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Basal cell adenocarcinoma (BCA) 為一種少見的唾液腺腫瘤,很少侵犯小唾液腺

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原文題目(出處): Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the oral minor salivary glands: review of the literature and presentation of two cases Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;103:77-84)

原文作者姓名: Parashar P, Baron Et, Papadimitriou JC, Ord RA., Nikitakis NG

通訊作者學校: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

報告者姓名(組別): R2 陳靜怡 報告日期: 2007.02.16 Abstract

1. Basal cell adenocarcinoma (BCA)

為一種少見的唾液腺腫瘤,很少侵犯小唾液腺。

2. 病例報告 -- 2 個病例

Case 1 Case 2

位置 Left buccal mucosa Junction between hard and soft palate

年齡 66 42

組織型態 Tubulartrabecular pattern Solid-membranous pattern 免疫化學染色 S-100 (+), Bcl-2 (+), CK7 (+), EMA

(+), CEA (+)

S-100 (+), Bcl-2 (+), CK7 (+), p53 (+), Vimentin (+)

治療方式 Surgical removal Surgical removal 3. 文獻回顧

(1) 病例– 只有21個小唾液腺BCA的病例被發表出來,顯示這是一個非常少有的唾液腺 腫瘤。

(2) 行為 – low-grade

(3) 治療 – complete surgical removal with adequate margins

(4) 組織病理 – 需要完整的免疫化學染色分析才能與其它唾液腺腫瘤區別。

內文:

Introduction

1.小唾液腺腫瘤(Minor salivary gland tumors, MSGT)

(1) 發生率:佔所有唾液腺腫瘤(Salivary Gland Tumors, SGT) 9%-23%,僅次於parotid tumors。

(2) 位置:最常見發生於 palate (42%-54%),其次為 lips,其它有小唾液腺的部位都有 可能發生。

(3) 惡性腫瘤發生率與類別:大部份研究顯示 50% 的 MGST 為惡性,其中主要為 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas or polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas

2. BCA

(1) 最近才被提出的唾液腺惡性腫瘤,被認為是與basal cell adenoma對應的惡性腫瘤。

(2) WHO(2005)歸類為一種low-grade malignancy。

(3) 位置:最常發生於 parotid gland, 其次為 submandibular gland。

1990年, Ellis and Wiscovitch 發表了29個唾液腺BCA的病例,其中24個病例發在腮腺.

小唾液腺來源的BCA 非常少有,被發表在文獻中的病例很少。數篇文獻分析各種SGT 免疫化學染色的表現來界定它們的histogeness、pathogenesis,幫助SGT的診斷與預後 的評估。只有少數報告提出小唾液腺BCA的免疫化學染色表現, 其它BCA的染色表現 研究皆為大唾液腺病例。

3. Case report

本篇報告提出兩個口內小唾液腺BCA的病例,這兩個病例都曾被納入下列研究,但不 包含其臨床表現或組織病理特徵

(1) immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratins 7 and 20 in 84 primary malignant

(2)

salivary gland tumors, both 2 cases

(2) the only BCA in a series of 61 intraoral minor salivary gland malignant neoplasms, 1 case 本篇報告描述這兩個病例的臨床與組織病理發現以及免疫化學染色分析的結果,更提 供完整的內小唾液腺BCA的文獻回顧。

Case reports Case 1

1. Basic data – 66歲白人(Caucasian)女性

2. Present illness – 在他的左側頰黏膜有一個病灶已經兩年,最近六個月開始逐漸變大

,不會疼痛

3. Examination – 進行 excisional biopsy

(1) Gross – a soft brown-red mass, 大小約2.0x2.0x0.7 cm (2) Histopathologic exam –

a. interconnecting bands and small islands of basaloid cells containing small pseudocysts or lumens, overall producing a tubulotrabecular pattern (Fig. 1A).

b. Cytologic atypia was moderate. Mitotic activity was minimal.

c. 腫瘤細胞侵犯周遭fibroadipose tissue,有明顯的intramuscular invasion. (Fig. 1B).

4. Diagnosis – BCA with extension to the margins

5. Treatmet – 完全切除residual lesion,再次進行組織病理檢查確認診斷為BCA,之後追 蹤96個月,沒有復發或轉移的跡象。

Case 2

1. Basic data – 42歲非裔美籍(African-American)女性

2. Present illness – 在硬腭與軟腭交界有一約1.0x1.0cm略為隆起的病灶,有tenderness的 現象,特別是進食的時候,已經有五個月。

3. Examination – 進 行 biopsy 後 , 其 組 織 病 理 特 徵 與 low-grade adenocarcinoma 相 符 (features consistent with low-grade adenocarinoma)。

4. Treatment –隨後進行手術切除,組織病理檢查顯示腫瘤細胞侵犯至深部邊緣(Deep margin)。

Histopathologic features –

a. The tumor was composed of basaloid cells arranged in solid sheets and nests; a membranous pattern was also present focally, characterized by the production of eosinophilic hyalinized material both at the periphery and in the intercellular areas of the tumor nests (Fig. 2A). The tumor cell population appeared biphasic: The periphery of the tumor exhibited smaller cells with scant cytoplasm and darker basophilic nuclei, whereas the body of the tumor was composed of larger polygonal cells with eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm and pale basophilic nucleus (Fig. 2B). Palisading arrangement of the peripheral tumor cells was also noticed focally.

b. Cytologic atypia was mild, and areas of necrosis were focally evident. Mitotic figures were frequently encountered.

c. Tumor islands invaded the adjacent connective tissue and minor salivary gland elements (Fig. 2C), closely approximating blood vessels and nerves (Fig. 2D).

5. Diagnosis -- BCA was established. The patient追蹤24個月,沒有復發或轉移的現象 Material and methods

1. Standard immunohistochemical protocol

In brief, 5-μm-thick sections of paraffin-embedded tissue were deparaffinized and rehydrated.

An antigen retrieval procedure was performed by placing the sections in 200 mL Target Retrieval Solution (Dako, Carpinteria, CA), pH 6.0, for 20 min at 100°C. After cooling for 20 min, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% hydrogen peroxide. Sections were subsequently labeled with the primary antibody using an automated slide stainer (ES Slide Staining System, Ventana, Tucson, AZ).

所使用的antibodies:

anti-Bcl-2 (1:50; Biogenex, San Ramon, CA) anti-p53 (1:100; Biogenex)

(3)

anti– cytokeratin 7 (CK7) (NeoMarkers, Union City, CA) anti-CK20 (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark)

S-100

epithelial membrane antigen(EMA) carcinoembyonic antigen (CEA) smooth muscle actin (SMA)

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) vimentin

The sections were incubated with a secondary biotinylated antibody (View Dab Detection Kit, Ventana). Streptavidin– horseradish peroxidase (Ventana) was applied, and the specimens were stained with diaminobenzidine (Ventana) and counterstained with Harris hematoxylin.

positive negative control

為確保染色的品質,每一次染色都有 與 。

2. 染色結果分析 -- Positivity被分為 (1) negative (5% positive cells),

(2) weak positive, + (5% to 20% positive cells), (3) moderate positive, ++ (20% to 50% positive cells), (4) strong positive, +++(50% to 100% positive cells).

Results

1, 免疫化學染色分析—如 table 1 所列,

(1) Epithelial marker CK7 – positive

CK20 –negative CEA – positive of case 1 EMA – positive of case 1

(2) Marker for myoepithelial cells S-100 – positive

case1: diffuse and strong positivity; case 2: moderate positivity.

SMA – negative GFAP – negative

vimentin – weak positivity in case 2.

(3) tumor suppressor gene p53 – 可顯示invactive或mutant protein累積的程度 moderate positivity (fewer than 50%) in case 2 (Fig. 5A).

(4) oncogenic protein Bcl-2 -- 會抑制細胞凋亡apoptosis,延長細胞生命 more than 50% positivity in both cases.

Discussion 1. BCA

(1) 定義 由: Ellis與Wiscovitch在1990年定義為一種上皮腫瘤,在細胞學與組織形態上 都與basal cell adenoma 但具浸潤性(infiltrative)且有輕微潛力會轉移。

(2) 名 稱: 在 被 定 義 前 ,BCA有 許 多 其 它 名 稱 , 包 含basaloid salivary carcinoma, carcinoma ex monomorphic adenoma, malignant basal cell adenoma, malignant basal cell tumor, and basal cell carcinoma.

(3) WHO分類: WHO在1991年正式將BCA列入分類。

(4) Histogenesis: 未知,大部份被認為是de novo, 雖然由已存在的 basal cell adenoma 惡 性轉變而產生的情況也有可能; Luna曾提出 個病例,由8 monomorphic adenoma產生 carcinoma。

(5) 發生率: BCA佔所唾液腺腫瘤的1.6%,佔所有惡性唾液腺腫瘤的2.9%

(4)

(6) 好發位置:大部份發生在主要唾液腺,腮腺最被侵犯。發生在小唾液腺的病例非常 少,最近的回溯式研究發現在82位日裔患有口內小唾液腺腫瘤的病人中,只有一位為 BCA。另一篇對巴西人的研究中也有類似的結果,在196位患有口內小唾液腺腫瘤的 病人中,只有一位為BCA。

2. 在作者研究機構,自1991年2月至2005年8月,共有139位患有口內小唾液腺腫瘤的 病例在此進行手術:

(1) 惡性–107 (77%), 最常見為mucoepidermoid carcinomas(61 cases, 57%), polymorphous low grade adenocarcinomas(17 cases, 15.9%), 與adenoid cystic carcinomas (10 cases, 9.3%)

。只有2個病例為BCA,佔全部腫瘤的1.4%,佔惡性腫瘤的1.9%。

(2) 良性– 32 (23%), 3. 文獻回顧

(1) 數量:共有21個BCA病例發生在小唾液腺,包含本報告中的兩個病例。

(2) 年齡: 24~73歲,平均55.1歲。

(3) 性別: 無偏好,男女比率相同。

(4) 位置: buccal – 9 cases palate – 7 cases

lip– 4 cases tongue – 2 cases 4. BCA之討論

(1) 臨床表徵

d. painless swelling,會改變形狀與大小,如同case 1的情況。

e. 產生疼痛或tenderness,如同case 2的情況。

有些病例會呈現無痛之腫脹長達10年。

(2) 病理組織特徵

與basal cell adenoma類似,主要由兩種細胞所組成:

a. smaller cells,具有少量細胞質與dark basophilic nuclei,偏好分佈在腫瘤周圍,細胞 核可能排列成palisading pattern。

b. larger polygonal cells,具有eosinophilic to amphophilic 的細胞質與pale basophilic nucleus。

(3) 病理組織分類 – 有四種:

a. solid form,最常見 b. membranous form c. tubular form d. trabecular form

常有同一腫瘤中有不同pattern同時出現的情況。此報告中 case 1— tubular-trabecular pattern

case 2— solid-membranous pattern 4. BCA之鑑別診斷

(1) 如何區分basal cell adenocarcinoma 與 basal cell adenoma

infiltrative growth, 腫瘤細胞聚集形成nodule, nest或cord滲透侵犯周圍組織 a. Neural and vascular invasion: 可能會有

b. Cytolotic atypia: 每個病例不同,程度由mild至moderate mitotic activity,平均為2~3 個mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields

c. Necrosis: 可能會有,非典型表現。

d. Squamous diferrentiation: 偶爾出現。

(2) BCA與其它唾液腺腫瘤之區別 – low grade behavior與較好的預後。

(3) BCA之鑑別診斷 a. basal cell adenoma b. adenoid cystic carcinoma

c. basoloid squmaous cell carinoma

(5)

d. 其它: small cell carcinoma, cutaneous basal cell carcinoma, 與polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma

(4) Basal cell adenoma

最難與BCA區分的腫瘤為basal cell adenoma, 因為兩者細胞與結構特徵都很類似。

a. nerural與vascular invasion是診斷為惡性最可靠的特徵。

b. 若腫瘤的侵犯為multinodule,腫瘤的生長具有”pushing” pattern,以及腫瘤的來源為 多發性(multifocal in adjacent salivary lobules),這些是basal cell adenoma 的特徵。(basal cell adenocarcinoma的侵犯方式為infiltration)

(5) Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) --ACC之預後比BCA差。

a. ACC之腫瘤細胞其細胞核為angular shape且濃染,細胞質少,排列成cribriform b. ACC較易有necrosis且會有較高的mitotic activity.

c. ACC – pseudocyst 中出現basophilic material。.

BCA – basal lamina 有hyalinization的現象。

(6) Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma

a. 好發位置不同,basaloid SCC 好發在hypopharynx、tongue base、supraglottic larynx b. Basaloid SCC會有malignant squamous component,源自腫瘤表面覆蓋之表皮,這些表 皮細胞可能會有dysplasia、carinoma in situ或invasive SCC的表現。

6. 免疫化學染色 – 幫助區分BCA與其它腫瘤 (1) Williams et al:

Basal cell adenoma與basal cell adenocarcinoma兩者免疫化學染色結果類似,除了EMA在 惡性腫瘤中表現較強。

(2) epithelial markers

cytokeratin: 所有的研究都為positive EMA 與 CEA: 大部份研究為positive (3) markers for myoepithelial cell

S-100, SMA, vimentin: 大部份研究為positive,特別是peripheral tumor cells(small cells)。

Malignant myoepithelial cells 可能會喪失對這些marker有親合力的antigen,因此可能出現 negative, 如本報告中的兩個病例對SMA及case 1 對viementin為negative反應。

(4) GFAP--大部份研究為negative,與本報告相同。

7. Oncogenic studies –較少針對BCA之研究,p53與Bcl-2較常被用來區分惡性與良性腫瘤 (1) p53– 所有的basal cell adenoma研究都為negative, 而basal cell adenocarcinoma 則有 部份為positive。本報告為moderate positivity。

(2) Bcl-2 – BCA與basal cell adenoma都會positive。

Gross et al所提出一個BCA的病例與本報告之病例對p53與Bcl-2都為positive.

尚需更多研究來探討BCA與其它唾液腺惡性腫瘤的carcinogenesis,並作為診斷之工具。

8. 治療方式 – 以適當之safe margin手術切除。

(1) regional lymph node dissection: 除非有 neck metastasis才需進行。

(2) RT : 輔助性療法,應用於diffusely infiltrative的病人,或有侵犯神經血管的情形時。

所有被報告的病例(22 cases ) 都以手術治療,其中3個還接受RT。

9. BCA之特性

(1) low grade malignancy

(2) infiltrative growth, locally destructive,

(3) 會復發,在major salivary gland 復發率為36.4%, minor salivary gland 則 為44.4%。

(4) 轉移機率低,在major salivary gland約為10.7%, minor salivary gland 則為11.7%,通 常轉移至淋巴節與肺。

(5) solid type有較高機率侵犯神經血管。

(6) 追蹤時間為2~14.3年,2個病例死亡,這兩個都有復發,都在診斷後四年死亡。

參考文獻

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