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兒童認知情緒行為發展異常 / 遲緩 及早期療育

李儒卿

台北市萬芳醫學中心精神科兼任主治醫師 台北醫學大學附設醫院精神科兼任主治醫師 台北醫學大學醫學系兼任講師

天主教輔仁大學醫學院臨床心理系兼任講師 Reference book:

Shonkoff P. Jack, & Meisels J. Samuel(2000): Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention(2nd. Ed.), Cambridge

(2)

發展遲緩

生長遲緩

以生理狀況 為指標 ( 如身高、體重、頭圍

、胸圍、第二性徵等 ) 。當量化指標小於 第三百分位,可稱之為生長遲緩。

發展遲緩

以功能狀況 為指標 ( 如粗、細動作、語言

、認知、情緒及人際社會互動、生活自

理等 ) 。當某功能發展低於應有發展水準

百分之二十,可稱該功能之發展顯著遲

緩。 (Bayley)

(3)

Early childhood intervention: definition(1)

Early childhood intervention consists of

multidisciplinary services provided of children from birth to 5 years of age to promote child health and well-being, enhance emerging

competencies, minimize developmental delays, prevent functional deteriorations, and promote adaptive parenting and overall family function.

(4)

Early childhood intervention: definition(2)

These goals are accomplished by

providing individualized developmental,

educational and therapeutic services for

children in conjunction with mutually

planned support for their families.

(5)

Early childhood intervention: assumptions

Organisms are designed to adapt to their environment

Broad ecological context

Interdisciplinary nature

(6)

Historical roots: early childhood education

Comenius(1592-670): “School of the Mother”

Lock(1632-1704): “Tabula rasa” (blank slate)

Rousseau(1712-78): “laissez-faire”

approach to child’s unspoiled nature

American: 17-18th century, innate

“sinful” tendency (Puritan influence)

(7)

Historical roots: Maternal and Child Health Services

1912: The Children’s Bureau in the Department of Labor

1935: the Social Security ACT:

Title V: Part I, II, III

Title XIX: Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment Programs

(EPSDT)

(8)

Historical roots: Special Education

Itard / Seguin ”physiological method of education” in Paris; Montessorie in

Rome

Residential placements: Seguin the

“Association of Medical Officers of American institutions for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Persons”, 1876

Public School Programs: World War II,

(9)

Historical roots: Research, Nature / Nurture debates

Gessell, pediatrician & psychologist, Skills of normal development, Down

Syndrome, prematurely, perinatal injury children=>biological maturation

Piaget, “Cognitive Revolution”

Spitz, ”hospitalism”

John Bolby, “attachment”, 1950 WHO

homeless/ maternal deprivation

(10)

美國早期療育之歷史沿革

1961, Kennedy: 「 President’s

Commission on Mental Retardation 」

1963, Public Law 85-156: prevention, screening(PKU)

1965, 「 Head Start Act 」 : 「 Project Head Start 」 ; 3-4y/o , poverty cycle

1975, 「 The Education for all Handicapped Children 」 IEP

1995: 「 Early Head Start 」 : < 3Y/o

(11)

Vulnerability and Resilience: Biology

Central Nervous System:

Genetic disorders

Early brain malformation Infection

Toxic Insults Malnutrition

Prenatal/perinatal brain injury

Immature brain of child far more

adaptive than adult differentiated brain

(12)

Vulnerability and resilience: Parenting

Adaptive parenting:

Reciprocity Father’s role

Single-headed families

Social network/supportive relationship

Risk factors of maladaptive:

Substance abuse Violence

Teenage mothers

Parental psychopathology

(13)

Human Ecology of Early Risk

Contexts:

1. Microsystems: Vygotsky”the zone of proximal development”

2. Macrosystems:

a. mesosystems: infant’s care group/home; hospital/home

b. exosystems: parents workplace, school boards, church council

Economic/demographic

(14)

Cultural differences: risk/resource

Races

Acculturation

Cultural mismatch

Minority status

(15)

Protective Factors within Individuals before Age of Six

low distress/low emotionality active, alert, high vigor, drive sociability

easy engaging temperament advanced self-help skills

average-above average IQ

ability to distance oneself, impulse control strong achievement motivation

special talent, hobbies positive self-concepts planning foresight

strong religious orientation, faith

(16)

Protective Factors within Family and Community before Age of Six

Small family size

Mother’s education

Maternal competence

Close bound with primary caregiver

Supportive grandparents, siblings

Girls: autonomy with emotional support from primary caregiver; Boys: structure and rules in household;

For both: assigned chores ”required helpfulness”

Close competent peer

Supportive teacher, Successful school experience, Mentors

(17)

發展遲緩早期療育本國法源依據

兒童福利法 (82)

* 第十三條第二款﹕對發展遲緩之特殊兒 童建立早期通報系統並提供早期療育服務

* 第四十二條(特殊保育):醫療、就學

兒童福利法施行細則 (83/5/11)

* 第十一條﹕由社會福利、衛生、教育等

專業人員以團隊合作方式,依發展遲緩之

特殊兒童之個別需求,提供必要之服務

(18)

發展遲緩早期療育的法源依據

身心障礙者保護法 :

第三條(身心障礙者定義 )﹕ 「 視覺、聽覺

、平衡機能、聲音語言機能、肢体、智能、

重要器官失去功能、顏面損傷、植物人、癡 呆症、自閉症、其他、慢性精神病、多重」

共 14 項。

第十條(身心障礙者之鑑定作業)﹕指定醫 療機構或鑑定作業小組

第十二條﹕除… . 外,以三歲以上能明確判

(19)

發展遲緩早期療育的法源依據

特殊教育法 (86/5/14)

「智能、視覺、聽覺、語言、肢体、

嚴重情緒、學習等障礙﹔身體病弱、

自閉症、發展遲緩、多重障礙、其他

顯著障礙」共 12 項。

(20)

提供早期療育的基本想法

特殊障礙或高危險群兒童,有權利接受特

別服務使潛能最大發展。

家庭中有發展障礙兒童通常有特殊需要。

早期服務以期達到最理想的結果。

每一位特殊孩子和他家庭必須有個別的計

劃 (IEP, IFSP) 。

(21)

早期療育的基本服務目標

支持家庭以達到他們的目標

增進孩子的獨立性

增進孩子在發展關鍵上的需求

建立和支持孩子的社會性技巧

增進已學到的技能﹐類化使用的能力

提供和準備正常化原則的生活經驗

預防將來可能發生的問題

(22)

通才型之服務提供者角色

概念者 (conceptualizer): 具寬廣架構

整合者 (synthesizer): 整合協調各種專業

指導者 (instructor): 提供父母與專業助理 人員訊息及指導

評估者 (evaluator): 設計及執行評估早期 介入計劃

諮詢者 (counsellor): 傾聽、迴饋、協助

父母解決問題

(23)

專業團隊成員

醫師﹕小兒科、小兒神經科、兒童青少年精神 科 ( 兒童心智 ) 、復健科、內分泌遺傳科骨科

、腦神經外科、整型外科、眼科、耳鼻喉科、

牙科

物理治療師、職能治療師、語言治療師

臨床心理師

社工師

護理師、護士

特殊教育人員

醫工人員 ( 輔助性器材技術人員 )

營養師

(24)
(25)
(26)

壓力源 早期療育方案的成分

覺察並能找到第 一線協調性服務

資源支持 社會支持 訊息與直接服務

家長團體 家庭諮商

補助性支持

(經濟、臨托等)

建立家庭 / 友伴 / 社

正式療育方案

(如家庭為中 心的服務)

家長、專業者的 關係(健康、安 全、參與式指導

、問題解決)

個別治療

社會心理取向的介入模式

(27)

早期介入流程

第 1 階段 ---- 發現個案

第 2 階段 ---- 個案轉介

第 3 階段 ---- 團隊評估

第 4 階段 ---- 療育計劃

(28)

發展遲緩功能性診斷分類

認知發展遲緩

語言發展遲緩

( 說話 , 語音表達、理解)

動作發展遲緩

( 粗、細動作 , 動作協調 )

社會情緒發展遲緩

( 情緒失調、社會適應)

全面性發展遲緩

非特定性發展遲緩

( 視、聽覺 , 感覺統合 )

(29)

發展遲緩相關疾病診斷

一、神經肌肉疾病

CP, meningitis/encephalitis, epilepsy, brain developmental deficit (microcephaly,

macrocephaly) , neuromuscular disease, neurocutaneous syndrome(tuberous

sclerosis, hypomelanosis), hydrocephalus,

brain tumor

(30)

發展遲緩相關疾病診斷

二、感官知覺異常 : 1. eyes

refraction (hyperopia, myopia,

astigmatism), amblyopia, optic atrophy, retinopathy, strabismus

2. ears

hearing impairment( conductive losses,

sensorineural losses, mixed losses), CAPD

(31)

發展遲緩相關疾病診斷

三、遺傳、症候群

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman

syndrome, Goldenhan syndrome, fetal

alcohol syndrome, Turner syndrome, Rett

syndrome, William syndrome, inborn error

metabolic disease( Hypothyroidism, PKU,

Mucopolysaccharidosis)

(32)

發展遲緩相關疾病診斷

四、其它身體疾病

digestive system orthopedic system

cardiovascular system urinary system

cleft lip / cleft palate

failure to thrive

(33)

發展遲緩相關疾病診斷

五、精神心智發展:相關症狀

1. 認知學習: 慢說話、學習慢

2. 行為:過動、衝動、暴力、怪異行為

3. 情緒:焦慮、畏懼、憂鬱、自傷、攻

4. 其他:飲食異常、排泄異常、不自主 抽搐動作

5. 兒童虐待:身體虐待、情緒虐待、疏

忽、性虐待

(34)

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