ
ཥчѱϦ༜ࡼᄤၡᐩᆢៈᆅسǶhttp://parkfacilities.ntpc.gov.tw/pntcpems/
࣬܃Ƕ 2009Ƕ ѱӦࠠᔁϐചᜪဂᆫಔԋǵӭኬ܄ǵᆶғࢲǶ ୯ҥ ԋфεᏢғڮࣽᏢ܌ᅺγፕЎǶ
လӂԃǵǵߋࣹᄪǶ 2008Ƕ ઇ࿗Ӧϐय़ᑈǵېᚆࡋᆶӦ౦፦ࡋჹ
ѱӦඳϐചᜪဂᆫಔԋϐቹៜ─аᆵчѱϦ༜ᆘӦࣁٯǶ ѱᆶीฝǶڔ 35Ǻ 141-154Ƕ
ᙁ☰ԁǶ 2007Ƕ ᆵчѱѱϦ༜ޜ໔่ᄬᆶചᜪӭኬ܄ϐ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕ دҥύ୯Ў ϯεᏢඳᢀᏢسࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ
ᆩǶ 1977Ƕ Ѡചᜪғᄊ႖ᚆϐࣴزǶ دҥܿੇεᏢғނᏢࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ ᆵчѱࡹ۬π୍ֽϦ༜ၡᐩπำᆅೀǶ 2013Ƕ Ϧ༜ᆅ࣬ᜢೕۓǶ ᆵчѱࡹ
۬π୍ֽǶ http://pkl.taipei.gov.tw/
ᆵނᅿӜᒵ (TaiBNET)Ƕ http://taibnet.sinica.edu.tw/
ѠചᜪᇞಃΒހǶ 2012Ƕ http://taibif.tw/download/avifauna/flipviewerxpress.html ᎄ٥൫Ƕ 2003Ƕ ѱϦ༜ᆘӦೱௗࡋᆶചᜪဂᆫᜢ߯ϐࣴزǶ ୯ҥѠεᏢ༜
᛬Ꮲࣴز܌ᅺγፕЎǶ
ijıġ
ᎄ⽋ӵǵǶ 2006Ƕ ҉ុᆵчࠤޑғᄊࡰ߄─Ϧ༜ᆘӦޑചᜪǶ ӄౚᡂᎂ ೯ૻᚇᇞǶ ය 49Ǻ20-22Ƕ
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Fig. 1 Satellite image of Taipei Basin in 2013 which is captured by Google Earth Pro.
Part circling by the red line is the Taipei metropolis. All city are surrounded by the mountain forest.
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Fig. 2 Location of the selected 100 urban parks in this study in Taipei Basin. Red area is the 100 sites in this study. Green area, mountain forest, refers to nature habitat. Blue area, Danshui river riparian zone, refers to river. Orange area is the surveyed area included the whole Taipei city and the 9 districts of Xinbei city.
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Fig. 3 Results of hierarchy clustering of original feeding guilds according to average linkage with height of 3 before comparing.
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Fig. 4 Results of hierarchy clustering of original habitat guilds according to average linkage with height of 3 before comparing.
Ĵıġ
Fig. 5 Boxplot of water and other six variables including park area, distance to forest, distance to rive, NDVI, artifact cover, and canopy cover.
Distance. to forest Distance. to river
Park area
Canopy cover Artifact cover
NDVI
ĴIJġ
Table 1 Definition of the seven selected variables in this study.
Variables Definition
Area Total area of park
(A) (ha)
Distance to forest Minimum distance from park boundary to border of 100m contour line
(DF) (m)
Distance to river Minimum distance from park boundary to border of main river
(DR) (m)
NDVI Average of the NDVI of the park
(N) (between -1 and 1)
Canopy cover Coverage of the canopy in the park
(C) (%)
Artifact cover Coverage of the impermeable layer in the park
(Af) (%)
Presence of water Presence of water
(W) (Presence:1ǹAbsence:0)
Ĵijġ
Table 2 Original resource matrix of feeding guilds in use of hierarchy clustering.
Species Food type
Insect Fruit Seed Others
Ѡᙔ Urocissa caerulea 1 1
഻ Pica pica 1 1
ᐋ Dendrocitta formosae 1 1
λ Pomatorhinus ruficollis 1
ξआᓐ Stachyris ruficeps 1
ᆘᙇ Zosterops japonicas 1 1
ഞഒ Passer montanus 1
ϖՅച Megalaima nuchalis 1
ৎᐪ Hirundo rustica 1
ࢩᐪ Hirundo tahitica 1
қᓐશ Pycnonotus sinensis 1 1
आ㋱ Hypsipetes leucocephalus 1
εڔ׀ Dicrurus macrocercus 1
Ζঢ Acridotheres cristatellus 1 1 1
ߎङႱ Streptopelia orientails 1
੧ᓍඬႱ Streptopelia chinensis 1
आႱ Streptopelia tranquebarica 1
ৎΖঢ Acridotheres tristis 1 1 1
қ׀Ζঢ Acridotheres javanicus 1 1 1
ሦ⋜ച Gracupica nigricollis 1 1 1 1
٥ࢪ፵⋜ച Aplonis panayensis 1
߷ഞᡴ Gorsachiusmelanolophus 1 1
ഁᗷ Columba livia 1
Copsychus saularis 1 1 1
ĴĴġ
Table 3 Original resource matrix of habitat guilds in use of hierarchy clustering.
Species Habitat type
Tree Shrub Grass Water Ground Artifact Air
߷ഞᡴ Gorsachiusmelanolophus 1 1 1
ഁᗷ Columba livia 1 1 1
੧ᓍඬႱ Streptopelia chinensis 1 1 1
ߎङႱ Streptopelia orientails 1 1 1
आႱ Streptopelia tranquebarica 1 1 1
ϖՅച Megalaima nuchalis 1
ৎᐪ Hirundo rustica 1 1
ࢩᐪ Hirundo tahitica 1 1
εڔ׀ Dicrurus macrocercus 1 1
ᐋ Dendrocitta formosae 1
഻ Pica pica 1 1
Ѡᙔ Urocissa caerulea 1
λ Pomatorhinus ruficollis 1
ξआᓐ Stachyris ruficeps 1
आ㋱ Hypsipetes leucocephalus 1
қᓐશ Pycnonotus sinensis 1 1
Ζঢ Acridotheres cristatellus 1 1 1
ৎΖঢ Acridotheres tristis 1 1 1
٥ࢪ፵⋜ച Aplonis panayensis 1 1
ሦ⋜ച Gracupica nigricollis 1 1 1
Ĵĵġ
Table 3 (Continued)
Species Habitat type
Tree Shrub Grass Water Ground Artifact Air
қ׀Ζঢ Acridotheres javanicus 1 1 1
ᆘᙇ Zosterops japonicas 1
ഞഒ Passer montanus 1 1 1 1
Copsychus saularis 1 1 1 1
ĴĶġ
Table 4 Original data of seven selected variables of the one hundred urban parks in this study.
Park ID Area Distance to forest Distance to river
NDVI Artifact cover Canopy cover Presence of water
(ha) (m) (m) (%) (%)
ΒΒΖइۺϦ༜ 8.08 4360.9 1112.2 -0.08 0.22 0.33 1
ΖΒΟइۺϦ༜ 10.80 1026.2 1153.4 -0.16 0.36 0.29 1
ΖቺϦ༜ 2.81 2825.4 683.8 -0.1 0.39 0.46 0
Ο҇Ϧ༜ 1.12 2713.2 16 -0.06 0.23 0.41 0
ΟϦ༜ 1.06 3404.8 1152.6 -0.11 0.29 0.29 0
εϦᚊϦ༜ 2.29 0 794.5 0.32 0.02 0.13 0
εӕϦ༜ 1.25 3537.5 1087.7 -0.21 0.47 0.70 0
εӼහ݅Ϧ༜ 25.56 1732.4 1440.8 0.06 0.15 0.27 1
ε෫Ϧ༜ 14.60 0 1597.9 -0.14 0.21 0.13 1
εᙦϦ༜ 1.20 1567.3 860.9 -0.16 0.52 0.28 0
ύѳϦ༜ 2.01 3208.6 1523.6 -0.23 0.41 0.27 1
ύ҅इۺ 23.85 3129.3 1736.5 -0.11 0.46 0.19 1
ύࣴϦ༜ 1.47 0 1385.8 0.01 0.18 0.54 0
ύமϦ༜ 5.55 13.8 2075.2 0.11 0.19 0.65 0
ύᑫϦ༜ 3.14 0 1899.4 0.11 0.21 0.61 0
ϏስϦ༜ 1.06 0 1301.8 0.15 0.02 0.51 1
ϖϦ༜ 1.02 290.3 1556.9 -0.06 0.31 0.58 0
Ϻ҆Ϧ༜ 3.47 356.4 469.9 0.2 0.07 0.62 1
ϺکϦ༜ 1.31 122.4 724.7 0.02 0.19 0.61 1
ϼѳၮϦ༜ 1.50 170.8 201.6 -0.27 0.2 0.13 0
Ĵķġ
Table 4 (Continued).
Park ID Area Distance to forest Distance to river
NDVI Artifact cover Canopy cover Presence of water
(ha) (m) (m) (%) (%)
ЕϦ༜ 4.07 0 308.9 0.12 0.1 0.63 1
НᢀඳϦ༜ 10.50 0 1106.3 0.17 0.02 0.92 0
чӼϦ༜ 1.12 198.6 29.2 0.13 0.11 0.71 0
чϦ༜ 3.35 0 1850.4 0.02 0.09 0.47 1
ѠεᎈД෫ 2.67 1142.8 1206.2 -0.09 0 0.28 1
ᆵчނ༜ 9.89 3814.6 803.7 -0.04 0.18 0.61 1
ѤᆢϦ༜ 1.95 3122.3 669.6 -0.11 0.39 0.54 0
ѱ҇ቶ 3.27 909 1674.7 -0.15 0.48 0.22 1
҇ғϦ༜ 1.43 3191.3 1079.1 -0.05 0.25 0.44 0
҇Ϧ༜ 1.52 2879 834.3 -0.04 0.4 0.49 0
ҏԋϦ༜ 4.53 447.4 1071.9 0.03 0.39 0.61 0
ҏࢨϦ༜ 1.96 3389.1 121.5 -0.06 0.27 0.17 0
ҡจϦ༜ 1.09 779.6 965 -0.08 0.27 0.62 0
ҥၭϦ༜ 1.34 511.7 492.9 0.02 0.28 0.44 0
ӜξϦ༜ 1.31 296.2 53.5 -0.01 0.28 0.41 1
ӼٖϦ༜ 1.10 540.6 740.2 -0.08 0.3 0.31 0
Ӽநහ݅Ϧ༜ 7.38 184.3 1474.1 -0.22 0.14 0.69 0
ԤЗϦ༜ 1.99 494.7 75.2 0.12 0.23 0.20 0
ԾமϦ༜ 1.60 324 1786.7 0.06 0.21 0.86 0
Կ๓Ϧ༜ 3.01 121.2 0 0.1 0.15 0.53 1
Ĵĸġ
Table 4 (Continued).
Park ID Area Distance to forest Distance to river
NDVI Artifact cover Canopy cover Presence of water
(ha) (m) (m) (%) (%)
דԋϦ༜ 1.43 343.6 249.5 -0.02 0.23 0.48 1
کѳϦ༜ 2.73 3846.2 1215.4 -0.18 0.42 0.29 0
۸၈Ϧ༜ 1.42 698.2 260.6 0.03 0.17 0.61 1
܍ቺϦ༜ 1.06 385.4 645.3 -0.27 0.48 0.37 0
ܴНϦ༜ 1.30 762.6 37.4 -0.11 0.33 0.40 0
ܴቺϦ༜ 2.38 246 1628.9 -0.06 0.31 0.65 0
ܿϦ༜ 1.46 163.8 956.9 -0.05 0.43 0.95 0
݈ᐏ҇ғϦ༜ 1.07 1688.9 983.1 -0.28 0.56 0.30 0
݅හϦ༜ 4.30 4224.6 1671.6 -0.01 0.17 0.20 0
ދᅧϦ༜ 1.92 3456.3 260 -0.06 0.26 0.52 0
ޗηϦ༜ 1.12 1873.8 271.6 -0.32 0.23 0.50 1
ξϦ༜ 10.51 230.9 48.8 0.17 0.09 0.81 0
ߙԃϦ༜ 26.08 3608 65.7 0.01 0.16 0.38 1
ෝϦ༜ 3.88 431.9 325.8 0.04 0.22 0.59 0
ࠄෝϦ༜ 15.60 157.6 983.3 0.05 0.2 0.33 1
ࡌԋϦ༜ 1.48 2624.8 1019.5 -0.2 0.45 0.62 0
ࡕξ୶Ϧ༜ 7.20 287.6 936.1 0.16 0.05 0.36 0
ࡘ፣Ϧ༜ 1.05 4005.9 1017.5 -0.13 0.33 0.38 0
ऍடϦ༜ 6.00 936.4 21.9 0.01 0.41 0.19 0
ऍೌϦ༜ 7.90 774.4 94.5 -0.16 0.34 0.08 1
ĴĹġ
Table 4 (Continued).
Park ID Area Distance to forest Distance to river
NDVI Artifact cover Canopy cover Presence of water
(ha) (m) (m) (%) (%)
चϦ༜ 1.62 30.1 1590.1 0.11 0.15 0.68 1
ख़Ϧ༜ 1.37 4602.9 308.6 -0.34 0.32 0.41 0
ख़ቼϦ༜ 1.21 1591.3 995.3 -0.19 0.59 0.58 0
ॣϦ༜ 3.11 3162.4 158.3 -0.11 0.3 0.18 0
চഁϦ༜ 1.10 669.6 924.9 0.04 0.21 0.76 0
ੌԀၮϦ༜ 4.12 2881.7 273.6 0.01 0.23 0.23 0
ੌࢪᒃ҇Ϧ༜ 3.20 2403.5 221.3 -0.05 0.27 0.15 0
ੇӀϦ༜ 1.23 1535.5 44.2 -0.28 0.26 0.22 0
੮ϦϦ༜ 1.56 684.7 313.6 -0.13 0.34 0.30 0
ଭϦϦ༜ 1.34 250.3 500.3 -0.11 0.4 0.34 0
୯Рइۺᓔ 13.37 1170.2 1460 -0.11 0.48 0.18 1
୯ӀϦ༜ 1.95 3192.5 392 -0.09 0.38 0.67 0
ஜடϦ༜ 1.13 1062.2 536.4 -0.1 0.41 0.46 1
మқϦ༜ 3.90 163.7 2223.8 0.16 0.2 0.60 0
ൺᑫϦ༜ 2.64 48 2324.9 -0.16 0.33 0.53 1
ඳϦ༜ 1.68 266 606.6 -0.14 0.38 0.20 0
๋ӀϦ༜ 1.58 101.2 1258.2 0.01 0.55 0.57 0
ύϦ༜ 1.07 3598.8 12 -0.25 0.47 0.39 0
ԢಷལϦ༜ 2.65 2307 1284.2 -0.19 0.26 0.33 0
໒ϡϦ༜ 1.37 2345.1 30.3 -0.12 0.32 0.20 0
Ĵĺġ
Table 4 (Continued).
Park ID Area Distance to forest Distance to river
NDVI Artifact cover Canopy cover Presence of water
(ha) (m) (m) (%) (%)
፣ᕉߥϦ༜ 3.69 3400 311.8 -0.26 0.14 0.32 1
༝ξϦ༜ 11.00 670.8 111.2 -0.09 0.58 0.11 0
ཥғϦ༜ 15.90 818.7 157.9 -0.06 0.27 0.27 1
ཥ݈ڳϦ༜ 7.70 2151.2 1094.2 -0.21 0.39 0.11 1
ཥಷߙԃϦ༜ 8.96 0 2779.8 0.29 0.01 0.99 0
ྛчϦ༜ 3.11 1398.3 293.3 -0.12 0.43 0.51 1
ྛԀϦ༜ 1.72 977.8 659.6 -0.05 0.4 0.70 0
ቼϦ༜ 1.72 618.1 12.1 0.03 0.17 0.49 0
ᕞϦ༜ 7.05 0 1420.3 0.08 0.18 0.94 0
ᄪࢃϦ༜ 6.63 1765.3 991.8 -0.02 0.12 0.35 1
ᅸ෫Ϧ༜ 16.30 149.3 1222.9 -0.06 0.04 0.39 1
ᅽ݅Ϧ༜ 1.50 206.5 344.5 -0.06 0.16 0.43 0
ᆹ⅏Ϧ༜ 1.18 4895.8 476.9 -0.33 0.82 0.77 0
ቆϦ༜ 1.07 0 112.6 0.1 0.13 0.77 0
ቶᅽϦ༜ 1.34 427.7 1402.8 -0.2 0.74 0.53 0
ᑫໜϦ༜ 1.46 70.2 1541.9 -0.05 0.21 0.62 1
ᒸکၮϦ༜ 8.77 181.7 1583.2 -0.02 0.51 0.32 0
ᓐၮϦ༜ 3.57 4143.7 1003.1 -0.19 0.19 0.29 1
ᚈྛϦ༜ 1.65 212.9 33 -0.05 0.12 0.26 1
ើϦ༜ 1.62 254 343.1 0.05 0.19 0.78 0
ĵıġ
Table 5 Bird species observed in hundred urban parks. Included specie occurrence park number and its total number.
Species
Category Occurrence
Total number ύЎ߫Ӝ Scientific name park number
εқᡴ Ardea alba W 1 2
εڔ׀ Dicrurus macrocercus* B 51 153
ε߷㖣 Spilornis cheela B 6 8
λқᡴ Egretta garzetta W 17 144
λ Pomatorhinus ruficollis* B 8 22
ξआᓐ Stachyris ruficeps* B 7 32
ύᚧ Cuculus saturatus saturates B 1 1
ϖՅച Megalaima nuchalis* B 61 319
Ζঢ Acridotheres cristatellus* B 9 29
Ѡ๋ቖ㋴ Myiophoneus insularis B 4 5
Ѡᙔ Urocissa caerulea* B 11 46
қ׀Ζঢ Acridotheres javanicus* B 46 191
қဎઙᚊ Amaurornis phoenicurus W 3 5
қဎ㋴ Turdus pallidus M 13 59
қᓐશ Pycnonotus sinensis* B 100 1903
Ԫ㒛ᓦ Motacilla cinerea M 3 5
Ԯᚊ Bambusicola thoracicus B 2 2
هဎ㋴ Turdus chrysolaus M 3 9
٥ࢪ፵⋜ച Aplonis panayensis* B 7 434
ڹᡴ Nycticorax nycticorax W 15 100
݊ഒᡳ Accipiter virgatus B 1 1
߁㋴ Zoothera dauma M 1 1
ߎङႱ Streptopelia orientails* B 44 105
ࢩᐪ Hirundo tahitica* B 94 186
आ׀դമ Lanius cristatus M 12 15
आ߷Нᚊ Gallinula chloropus W 7 70
आႱ Streptopelia tranquebarica* B 13 55
आ㋱ Hypsipetes leucocephalus * B 88 837
ৎΖঢ Acridotheres tristis* B 57 309
ৎᐪ Hirundo rustica* B 94 540
੧ᓍඬႱ Streptopelia chinensis* B 89 466
ഁᗷ Columba livia* B 55 1791
ഞഒ Passer montanus* B 87 2505
഻ Pica pica* B 59 215
ĵIJġ
Table 5 (Continued).
Species
Category Occurrence
Total number ύЎ߫Ӝ Scientific name park number
อવᐋ៩ Cettia diphone M 2 2
ඬᗺ㋴ Turdus naumanni M 1 1
׀ Phoenicurus auroreus M 3 3
࣭࢛៩ Phylloscopus inornatus M 1 1
ᓐᡴ Bubulcus ibis W 10 35
㒛ᓦ Motacilla flava M 2 3
㚁 Oriolus chinensis B 4 13
ܾᙔ㒣 Hypothymis azurea B 2 10
߷ഞᡴ Gorsachiusmelanolophus* B 35 86
ሦ⋜ച Gracupica nigricollis* B 19 55
㋴ Turdus merula M 1 1
ᆘႱ Treron sieboldi B 1 1
ᆘᓐᓥ Anas platyrhynchos I 1 2
ᆘᙇ Zosterops japonicas* B 99 2430
ᆧച Alcedo atthis O 7 9
ᇇᡴ Ardea cinerea W 1 1
ስᓐᇇᡳ Accipiter trivirgatus B 4 4
ᐋ Dendrocitta formosae* B 81 605
ᓐਜ਼ጕ Alcippe brunnea B 1 1
ᙇฝ࣭ Alcippe morrisonia B 2 16
Copsychus saularis* B 40 104
*24 species that take into analysis in this study.
*Category: W-wading birds; I-introduced species; B-terrestrial breeding birds;
M-migratory; O-others
