Destination Geography
18 June 2019
Key Topics
Basic concepts of world geography
◦ Continents and oceans
◦ Climate zone
Attractions
◦ Roles and functions of attractions
◦ Typology of attractions
◦ Theme park
BASIC CONCEPTS OF WORLD
GEOGRAPHY
Continents and Oceans
Hemisphere, Latitude and Longitude
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hemisphere
Time zone map of the world
Climate zone
Polar (Artic)
◦ Very cold and dry all year
◦ Darkness in winter
◦ Continual day light in summer
Temperate (Cool)
◦ cold winters and mild summers
◦ Four distinct seasons
Sub Tropical (Dessert)
◦ Dry, hot all year
◦ Climate constant
Tropical
◦ Hot and wet all year
◦ Short rainy seasons, warm and dry
https://content.meteoblue.com/nl/meteoscool/general-climate-zones
ATTRACTIONS
Attractions and Destination
• Generally single units
• Individual sites or very small
• Easily delimited geographical areas based on a single key feature
Destination
Attractions
• Larger areas
• Include a number of individual attractions together with the support services required by tourists
Source: Swarbrooke, J. (2003).
The development and management of visitor
attractions, 2nd ed. Oxford, UK:
ButterworthHeinemann.
- Icon of the destination
- New public transport - Tour operations
Attractions and development of destination
Source: Swarbrooke, J. (2003). The Development and Management of Visitor
Definitions
A visitor attraction is a feature in an area that is a place, venue or focus of activities and does the following
things:
Sets out to attract visitors/ day visitors from resident or tourist populations, and is managed accordingly
Provides a fun and pleasurable experiences and an enjoyable way for customers to spend their leisure time
Is managed as an attraction, providing satisfaction to its customers
Provides an appropriate level of facilities and services to meet and cater to the demands, needs, and interest of its visitors
May or may not charge an admission for entry
(Swabrooke, 2001) (Walsh-Heron and Stevens, 1990)
Attributes of attractions
High Quality Appearance, resources
protection, smooth customer-oriented operations, friendly hospitality
Authenticity True picture (sense of
place)
Uniqueness Unique or ubiquitous
Drawing Power Number of visitors, repeat
visits
Activity Options Varied
Typology of Attractions
Natural Environment
Man-made but not originally designed primarily
to attract tourists
Man-made and purpose-built to
attract tourists Special Event
Source: Swarbrooke, J. (2003). The Development and Management of Visitor Attractions, 2nded. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann
Natural Environment
Repulse Bay, Hong Kong Island
Northeast New Territories Geopark
Lantau Peak, Lantau Island
Cheung Po Tsai Cave, Cheung Chau
Man-made - but not originally designed primarily to attract visitors
15
Shing Wong Temple, Shau Kei Wan, Hong Kong Island
Kat Hing Wai Walled Village, Yuen Long
Kowloon Walled City Park, Kowloon City, Chinese imperial officials
1881 Heritage, Tsim Sha Tsui (1880s to 1996) Headquarters of the Hong Kong Marine Police
Man-made – Purpose-built to attract tourists
Ocean Park Hong Kong, Wong Chuk Hang, Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Museum of Art, TST Ngong Ping 360, Lantau Island Golden Bauhinia Square, Wanchai
Special Event
17
Hong Kong Dragon Boat Carnival
Hong Kong Dance Sport Festival Hong Kong Mid-Autumn Festival Birthday of Tin Hau
Typology of Attractions
Natural Attractions -Climate
Affect level of comfort and visibility
◦
Temperature, humidity, wind
Determine the suitability of some tourist activities
◦
E.g. sun-sand-sea holidays, skiing
Driving Seasonal Demand of Tourism
◦
e.g. rainy season, summer and winter
Natural Attractions – Physical Features & Scenery - Landforms
Mountain and hills
Valley, plateau
E.g. hiking, rock climbing, photography, mountain biking, winter sports
Coastlines
Beaches, bays, lagoons, islands and reefs
E.g. surfing, swimming, diving, fishing, snorkeling
River systems
Sea, lakes and waterfalls
E.g. swimming, canoeing, fishing, parasailing,
cruising
Special natural phenomena
Volcanoes, hot springs, geysers and caves
e.g. sightseeing, volcano watching, hiking, camping
Natural Attractions – Physical Features and Scenery - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
The pattern of vegetation correlates with the patterns of climate, the flora and fauna
Combines with landforms to create the character of the natural landscape of a place
Types of vegetation
◦ Tropical rainforest/ Subtropical rainforest
◦ Savannas
◦ Temperate forests
◦ Grasslands
◦ Tundra and polar regions
Activities e.g. bird watching, whale watching, cycling, horse-riding, wildlife expeditions, photography, hunting,
fishing, safaris and etc. 21
Natural Attractions – Physical Features and Scenery - Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Observations
◦ in natural settings, e.g.
National Parks, forests, safari parks
◦ E.g. Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark,
◦ in man-made settings, e.g.
zoo, aquariums
◦ E.g. Kadoorie Farm &
Botanic Garden
◦ activities e.g. photography, drive through safari
Hunting and Fishing
◦ violate the ecosystems
◦ Countries – e.g. South Africa (wildlife safaris), Poland, Hungary
Cultural Attractions – Historic resources
Types Hong Kong
Historic sites Ping Shan Heritage Trail Lam Tsuen Wishing Trees Famous
constructions
Tai O Heritage Hotel 1881 Heritage
History museums Hong Kong Museum of History
Historic relics Kowloon Walled City Park
Own unique history
Cultural Attractions – Culture and Customs
Types Hong Kong
Traditions Dragon dance, Dragon boat
Art Chinese painting, Calligraphy, Tai Chi
Handicrafts Chinese wood carving, Chinese jade ware Food Chinese “dim-sum”, Chinese tea
Music and dance
Chinese dancing, Chinese opera Lifestyle HK Museum of History
The Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre Lamma Fisherfolk’s Village
• Reflect the belief and behaviors of a unique ethnic group
• Generate significant income
• Add uniqueness of a place
• Provide entertainment
Cultural Attractions – Religious Attractions
Attract both the faithful and curious visitors with the following purposes:
Making pilgrimages, e.g. Tibet
Visiting religious sites or heritages, e.g.
temples, churches
Attending religious events such as The
Birthday of Lord Buddha (Buddhist festivals - May 12, 2019)
Spiritual motivation
Cultural Attractions - Built Attractions/Facilities
Methods of construction and styles of buildings e.g. modern, historic, urban
E.g. Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center, Tsing Ma Bridge
Unique and attractive architectural style
Entertainment Attractions
Types Hong Kong
Theme and
amusement parks
HK Disneyland
Zoos Ocean Park in HK
Aquariums Ocean Park in HK Science museums HK Science Museum
HK Space Museum
Fun, excitement experiences
Special Events and Festivals
Types Hong Kong
Sports events HK Harbour Race Hong Kong Marathon Arts and
culture
HK International Film Festival Commercial
events
HK Book Fair Food Expo
Ani-Com & Games Hong Kong
Recreation
Types Hong Kong
Sunbathing Shek O
Big Wave Bay Beach
Nightlife Lan Kwai Fong
Temple Street Night Market Gambling
Skiing
Hunting and Fishing
Shopping Element
Festival Walk
Leisure, amusement and sports
THEME PARKS
Definitions
“Theme parks attempt to create an
atmosphere of another place and time, and
usually emphasize one dominant theme around which architecture, landscape, rides, shows,
food services, costumed personnel, retailing are orchestrated” (Kemperman, 2000)
A theme park is a destination in its own right, which combines entertainment, food and
beverage and shops, and an environment that is
different from that found outside its gates (Ap
and Ho, 2009)
Definitions
Trade Associations:
International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA)
◦
An amusement park that has themed
attractions, be it food, costumes, entertainment,
retail stores and/or rides
Types of theme park
By themes
1. Adventure 2. Futurism
3. International 4. Nature
5. Fantasy
6. History and culture 7. Movie
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
Adventure
Examples:
◦ IMG Worlds of Adventure, Dubai
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ul_uVrPacPI
◦ Disney California Adventure Park
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
https://www.imgworlds.com/
Attributes:
• Excitement and action
• Frightening
• Mysterious
• Thrill rides
Futurism
Examples:
◦ Robotland, Incheon (under construction)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wk2ZVmyzMBo&f eature=youtu.be
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
Attributes:
• Advances in society and technology
• Discovery
• Exploration of science and technology
• Robotics
• Scientific
• Science fiction Attributes:
• Advances in society and technology
• Discovery
• Exploration of science and technology
• Robotics
• Scientific
• Science fiction
35
International
Examples
◦ Window of the World, Shenzhen
◦ Huis Ten Bosch, Kyushu Nagasaki
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
Attributes:
• Flavours of the world
• International village
• Miniature replicas
• Scenic spots
• World
Nature
Examples
◦ Ocean Park, HK
◦ Ocean Kingdom, Zhuhai
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
Attributes:
• Animals
• Floral displays
• Horticultural gardens
• Landscaping
• Marine life
• Natural wonders
• Ocean
• Wildlife
37
Fantasy
Examples:
◦ Sanrio Puroland, Tokyo
◦ HK Disneyland
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
Attributes:
• Animation
• Cartoon characters
• Childhood enchantment
• Children’s play park
• Fairy tales
• Magic
• Make believe
• Myths and legends
History and Culture
Examples:
◦ Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village, Nantou, Taiwan
◦ Towne of Historic Smithville, New Jersey, USA
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
Attributes:
• Aboriginal
• Authentic
• Cultural heritage
• Cultural village
• Gold rush
• Historic ambience
39
Movie
Examples:
◦ Universal Studios
◦ Warner Bros Movie World, Gold Coast
(Source: Wong & Cheung, 1999).
Attributes:
• American Wild West shows
• Comedy
• Motion pictures
• Show business
• Stunt show
World’s most visited themed parks in 2018
Theme parks Visitors
(million) 1 Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World, Lake Buena Vista, Florida 20.9
2 Disneyland Park at Disneyland Resort, Anaheim, California 18.7 3 Tokyo Disneyland at Tokyo Disney Resort, Japan 17.9 4 Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort, Japan 14.7
5 Universal Studios Japan, Osaka 14.3
6 Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World, Florida 13.8 7 Epcot at Walt Disney World, Lake Buena Vista, Florida 12.4
8 Shanghai Disneyland, China 11.8
9 Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World, Florida 11.3 10 Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, Hengqin, China 10.8
41
Theme parks Visitors (million) 11 Universal Studios Florida at Universal Orlando Resort 10.7
12 Disney California Adventure at Disneyland, Anaheim, California 9.9 13 Disneyland Park at Disneyland Paris, Marne-la-Vallée, France 9.8 14 Universal's Islands of Adventure at Universal Orlando Resort,
Florida
9.8
15 Universal Studios Hollywood, Universal City, California 9.1
16 Hong Kong Disneyland 6.7
17 Lotte World, Seoul, South Korea 6
18 Nagashima Spa Land, Kuwana, Japan 5.9
19 Everland, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 5.9
20 Ocean Park, Hong Kong 5.8
21 Europa-Park, Rust, Germany 5.7
22 Efteling, Kaatsheuvel, Netherlands 5.4
23 Walt Disney Studios Park, Disneyland Paris, Marne-la-Vallée, France 5.3
24 Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark - 4.9
25 Chimelong Paradise, Guangzhou, China 4.7
Beyond 2020
China is building the world’s largest gamer theme park
The park is slated to open in 2022
◦ https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2019/06/12/china-developers-building-six-flags-sized-gamer-theme- park/#2fa469c74abe
The features of a theme park
Level 1: The Core Product
Core services or Core benefits:
◦
What is the buyer really buying?
◦
The most basic level
◦
Main benefits that the purchasers identify as a personal need that will be met by the product
◦
Often intangible
◦
E.g. excitement , atmosphere, fun, value for money , variety of on-site attraction, family gathering
◦
E.g. Theme park excitement and fun atmosphere
45
Level 2: Supporting (Tangible) Product
Marketers then need to turn the core product into a tangible product
Extra products offered to add value to the core product and help to differentiate it from their competitors
Variety of rides, activities and shows
◦ Top 10 NEW Roller Coasters Opening In 2019 (7mins)
◦ https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=best+roller+coaster+world+2019&view=detail&mid=4C379E731894 EF79A5564C379E731894EF79A556&FORM=VIRE
Catering outlets
Souvenir shops
Clean, pleasant and safe environment
Well-trained staff
Environmentally friendly theme park’s design
Level 3: Facilitating
(Augmented) Product
May influence the decision to purchase
Facilities and additional services (tangible and intangible)
The quality of ancillary service
◦
Accessibility
◦
Visitors with special needs – disabilities, children
◦
Others – lockers and sheltered areas for visitors
Illustration: Product levels for a theme park
Core:
◦ Excitement or fun experiences
Supporting:
◦ Variety of rides, activities and shows
◦ International restaurants and food kiosks
◦ Souvenir shops
◦ Clean, pleasant and safe environment
washrooms, exits, seating areas, customer service counters, signage, sheltered walkways, air condition, heaters
◦ Professional employees to serve visitors
◦ Environmentally friendly theme park’s design
Illustration: Product levels for a theme park
Facilitating (Augmented):
◦ Accessibility – hours of operation, location, on-site transportation (shuttle bus, train, cable car), car
parking
◦ Visitors with special needs – ramps, elevators,
wheelchairs, baby strollers rental, baby care room, guardian switch service, prayer room
◦ Others - locker rental for visitors, Wi-Fi access, mobile app, mobile charging service, international delivery
service (FedEx), first aid posts, currency exchange
service, ATM, medical service, map, drinking fountains
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING
TO THE SUCCESS OF THEME PARK
1.
Adapts to market changes
2.
Major features of a theme park that contribute to enhance overall
attractiveness and visitors’ experiences
3.
Management strategies
Adapts to Market Changes
1.
Advancement in technology
2.
Rise of silver hair market
3.
Environmental awareness
4.
Edutainment
Advancement in technology – Scenic rides
“Scenic railways” over 100 years
Slow-moving roller coasters - painted murals along the route
Jurassic Park Ride at Universal Studios Orlando Florida
◦ https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=r22IQhrDd3c
Splash Mountain Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom
◦ https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=uTMp93efMLo
Less interaction
Advancement in technology –
Virtual Reality (虛擬現實)
Tech allows the user to interact (view) the virtual world
VR tech added to theme park rides
◦ Wear a VR Goggle or headset
VR has mostly been used as an overlay on existing rides.
Feeling of “Real” or an Immersive experience
https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/america/theme-parks/2018/05/22/star- wars-secrets-empire-void-virtual-reality/629435002/
Advancement in technology – Virtual Reality
Among the first rides to feature VR were roller coasters
at SeaWorld Orlando, Cedar Point in Ohio, a number of Six Flags locations, and other parks.
E.g. “Star Wars: Secrets of the Empire,” 2019 - The Void at the Disney resorts (California and Florida)
360 Virtual Reality Coaster Tour of MOTIONGATE™ Dubai
theme Park
Advancement in technology – Augmented Reality (擴增實境)
Adding digital element to the actual environment (our reality)
◦ Photo app effect – snowing, filters, etc.
Upscale the content and interactive with the
visitors/audiences
Difference from VR
◦ (https://youtu.be/ZQ2XO7H erfI?t=79 )
Advancement in technology
85% of theme park visitors want an Artificial Intelligence system
◦
View park, choose rides, restaurant and hotel rooms, detect failures
◦ https://omnicogroup.com/news/85-theme-park-visitors-want-artificial-intelligence-system/
◦ https://transcendent.ai/blog/asset-management/how-amusement-parks-can-detect-abnormalities-with- artificial-intelligence/
Senior segment
More and more attractions aims at senior adults, but usually require activities with lower energy levels
How do theme parks target at senior
market?
Case in Japan
Visitors to Tokyo Disney Resort in 2014:
◦ Children aged 4-11: 16.6%
◦ Visitors aged 40 or above: 20%
◦ Showing a relative 1/5 of visitors are from senior population
Oriental Land Co., the operating company, planned to open an indoor attraction based on the popular film
“Lilo & Stitch.”… an attraction that children and seniors can enjoy while remain seated
A large-scale restaurant was opened in autumn of 2016
Case in HK
Disney - 220 days annual pass special offer to senior
https://www.hongkongdisneyland.com/book/general-magic-access
• Ocean Park - From 13 to 28 February 2019,
companions who visit with senior guests can enjoy a 40% discount for admission tickets. Senior guests will also receive a coupon set to enjoy up to six privileges with their families and friends, ranging from in-Park experience, dining and shopping offers.
https://www.oceanpark.com.hk/en/press-release/ocean-park-launches-senior-guest-offers-exclusive-for-hong- kong-citizens
Ocean Park –
Sustainable Environment
Saving Energy and Reducing Carbon Emissions
Minimising the Environmental Impact of Waste
Giving Back to Hong Kong Society
Conservation and animal care
Disney –
Sustainable Environment
Save wildlife
Reduced emissions
Water conservation
Waste diversion
Reduced plastic waste
https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/environment/61
Eco-friendly underwater theme park
The world’s largest underwater diving park (100,000-sq-m) in Bahran
Environmental sustainability (strict environmental standards)
◦
Revive the Kingdom’s marine ecosystem
◦
Preserve its local marine environment
https://www.newsofbahrain.com/bahrain/54139.html https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Bahrain_gears_up_to https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=underwater+theme+park+bahrain&&vi
Edutainment
The rise of ‘eduplay’ or educational play theme parks reflects international
stakeholders’ interest in the Middle East’s entertainment and retail industry
Source: http://tradearabia.com/news/MEDIA_303602.html
Ocean Park Academy Hong Kong - Education
Education is a major component in the Park’s vision, mission and core values
https://www.oceanpark.com.hk/en/education-conservation/education/programmes/students https://media.oceanpark.com.hk/files/s3fs-public/ophk_ar17-18.pdf
Disney Youth Program – Education
Kindergarteners to post-secondary students
◦ Disney’s World of Physics, Synergy in Science or How Things Move
Disney theme park adventures
Disney perform arts
65
Interactive experiences
Ocean Park and Disney: Halloween
Disney: “Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle!”, will officially open on 31 March 2019.
Marvel experiences - attract young adult guests
https://www.laughingplace.com/w/wp- content/uploads/2018/08/uidhgjvdkfj3242.jpg https://www.nextstophongkong.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/09/hk-ocean-park-halloween-2018.jpg
Overall Attractiveness and Visitors’ Experiences
1.
Unique and interesting theme
2.
Value for money / Variety of on-site attraction
3.
All-weather and pleasant environment
4.
Good service quality with motivated and well-trained staff
5.
Good accessibility
6.
Quality and Consistency in Services and
Facilities
Unique and interesting theme
Disneyland - Disney’s Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance attraction in Galaxy’s Edge (24 June 2019) -
https://disneyland.disney.go.com/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxE- b2YDAQ&feature=youtu.be
Innovative Immersive Interactive Inspiring
Value for Money / Variety of On-site Attraction
The components of theme park should have a balance between:
Active activities
◦ Attract younger age group
◦ E.g. rides and attractions
Passive activities
◦ Attract all age groups
◦ Shows, e.g. human and animals
◦ Street animators, e.g. night parade
◦ Technical production, e.g. fireworks
Combination of supporting and facilitating products
All-weather and
Pleasant Environment
Theme parks build in locations allows year-round operation
◦ Sheltered space (sub-tropical climate zone with high rainfall)
◦ Weather-proof facilities
Indoor theme park
https
Ferrari World, On Yas Island in Abu Dhabi The Adventuredome, Circus Circus, Las Vegas
Well-trained staff
Recruitment and selection, job orientation, on-the- job training, special project work, job rotation and others
Disney Institute
https://www.youtube.com/user/disneyinstitute
◦
Disney University (DU) is the global training program for Disney employees (cast members)
Guidelines - Smile • Eye • Respect • Value the
Magic • Initiate guest contact • Creative • End
with a Smile
Good Accessibility
Public transportation (MTR service, bus, taxi, car parking)
On-site transportation (shuttle bus, cable car)
Night activities
Quality and Consistency in Services and Facilities
Movement of people and goods
Back-up or contingency plans and arrangements
Special services and facilities
◦ Guests with dietary and religious needs
◦ Guest with disabilities
◦ Children and guardians
Management Strategies
1.
Strong financial resources and on-going management
2.
Marketing management
3.
Maintenance and safety
Strong Financial Resources and On-going Management
Pro-active respond to the market changes in the business environment
High capital investment and on-going funding to attract new visitors and encourage repeat visits
E.g. Ocean Park plans to use part of the HK$310 million funding announced in the Government’s 2018/19 Budget to design an all-new evening light show featuring 3D projection mapping, thematic lighting, pyrotechnic effects, laser effects, performances and parades around the beautiful Aqua City Lagoon.
E.g. Walt Disney Co. is just now opening Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge, a $1 billion project with rides, restaurants and shopping.
But it’s already looking ahead to future attractions, including doing more with its blockbuster Marvel superheros.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-31/marvel-lands-are-next-up-for-disney-after-star-wars-unveiling https://media.oceanpark.com.hk/files/s3fs-public/ophk_ar17-18.pdf
Marketing Management - The 4Ps of Marketing
Product
The park and all services it offers
e.g. core, supporting and facilitating products
Place
The distribution channels of theme park tickets
e.g. travel agents, tour operators, reservation
service providers
Promotion
The strategies for promoting the park
e.g. advertising, public relations, personal selling, ,
social media, sales promotions
Price
The rates for entering the park e.g. product-bundle, volume discounts, discounts based on time
of purchase, discriminatory pricing
Marketing Management
Social Media
Key Opinion Leader (KOL)
◦ Walt Disney World
https://www.facebook.com/oceanparkwladyslawowo/ https://www.instagram.com/Disney/77
Maintenance and Safety
Maintenance plan - must be scheduled at times/on days when the park is closed
Safety training for the employees
Large parks have their own regulations
Consideration of the impact on guests,
employees and animals
Health and Safety Standards
Amusement Rides (Safety) Ordinance
◦ Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) regulates rides to ensure public safety
design – operation – maintenance
The occupational safety and Health Ordinance
◦ Provide safety and health protection to employees in workplaces
Public Health and Municipal services Ordinance, Chapter 132
◦ The protection of food purchasers (food hygiene)
Ocean Park:
Maintenance and Safety
Safety Assurance and Risk Control
◦ Internal
operation and
external business environment
◦ Align with
ISO31000 Risk Management
HK Disneyland:
Maintenance and Safety
Hong Kong Disneyland
Design, maintenance, inspection, firework safety, keeping parade floats safe, food safety, safety training,
communication and safety promotion, security, emergency response, medical support
http://hkcorporate.hongkongdisneyland.com/ahong kongdisneyland.disney.go.com/media/hkdlcorp_v01 81
References
2017 AECOM and TEA Theme and Museum Index Report. Retrieved from:
https://www.aecom.com/theme-index/
Arnfield, J. (2017). KöpperClimate Classification. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification
Asian Attraction Expo and Educational Sessions (2015 & 2018)
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Camp, D. (1997). Theme parks in Europe. Travel and Tourism Analyst, 5, 4–21.
Clavé, A. (2007). The Global Theme Park Industry. UK: CABI.
DelPrince, A. (8 October 2014). Theme Parks Increases Intellectual Property Line up.
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References
Ho, P. & Ap, John. (2009) Tourism and Hospitality Studies - Theme Parks and Attractions.
Hong Kong Tourism Board:
http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/shop/index.jsp
Hong Kong Public Museum:
http://www.museums.gov.hk/en_US/web/portal/about-us.html
Hudson, S. (2005). Marketing for Tourism and Hospitality –A Canadian Perspective. Canada: Nelson.
International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions http://www.iaapa.org
Kemperman, A.D.A.M. (2000). Temporal Aspects of Theme Park Choice Behavior: Modeling variety seeking, seasonality and diversification to
support theme park planning. CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag
Mancini, M. (2007). Selling destinations –Geography for the travel professional. (4th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Thomas Delmar Learning.
Morrion, A. (2013). Marketing and managing tourism destinations (1st ed.).
England: Pearson.
References
The National Amusement Park Historical Association http://www.napha.org/
Niles, R. (December 2014). The Six Steps to Success in the Theme Park Business.
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http://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/201412/4350/
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ButterworthHeinemann.
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