Top PDF 技術院校學生健康科技素養內涵創新模式之建構研究=An Innovative Model Content Construction of Health Technology Literacy for Students of Technological Colleges

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the contents of the related theories of students’ health technology literacy, assess their literacy situation by using a scale, and construct an innovative content model of health technology literacy to enhance their innovative capability. The health technological literacy scale for students in technological colleges was constructed by consulting with experts and Delphi survey. By means of the structure equation modeling (SEM) with two-order confirmatory factor analysis, validity and reliability analysis, the model was tested with good fit, and the contents were certainly second-order factor of health technological literacy, including first-order factors, which include the following items: cognition, innovation propensity, health belief and knowledge sharing. Then, using survey method with cluster and stratified random sampling from 16 technological and vocational colleges in Taiwan, 3,600 questionnaires were sent out, and 3,012 of effective questionnaires were returned, with a survey reaching 83.67% of return-ratio. The results indicated that the students’ literacy content of health technology consisted of cognition, innovation propensity, belief and knowledge sharing, according to the theories of planning behavior, social cognition, innovative diffusion, technology acceptance and health belief; also, there were very significant correlations and predictabilities with one another. The model of students’ literacy contents was tested with good fit through SEM with statistical software of AMOS and LISREL. This model revealed that there were some positive correlations of path relationship: sharing toward belief, cognition and innovation propensity; belief toward cognition and innovation propensity; cognition toward innovation propensity. The contents of students’ literacy in health technology were regarded as a part of liberal education, and would enhance their health and innovative capability. Finally, conclusions and suggestions could serve as references for the university teaching and further research.

literature review, Delphi survey, professional interview and sampling questionnaire survey. Through the structure equation modeling (SEM) with two-order confirmatory factor analysis, validity and reliability analysis, the model was tested with good fit, and the contents were certainly a second-order factor of health technology literacy, including first-order factors, that is, cognition, innovation propensity, health belief and knowledge sharing. And then, by using a survey method with cluster and stratified random sampling from 16 technological colleges in Taiwan, 3,600 questionnaires were sent out, and 3,012 effective questionnaires were returned; the survey reached 83.67% of return-ratio. The results indicated that the students’ literacy content of health technology consisted of cognition, innovation propensity, belief and knowledge sharing, according to the theories of planning behavior, social cognition, innovative diffusion, technology acceptance and health belief.

4 Research Methodology 4.1 Main Methods 4.11 .Documentary Review We carried out documentary review to construct the basis of theories which knowledge sharing of health technology and learning of students in technological and vocational colleges, and the indicators and scale of measurement. When we reviewed the related documents, we searched the related articles from Electronic Theses and Dissertations System in Taiwan and electronics periodical of SDOS of Elsevier, including health technology, knowledge sharing, learning style, career type and health technology teaching, etc. Through the documentary analysis, we developed a questionnaire, acquired the quantitative data, and analyzed a statistical result. This research reviewed the related factor of health technology, and showed that the theories of basis, such as theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory, innovative diffusion theory, technology acceptance model and health belief model. Then we drew up a scale with which the content was manufactured according to the related factor or indicators and appropriately described

就不再遵循牛頓定律，因此便創立量子力學來解釋粒子的不規則運動。量子諧振 是指所有散佈於自然界中的一切事物，從最大到最小的，都是處於一種統一、諧 和狀態。不僅在能量上是趨於最穩定狀態，達到最少的能量耗損，在組織上也是 處於最高的規律與次序。在量子諧振的狀態下，才能解釋生命的完美過程。人們 必須與大自然和諧共存，人的身、心、靈只不過是一連串緊緊結合而密不可分的 能量流，當其存在於諧振狀態時，與天、地、萬物是和諧、也是合而為一的。原 本是和諧、快樂和健康的個體，當此量子諧振的狀態被破壞時，身心才會被帶往 退化與不快樂的道路上。於是就引發出許多所謂的「文明病」，包括高血壓、心 臟病、糖尿病、纖維肌痛(Fibromyalgia)、憂鬱症、癌症以及其它許多慢性病。僅 靠藥物的治療是不可能恢復完全的健康，須主動找回並恢復我們與生具有的諧振 狀態。21 世紀初醫學界才逐漸了解這根本的理念，認同人們需要獲得整體的痊癒，

H E number of technological and professional colleges in Taiwan increased to 78 in the 2007-2008 school year and has been increasingly expanded. Since the higher technological and vocational education deregulated, current students of higher education place themselves to the modern technological environment; they use and depend on technology more than the students in the past. The technology is helpful for their learning and training, but it’s better not to impact of their health. And the technology is originally one kind of process of question- solving in modern society, and the people use it with resources and creativity to solve effectively the practical questions. Then mobile learning is the exciting art of using mobile technologies to enhance the learning experience. However, the students face all kinds of technological environments, and they addict themselves to it and extricate themselves with difficulty. The survey discovered 11% of college students who spent over six hours on the Internet every day, and thus they were stricken by headache, sleep disorder, and anxiety, and also could agitate restlessly when they were not on the Internet. They lost all interests in life and addicted themselves to network which threatened seriously their health. The current health technology had the direct and indirect influence to users' health of mind, body, physiological and psychological wound or psychogenic diseases and so on[8]. The college students contact frequently the technology, but they often lack actually the health technological literacy and do not understand the pros and cons of both sides of technology to impact of the health. Then they pursue constantly the innovative products, and neglect the fact that it would initiate the serious problems in mind and body health and hoodwink their advantages.

吳清山 素養導向教師教育 267 理解教師應具備的素養，有助於建構素養導向的教師教育導向。根據以上的說明，素養 導向教師教育內涵有些屬於認知和技能層次，有些屬於情意和態度層次，有些則屬於理念和 價值的層次。就教師教育的知識與技能而言，分屬兩個不同範疇，但要完全一分為二，又有 其難度，如班級經營需要知識，也需要技能，才能做好班級經營工作，其他科技運用亦是如 此，因而將認知和技能列入同一個層次。此外，理念和價值屬於較為上位的概念，兩者彼此 密不可分，它會影響到知識和技能，也會影響到情意和態度，因而將理念與價值列入同一個 層次，至於情意和態度雖屬不同內涵，屬於知識與技能以外的另一個層次，兩者彼此亦具有 其密切關係，乃將其歸納為同一個層次探討。因此，素養導向教師教育將其歸納為知識和技 能、信念和價值、情意和態度等領域。就知識和技能而言，係指教師具有一定的教育專業知 識和技能；其次，就信念和價值而言，係為教師能秉持教育的核心價值，引導教育工作向上 提升的一種動力；就情意和態度而言，係教師在教學場域中所表現出來的一種情操、行為和 態度。在素養導向教師教育中的知識和技能、信念和價值、情意和態度等領域，彼此之間仍 有其關聯性和重疊性，並非完全各自獨立，初步歸納如圖 3 所示。

5 Conclusions and Suggestions This study discovered the background factors of technology universities students, such as: gender, educational system, department, using technology, social relationship, family relationship and awareness of health; besides the age, revealing the significant differences on scale contents of knowledge sharing of health technology. Then the model of knowledge sharing structure of health technology for university students had a good suitably fit through structural equation modeling (SEM). The hypotheses derived from literature review were proved just as TPB had conform. It meant that the sharing attitude had a positive correlation toward behavioral intention;

壹、前言 隨著知識經濟時代的來臨，在面對瞬息萬變的 競爭環境中，健康科技的知識分享與學習型態成為 達成預期目標與創造競爭力的利器。知識分享可為 知識經濟的主軸，但分享知識之前，關鍵性的使命 乃為學習(learning)。知識必頇源自於學習，同時頇 經過不斷的修改和更新。透過學習，可不斷提昇組 織成員的能力，而透過知識的分享，使得組織能力 加速提昇、組織運作日益茁壯，也可更具有彈性以 因應快速改變的環境。學習者之學習風格特性宜加 以留意。當前大專學生若獨具學習風格，如學習者 以數位工具，透過有線或無線網路，取得數位教 材，進行線上或離線的數位學習活動，或進行電子 化學習，可輕易取得所需知識。學習促成知識創 新，可提高大學基礎科學知識之產業價值，讓學生 有生涯願景之目標。學生悠遊知識寶庫，可分享學 習樂趣。健康科技的知識來自學習，而樂於學習健 康知識又與個人學習風格有關。

23 Marx 等人於 2007 年的美國學校衛生期刊中，曾發表一篇「透過 衛生教育評估計畫提升健康素養」的研究，該文獻指出美國許多嚴重 的健康問題是發生在青少年轉變為成年人的時期，形成的行為因素有 傷害與暴力、酒精與藥物濫用、發生危險性行為、吸菸行為、不良飲 食行為模式，以及身體活動太少等，上述行為通常有相關性，且多於 青少年時期形成，因此，現代的學校健康教育課程必須包括上述重要 內容，以幫助學生增進知識、技能、動機與支持，使他們面對危險及 健康的情境與壓力時，知道如何正確的因應；因此，美國政府於 1991 年起委託州立中小學主管人員委員会（CCSSO）執行州際教育評估計 畫，而該機構於 1993 年起發展 SCASS-HEAP 的學生健康教育指標評估 計畫，使各州整合經費與人力資源，來發展有效可立即執行的健康教 育評估資源，該計畫評估結果可用於調整健康教育課程、教學和評估 指標，以符合解決當代青少年最嚴重的健康風險行為與問題，並提供 整合與系統性的方法，以幫助教育者有效的教導兒童與青少年健康的 重要技能和議題之教學，以提升學生之健康素養。由於，上述研究目 的與結果符合本研究之需求，因此，研究者將參考美國 SCASS-HEAP 研究概念架構來發展台灣國中生健康素養指標。

密植常致枝條及葉片層層重疊，造成通風不良及濕氣過高，植株對病蟲害 的抵抗性降低，葉片重疊藥劑無法有效防治。研究結果，改善果園栽培環境， 可顯著降低病蟲害的發生密度，具體的方法如加大葡萄植距、葡萄園定期除草、 調整樹型使枝條不重疊，確保園區通風良好等。使葡萄植株獲得充足光線，提昇果 實品質外，一旦病原侵入果園後，將可顯著減少次感染源量，對於性喜高溫並藏 匿隱蔽處小型害蟲，亦可有效降低其繁殖速率。農藥使用應參考植物保護手冊 葡萄病蟲害推薦藥劑，並選擇不同作用機制藥劑輪流使用，以減少病蟲發展出 抗藥性。本時期進行 3–6 次藥劑防治，使園區病蟲害無法立足。

二 、學生入學制度的變革 十二年國民基本教育的入學制度，與以往有相當大的不同，最主要的 精神在於取消以往全國性的入學考試，改為免試入學，2014 年的入學方式 分為免試入學與特色招生，以免試入學為主，占 75%以上的入學名額（教 育部，2014c）。為確保國中畢業生的學習品質，於國三下學期，辦理全國 性的國中會考，但會考性質不屬於入學測驗，而是用以了解國中畢業的學 力狀況，在免試入學的總積分占比亦不得超過三分之一。此一新的入學制 度，降低國中會考的決定性，增加其他向度的計分基準，以彰顯國民教育 對於學生多元能力發展的重視。因此，可以想見，進入技術型高中的學生 之程度差距勢將改變以往以學業成績為主的區段錄取模式，學生之學習成 就、起點行為、先備知識之落差勢將拉大（自由時報，2014）。此對於學 校的課程與教學、學生適應與輔導、補救教學與重補修等，勢將造成教師 教學與學校行政的困擾，需要全體師生共同認真地面對，思考最佳的應變 方策。

The purpose of thís study was to construct a leadership model for junior 訊d senior high school students. The researchers used the Delphi technique to collect data[r]

與「人際能力」觀察變項的誤差共變參數。研 究者推測造成統計分析結果建議加入此三組 觀察變項共變的原因，可能是「負責」與「品 格」二個特質之涵義及評量的題目，均與個人 的「道德良知」有關；而「熱忱」與「人際能 力」都屬於與他人互動的正向表現；至於「親 和力」和「堅毅」的殘差呈現負相關，顯示平 易近人的態度與對事情的堅持二種特質似乎 難以同時掌握。而此現象在高中（職）模式較 國中模式明顯，這是否意味著青少年處事態度 隨著年齡成長更立場鮮明？這情形是否會影 響中學生的領導表現？值得深入探討。

培育更多高科技人才，提昇國家競爭力。 貳、符合當前教育改革提升教育品質 因應科技發展及產業變動的需求，教育部為落實技職學校之務實致用 之課程發展，已於 94 年底貣即著手研究、檢視以及規劃符合國內產企業 發展需求且有助於提升高職學生競爭力之課程，並於 99 學年度貣於高職 學校實施新課程，以期提升高職基礎課程教學成效，並縮短產企業專業技 術能力期望與高職學校專業能力培育之落差。此外，為因應我國產業在科 技快速變遷的影響下，高級技術人力的需求大量增加；又由於生活水準提 升，國人升學意願強烈；且社會發展趨向多元彈性；教育品質的要求亦趨 向精緻卓越。因此技專院校更需要培養出兼具專業能力及關鍵能力的學 生。因此「能力標準」研究的提出與進行，適足以提供符應當前教育政策 具體方案。若能有效建構一套技專校院學生專業能力指標，不但可以避免 技專校院教育方向的偏誤，更能有效引導技專教育課程的發展以及教學的 正常化，對建立技專教育一貫體系，以及技專教育與職業證照制度的配 合，將有莫大的裨益。

作用發展出更多的公司，故本研究特別針對這個部分進行深入的研究，探討創新服務業 （Innovation intensive service, IIS）的模型架構，分析創新服務業對於新興產業發展的協助及 其中的角色，並將國家創新系統在產業與公司間扮演角色的概念內入本研究模型中。將創新 導入服務業的概念，在 1998 年 Sirilli and Evangelista 就提出證明，將技術創新以服務的方式 擴散，並找出服務業在創新過程中與製造業許多相同與相異處；創新的擴散更是可以創造新 的市場（Sirilli and Evangelista, 1998），故創新服務業在新興產業中絕對是重要的角色。服務 業中的運作機制，Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons (1994)和 Kellogg and Nie (1995)都做過相關研 究，但在創新服務業部分，則缺乏相關研究，故本研究的結果再將創新引入服務業中有其貢 獻性；且根據統計，台灣目前服務業已佔台灣產業結構的六成，如能將其知識管理、電子化 等的含量提高，能創造出更高的附加價值。故本研究深信創新服務業，可以為新興產業帶來 關鍵性的發展，並能透過服務的網絡效應，帶動台灣傳統產業的再生。

教導 32 位在職護生搜尋與篩選、整合、分析、運用、及呈現資訊的技能。七十五位 實驗及控制組學生於計畫前後以 10 point Likert scale 自我評值其資訊搜尋與篩選、 整合、分析、運用、與呈現技巧等能力。結果顯示實驗組 (n = 32) 與控制組 (n = 43) 於年齡、婚姻、工作職稱、單位、年資、及學期一開始的資訊素養能力均無呈現顯 著地差異。一學期後，除了資訊的呈現能力外，實驗組由前測至後測其資訊素養能 力表現顯著地比控制組良好，尤其在資訊的整合、分析、及運用三方面。期許護生 未來能運用所加強的資訊素養技巧，來提出及解決臨床上患者的健康問題。

※請說明主要在什麼時候參加的?____________________ 修正意見： □ □ □ 11 曾參與的國家公園主辦活動類型有哪些？(複選)□小學生認識國家公 園□古蹟襲產□螢火蟲生態□地質欣賞□賞鳥□植物□潮間帶□中 學生生物多樣性研習營□環境教育工作坊□國際歷史文化與生態研 討會□演講□單車□路跑健行

。 本研究針對行為意向進行相關理論的文獻探討，並依據服務 業產業特性，預期顧客採取消費行為除了個人本身的一般 態度， 將受到外在社會壓力及本身擁有資源的影響，故參考計畫行為理 論延伸建構服務接受模式。透過相關文獻探討， 作為問卷設計的 根據，並經由問卷調查填寫方式針對台灣地區購物中心消費者為 調查對象，進行資料蒐集後，以SPSS 統 計套裝軟體樣本資料統 計分析，並以SmartPLS 進行結構方程模型之驗證與分析。 研究結果發現，欲強化顧客服務接受行 為意向，除了服務品 質與認知價值的提高之外，顧客本身所擁有的資源以及主要參考 群體的支持與認同也具有相當程度 的重要性，此外，高收入族群 樣本的行為控制知覺對顧客行為意向不具影響力，有別於整體樣 本與低收入族群樣本的分 析結果。

4. Conclusions This paper constructs a model for evaluating the performance of after-school institutions in Taiwan by adopting the AHP. The results show that factors from the service qu ality dimension are highly emphasized. In the educational services market, how to provide effective services and incorporate quality into marketing strategy enable institutions to offer superior service quality. The use of promotional activities to sell their services and to increase the interests of potential customers is also important. Government should, through evaluation and reward systems, help after-school care institutions to set up good-quality childcare and to create a happy learning environment. The management and operation of an institution, in addition to consider the parents’ expectations and the market trend, needs to focus more on the needs of students in order to provide students the best after- school care services. Finally, the developed evaluation model can be used or tailored by interested parties as an effective and objective mechanism for evaluating after-school programs. The proposed model can be tailored in the aspects studied or the factors being considered to suit the different after- school needs and after-school programs in different countries. In addition, children of different age categories may require different after-school cares; therefore, different after-school programs can be categorized, and evaluating hierarchies can be revised accordingly to meet the needs of different age groups.

2 Documentary Review 2.1 Spiritual health and depression tendency The assessment of spiritual health could include some indicators, such as connecting to others, meaning derived from living, transcendence, religion attachment and introspection for oneself and etc. The spiritual health may be acted as a power and resource to a person. By means of transcendence, the spiritual health may assist a person to enjoy their meaningful life. Research showed that there was a negative significant correlation between spiritual health and depressive tendency. Participants who reported lower scores of health status were more likely to reported lower scores in spiritual health [18]. We should further explore the relationship between spiritual health and depression tendency. Depression is an abnormal and persistent state of very low mood, sufficient to interfere with enjoyment of life. Typical accompanying signs are slowness of speech and movement, loss of interest and appetite, disturbed sleep pattern and feelings of guilt, low self-esteem, and pessimism. Depression also has a large impact on the spiritual health of a person.