1 Hong Kong Business Environment香港的營商環境

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1.1 Three Types of Economic Activities 三種經濟產業

A. Primary Production 第一級生產

extract natural resources: e.g. ﬁshing, agriculture, mining 開採天然資源：例如，漁業、農業、採礦業

B. Secondary Production 第二級生產

manufacture ﬁnished goods/semi-ﬁnished goods: e.g. manufacturing, construction, gas supply

生產製成品或半製成品：例如，製造業、建造業、燃氣業 C. Tertiary Production 第三級生產

provide services to customers: e.g. hotel services, wholesale and retail trades, banks

提供服務：例如，酒店業、批發及零售業、銀行業

The three types of economic activities are interdependent.

三種經濟產業是互相依賴的。

Example 例子：

ﬁnance and banking services 融資及銀行

服務 raw material 原材料

(metal 金屬) computers for operation

營運時所需的電腦

Mining 採礦業 (Primary Production 第一級生產)

Computer Manufacturing 電腦生產 (Secondary Production 第二級生產) products 產品 (computers 電腦)

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1. Ann is a hawker who sells clothes on the street. She engages in ______ . 安安是在街上販賣衣服的小販，她正從事______。

A. primary production 第一級生產 B. secondary production 第二級生產 C. tertiary production 第三級生產 D. direct production 直接生產

2. Ben is a fisherman. He also uses his van to provide delivery services of fishes for other ﬁshermen. He engages in ______ .

文彬是漁夫，他亦使用自己的貨車為其他漁夫提供運輸鮮魚服務。他從事______。

(1) primary production 第一級生產 (2) secondary production第二級生產 (3) tertiary production第三級生產 A. (1) and (2) (1)及(2) B. (1) and (3) (1)及(3) C. (2) and (3) (2)及(3) D. (1)、(2) and (3) (1)、(2)及(3) Reference: HKCEE 07 Paper2Q2, HKCEE 09 Paper2Q2

1. 答案是C。零售業是第三級生產。

2. 答案是B。捕魚是第一級生產，運輸是服務，因此是第三級生產。

第一級生產：天然資源第二級生產：貨物第三級生產：服務

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1.2 Hong Kong Economic Development 香港經濟發展

1841 Fishing and farming village 漁港及農村 Natural deep water harbour entrepot 天然深水港轉口港

1950 First

Transformation 第一次轉型

Korean War embargo by United Nations to China 韓戰聯合國對中國實施禁運

Inﬂow of labour, capital and entrepreneurship from the Mainland 大量勞工、資本和企業家從內地湧入香港

Hong Kong manufacturing industry expanded quickly exports 香港的製造業迅速發展出口到外國市場

1978 Second Transformation 第二次轉型

China adopted open-door policy attract foreign investment 中國實行門戶開放政策吸引外資

Hong Kong factories relocated 香港廠商把生產基地遷移 Hong Kong transformed into international services and ﬁnancial centre 香港轉型為國際金融及服務中心 1997

Third

Transformation 第三次轉型

Hong Kong became Special Administrative Region of PRC 香港成為中華人民共和國的特別行政區

1997: Asian Financial Crisis 亞洲金融風暴

2001: September 11 terrorist attacks 911 恐怖襲擊事件 2003: SARS outbreak 沙士疫症爆發

2004 onwards : The Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA)

2004年起: 內地與香港關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排 Four Pillar Industries : ﬁnancial services, tourism, trading and logistics, producer and professional services knowledge based economy

四大支柱行業：金融服務、旅遊、貿易及物流、工商業支援及專業服務知識型經濟

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The purposes of the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) are to ...

between Hong Kong and the Mainland.

《更緊密經貿關係安排》(CEPA)的目的是香港與內地之間……

(1) reduce barriers on the trade of goods 減少貿易障礙。

(2) promote free trade in services 促進服務業自由貿易。

(3) ensure free ﬂow of information 確保資訊自由流通。

(4) facilitate cross-border business investment 便利跨境商業投資。

A. (1) and (2) (1)及(2) B. (1) and (3) (1)及(3) C. (2) and (3) (2)及(3) D. (1), (2) and (4) (1)、(2)及(4) Reference: HKDSE 12 Paper1Q11

答案是D。CEPA是香港有優先地位在兩地之間的商業合作。

Transformations of Hong Kong economy:

香港經濟轉型：

entrepot 轉口港

manufacturing centre

製造業中心

1841 1950

1997

1978

international ﬁnancial and services centre 國際金融及服務中心

knowledge based economy

知識型經濟

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1.3 Contribution of Hong Kong Business Sector 香港商界的貢獻

A. To Hong Kong citizen 對香港市民

Provide employment opportunities and income 提供就業機會及創造收入

Raise living standards 提升生活水平 B. To Hong Kong Society 對香港社會

Promote Hong Kong economic growth 促進香港經濟增長 Earn foreign exchange to pay for imports賺取外匯支付進口貨品 Government can have more proﬁt tax 政府利得稅收入增加 support social services/reduce income disparity 資助社會服務/減低貧富懸殊

improve productivity/competitiveness提高生產力/競爭力 C. To the Mainland 對內地

Facilitate economic development of the Mainland 促進內地經濟發展 Provide funding source for enterprises in the Mainland

為內地企業籌集資金

Business sector is important to Hong Kong economy as it:

商界對香港經濟重要是因為：

provides employment opportunities and income to Hong Kong citizen;

提供就業機會及為收入給香港市民；

provides proﬁt tax to government; 提供利得稅給政府；

earns foreign exchange to pay for imports. 賺取外匯支付進口貨品。

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What are the roles of enterprises in Hong Kong's economy?

以下哪項是企業在香港經濟中擔當的角色?

(1) create employment 創造就業

(2) widen the variety of products offered 拓闊產品種類 (3) promote competition 促進競爭

A. (1) and (2) only 只有 (1)及(2) B. (1) and (3) only 只有 (1)及(3) C. (2) and (3) only 只有 (2)及(3) D. (1), (2) and (3) (1)、(2)及(3)

答案是D。企業聘請員工，提供不同種類貨品給市民，促進競爭。

Reference: HKDSE Practice Paper1Q16

1.4 Types of Economy 經濟種類

A. Market Economy/Capitalist Economy 市場經濟/資本主義經濟 Resources owned by private individuals 個人擁有資源

Resources allocated by market mechanism 市場機制分配資源 (customers顧客 + suppliers 供應商)

B. Planned Economy/Socialist Economy/Communist Economy

計劃經濟/社會主義經濟/共產主義經濟

Resources owned by the government 政府擁有資源

Resources allocated by the government plans 政府計劃分配資源 C. Mixed economy 混合經濟

Market economy + Planned economy 市場經濟 + 計劃經濟

All economies are mixed, with different extent of market economy and planned economy.

所有經濟都是混合的，有不同程度的市場經濟及計劃經濟。

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Most economies are mixed economies. Hong Kong as an example: prices of food are determined by market mechanism while fares of public transports (taxi, bus, MTR, etc) are regulated by the government.

大多數經濟體系均屬混合經濟。以香港作例子：食品價格由市場機制決定，公共交通工具的收費（例如，的士、巴士、港鐵等）則由政府規管。

Which of the following is correct? 以下哪項是正確的？

A. In a market economy, prices are determined by interactions between customers and suppliers. 在市場經濟中，價格由顧客及供應商之間的互動決定。

B. Allocation of resources and goods is not needed in a planned economy.

資源及貨品的分配在計劃經濟中並不需要。

C. In a market economy, the government does not participate in the market in any way. 在市場經濟中，政府並不以任何形式參與市場。

D. Market economy is the most common in reality.

在現實生活中，市場經濟為最常見的經濟體系。

B: 在計劃經濟(planned economy)中，資源及貨品的分配由政府決定，而並非不需要。

C: 在市場經濟(market economy)中，政府可擔任市場的監察者（制訂相關政

策或法律）及推動者（提供基建、教育及培訓等）。

D: 在現實生活中，混合經濟(mixed economy)為最常見的經濟體系。

因此答案是A。

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1.5 Characteristics of Hong Kong Economy 香港經濟的特徵

A. Free Market Economy 自由市場經濟

Laissez-faire policy: free market and free trade 自由放任政策：自由市場及自由買賣

‘Big market, small government’ 「大市場，小政府」

Role of Government is to develop a favourable business environment 政府的角色是發展一個理想的商業環境

B. Externally-oriented, Open Economy 開放的外向型經濟 No import trade barriers: embargoes or tariffs

沒有進口限制：配額或關稅

No foreign exchange controls 沒有實施外匯管制

No control on inﬂow and outﬂow of capital 沒有管制資金進出 Encourage talents to study and work in Hong Kong

鼓勵優秀人材來港求學和工作 Free ﬂow of information 自由資訊流通 C. Productive Manpower 高質素的人力資源

Hardworking, skillful and adapt to changes 勤奮、具備多方面技能、適應力強

Good labour relation 勞資關係良好

Strong spirit of entrepreneurship 進取的企業家精神 D. Uphold the Rule of Law 維護法治

Common law system 普通法制度 Judicial independence 司法獨立

Business contracts are protected by law 商業合約受到法律的保護 E. Protect and Respect Private Property Rights 保護及尊重私有產權

Right to use, earn income from and transfer the property 資產使用權、從該資產賺取收入的權利和轉讓該資產的權利

Promote economic development 推廣經濟發展

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1. Foreign investors prefer to invest in Hong Kong since:

外資公司喜歡在港投資是因為：

(1) Hong Kong has skilled and hardworking labour force.

香港有熟練和勤奮的勞工。

(2) Hong Kong government is a market regulator. 香港政府是市場調節者。

(3) Hong Kong protects private property rights. 香港保障私人財產權。

(4) Hong Kong has independent judiciary. 香港有獨立司法制度。

A. (1) and (2) (1)及(2) B. (1) and (3) (1)及(3) C. (2) and (3) (2)及(3) D. (1), (3) and (4) (1)、(3)及(4)

2. What are the characteristics of Hong Kong economy? 香港經濟有甚麼特徽？

1. 答案是D。香港採取自由放任政策，並不會積極干預市場。因此(2) 是錯的。

2. The characteristic of Hong Kong economy are:

Lack of primary industries and concentrate on tertiary industry 缺乏第一產業及集中於第三產業

Depend on external trade 倚賴對外貿易 Free trade 自由貿易

Simple taxation 簡單稅制

1.6 Hong Kong and the Global Economy 香港與全球經濟

A. Factors Affecting Business Decisions 影響商業決策的因素

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b. Economic Factors 經濟因素

Affect overall consumption and investment 影響整體消費及投資

Stable economy attracts investments 穩定經濟環境吸引投資

Examples of economic factors: level of national income (GDP, GNP) 經濟因素例子：國民收入（本地生產總值、國民生產總值）

c. Social and Cultural Factors 社會及文化因素

Demographic structure, e.g. sex ratio, age distribution 人口結構，如性別比例、年齡分佈

Characteristics of population, e.g. language ability, education level affect preferences and tastes of consumers purchase decisions 人口特徵，如語言能力、教育程度影響顧客口味及喜好購買決定

d. Technological Factors 科技因素

Technological level and the changes in technology

shorten product life cycle affect distribution of goods/services 科技水平及技術改變縮短產品生命週期影響貨物/服務分銷 New technology improves productivity 新科技改善生產力

Advances in communication and transport technology lower costs 先進的通訊及運輸科技減低成本

e. Political and Legal Environment Factors 政治及法律環境因素 Laws and regulations have direct impacts on business 法規對營商有直接影響

Examples of political and legal environment factors: licensing regulations, labour laws, environmental protection laws and customs laws

政治及法律環境因素例子：發牌制度、勞工法、環保法和貨物通關條例

Respect private property rights 尊重私有產權

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留意題目要求，題目只要求說明三項外在環境因素，因此多答並不會計分。

Janet owns a tutorial centre chain business with more than 50 outlets in Hong Kong. She is going to expand her business by offering online tutorial services all over Hong Kong. Kenny, a business consultant, recommends Janet to establish an online centre in the Mainland to monitor the online services in Hong Kong and reports to Hong Kong centres for students’ enquiries.

Explain three types of external factors that would affect Janet's decision on whether to set up an online centre in the Mainland.

珍玲小姐是一家香港補習連鎖店的東主，擁有50多家分店。她將擴充業

務，為全香港提供網上補習服務。商業顧問甘先生建議珍玲小姐在內地設立網上服務中心，監察香港網上補習的日常網站活動，及向香港分店報告學生的諮詢。

解釋影響珍玲小姐決定是否在內地設立網上服務中心的三種外在因素。

Reference: HKDSE Sample Paper1Q6

External factors: 外在因素：(Any three 任何三項)

Physical factor: geographical dispersion and dispersion of telecommunication network system 自然因素：地理分佈及電訊網絡系統的分佈

Economic factor: wages level, internet charges of Mainland 經濟因素：內地的薪酬水平，及上網費用。

Socio-cultural factor: difference in language used by computer operators of Mainland and Hong Kong students, easy to misunderstand each other

社會文化因素：內地網上服務員使用的語言與香港學生不同，容易 互相誤解

Technological factor: reliability of telecommunication system

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B. Economic and Business Relationship Between Hong Kong and the Mainland 香港及內地的經濟及商業關係

a. Flow of Goods and Services 貨品及服務往來

Goods: the Mainland is Hong Kong’s largest trading partner, source of imports and re-export

貨品：內地是香港最大的貿易夥伴，入口及轉口貨品的來源 Services: Hong Kong and the Mainland provide ﬁnance, insurance,

banking, logistics service, accounting, marketing services to each other

服務：香港和內地互相提供金融、保險、銀行業、物流業、會計，市場營銷等服務

b. Flow of Investment 投資往來

Hong Kong is a major source of foreign direct investment and funding centre in the Mainland

香港是內地的主要外來直接投資及融資中心

Hong Kong has received large direct investment from the Mainland since1990s

自1990年以來，香港得到大量來自內地的直接投資 c. Flow of People 人民往來

Individual visit scheme allows travellers from Mainland China to visit Hong Kong on an individual basis

個人遊計劃容許中國大陸居民以個人旅遊嘅方式前往香港旅遊的計劃。

Mainland China is one of the most popular travel destinations of Hong Kong people

香港人其中一個最熱門旅遊地點是中國大陸 d. Flow of Information 資訊往來

Hong Kong has freedom of the press serves as a regional communication and information centre

香港享有新聞自由成為區域通訊和資訊中心

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The relationship between Mainland China and Hong Kong are:

中國內地和香港的關係是：

(1) Hong Kong is its offshore Renminbi Business Centre.

香港是它的離岸人民幣業務中心。

(2) Mainland China is mainly the origin and destination of Hong Kong re-exported goods. 中國內地是香港轉口貨物的主要來源地和目的地。

(3) The aim of "Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement" (CEPA) is to raise capital in Hong Kong for Mainland enterprises. 《更緊密經貿關係安排》 (CEPA)的目的是為內地企業在香港籌集資金。

A. (1) and (2) only 只有(1)及(2) B. (1) and (3) only 只有(1)及(3) C. (2) and (3) only 只有(2)及(3) D. (1), (2) and (3) (1)、(2)及(3) Reference: HKDSE13 Paper1Q22

答案是A。CEPA是香港有優先地位在兩地之間的商業合作，與上市無關。

C. Mainland Economic Policies and Business Practices 內地經濟政策及商業實務

a. Economic Policies: Open-door Policy in 1978 經濟政策：1978年實施門戶開放政策

(i) Establish Special Economic Zones (SEZs) coastal port cities 成立經濟特區/開放沿海城市

SEZs: Shenzhen、Zhuhai、Shantou、Xiamen、Hainan Province 經濟特區：深圳、珠海、汕頭、廈門、海南市

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‘World’s Factory’: manufacturing centre for the world

「世界工廠」：全球的生產中心

Joint ventures of foreign and local firms provide capital, management skills and new technology to China

海外公司與當地企業合資為中國提供資本、管理知識和

新技術

(ii) Enterprise reforms 企業改革

Market-oriented reforms 市場主導改革

Remove price control gradually 逐步撇除價格管制

Rapid price increase and corruption among government ofﬁcials widespread of public dissatisfaction

物價暴升及政府官員貪污普遍社會不滿

The June Fourth Incident in 1989 economic growth slowed down 1989年六四事件後經濟增長放緩

In 1992, Deng Xiaoping visited the southern provinces reassured economic reform rapid growth

1992年鄧小平南下考察保證經濟改革急促增長 (iii) Financial reforms 金融改革

Foreign exchange reform in 1994 外匯制度改革（1994年）

Abolished foreign exchange certiﬁcates trade with Renminbi directly

廢除外匯兌換券直接以人民幣進行交易

Renminbi exchange rate was effectively pegged to USD 人民幣當時與美元掛鈎

Major state-owned banks 主要國營銀行 Improved ﬁnancial position and management

改善財務狀況及管理質素

Allowed to raise capital by issue shares on local / foreign stock market

本地和外地的證券市場發行股票，籌集資金

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(iv) Entry into World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 2001年加入世界貿易組織

Reduced trade barriers and opened up its markets 減少貿易壁壘及開放市場

Mainland enterprises face keen competitions from foreign enterprises 內地企業面對外資企業的競爭

put pressure on state-owned enterprises to improve productivity 國企面對競爭壓力需改善生產力 More opportunities for Hong Kong ﬁrms to invest 為香港企業帶來更多投資機會

b. Business Practices 商業實務 (i) Guanxi 關係

Guanxi (or personal connections) is important to gain advantages in doing business, e.g. get approval from government ofﬁcials for investment projects.

關係（或人脈網絡）在經商時很重要，可帶來好處。例：靠關係來取得官員對某投資的審批。

(ii) Corruption 貪污

Corruption is a serious problem in the Mainland.

貪污是內地一個很嚴重的問題。

Government ofﬁcials have great administrative power in allocating resources may abuse the power to accept/ask for bribes.

政府官員擁有很大分配資源的行政權力或會濫用職權，

要求或接受商人賄賂。

No independent organisation against corruption in China.

中國並無獨立的防止貪污機構。

(iii) Business ethics 商業道德

Inadequate enforcement of law such as environmental and labour protection reputation harmed

法例執法不力，如環境保護及保障工人利益的法例

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Research and develop, design in developed countries

在已發展國家研究和開發

e.g. Japan, US, Sweden 日本、美國、瑞典

Manufactured in developing countries 在發展中國家生產 e.g. assembly in China, Vietnam

在中國、越南裝配

Sell/Distribute globally 全世界銷售 China becomes a WTO member 中國成為世界貿易組織成員

Abide by worldwide common business practices, increase openness and transparency in business dealings.

須跟隨國際的商業慣例和準則，增加商業交易中的開放度

及透明度。

(iv) Restricted ﬂow of capital and information 資金和資訊流通的限制 No such restriction in Hong Kong 香港沒有資金和資訊限制 Must be careful in handling sensitive ﬁnancial and political

information (state secrets)

處理敏感訊息時必須小心（國家機密）

D. Globalization 全球化

Globalization is a worldwide process of increasing integration and interdependence of people and ﬁrms around the world. (e.g. economy, technology, culture, society and politics)

全球化指世界趨向一體化及各地的人和企業更趨融合及依賴（如經濟、科

技、文化、社會和政治）

Example 例子：

Mobile phones and electronic products 流動電話及電子產品

a. Drivers of Globalization推動全球化的因素

(i) Success in economic development of Japan and ‘Four Little Dragons’

(Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea and Taiwan)

日本及「亞洲四小龍」（香港、新加坡、韓國及台灣）經濟發展成功

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Other countries (e.g. China, India) follow their free trade policy 其他國家（如中國、印度）跟隨它們推行的自由貿易政策 more employment opportunities, better living standard 增加就業機會及提高生活水平

(ii) Advance in information technology and transportation 資訊科技及運輸業的改進

Communication and transport: reduced time and cost 運輸與通訊的成本及時間減低

Shorten the distance between countries 縮短國家之間的距離 (iii) Relaxation of some industries’ rules and controls of governments,

relaxation of trade barriers 政府放寬一些行業的規管，放寬了貿易壁壘

Negotiated by WTO and multinational companies 由世界貿易組織和跨國公司爭取而來

(iv) Improved political relationships 政治關係的改善 Countries concentrate on economic development

各國家專注經濟發展

More international cooperation 更多國際合作 (v) Increasing multinational companies 跨國公司增加 Operate global level supply chain 國際層面的供應鏈 Enjoy regional specialisation 享受地區專門化 (vi) Global competition 全球競爭

Companies expand overseas for customers 公司為爭取顧客向海外擴充業務

Move production to more economical locations 將生產遷移到經營成本較經濟地區

b. Impact of Globalization on Business 全球化對企業的影響 (i) International ﬂow of capital 國際流動的資金

More sources of ﬁnance to raise capital (listed overseas)

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Securities markets globally interlinked more volatile 證券市場全球互相牽連市場更波動

(ii) Trade and Market 貿易及市場

International trade more customers available more markets keener competitions lead to specialization 國際貿易更多顧客更大市場競爭更劇烈導致專門化

Easier to recognize cultural difference tailored for different customers

更容易認識文化差異為不同顧客度身訂做 (iii) Production: Encourage global sourcing and outsourcing 生產:促進全球採購和外判

Relocate to regions with lower labour cost and material cost 搬遷至低人工及原料成本低的地區

Outsource to save cost if it does not have comparative advantage 企業把自己沒有比較優勢的工序外判以節省成本 Economies of scale 規模經濟

(iv) Employees 僱員

Globally recruit skilled labour or professionals 全球性聘請技術員工及專才

Create more job opportunities and increase labour mobility 創造更多就業機會及增加員工流動率

(v) International ﬂow of information 資訊之國際流動 encourage technology transfers between countries 促進各國科技轉移

New technology and internet

expanding markets and increased demand 新技術及互聯網市場擴展及增加需求

Can obtain valuable and timely information at low cost 以低成本獲得有用及適時的資料

More informed decision, react better to market 決策時可掌握更多資訊，對市場所需作更佳反應 With better information ﬂow easier to innovate 資訊更流通較易創新

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1. Countries support globalization because: 世界多國支持全球一體化是因為：

(1) It promotes free trade 促進自由質易 (2) It facilitates specialisation促進專門化

(3) It fulﬁlls world responsibility and solves poverty problems 履行全球責任，解決貧窮問題

(4) It enables people to enjoy a wider variety of goods and services 讓人們享用更多種類的產品及服務

A. (1) and (2) only 只有(1)及(2) B. (3) and (4) only 只有(3)及(4) C. (1), (2) and (3) only 只有(1)、(2)及(3) D. (1), (2) and (4) only 只有(1)、(2)及(4) 2. The impacts of globalization on the business sector are :

全球化對商界的影響有：

(1) Production costs can be greatly reduced. 生產成本可以大幅減低。

(2) Goods and services become specialized and increased international trade.

商品和服務更專門化及增加國際貿易。

(3) Intensiﬁed global competition of capital and labour.

加劇資本和人材的環球競爭。

(4) Cultural differences are gradually disappearing. 文化差異逐漸消失。

A. (1) and (4) only 只有(1)及(4) B. (3) and (4) only 只有(3)及(4) C. (1), (2) and (3) only 只有(1)、(2)及(3) D. All of the above 以上各項皆是 Reference: HKDSE Sample Paper1Q6, HKDSE 12 paper1Q10

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E. Major International and Regional Trade Organizations 主要國際及地區貿易組織

(a) World Trade Organization (WTO) 世界貿易組織 (1995) To promote free trade and fair competition

促進自由貿易和公平競爭

Carry out trade negotiations and dispute settlement when necessary 有需要時，進行貿易談判和解決爭端

To reduce trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas 減少貿易壁壘，如關稅，配額

To ensure non-discriminatory international trade 確保非歧視性的國際貿易

(b) Asia-Paciﬁc Economic Corporation (APEC) 亞太經濟合作組織(1989) Promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the

Asia-Paciﬁc region 促進亞太區內各地區之間經濟合作及自由貿易 reduce regional investment and trade barriers

減少區域貿易和投資壁壘

promote economic inter-dependence of members 促進成員間經濟相互依存

(c) International Monetary Fund (IMF) 國際貨幣基金組織 (1945) (d) World Bank 世界銀行(1944)