Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋǶ

z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ȩǶ

চୢڔᚒҞǺȐᙴৣǺᏼЈȨੰΓό౛܄ޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜВதբ཰ȩԶ फ़եЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑᇡӕǶੰΓǺᇡࣁ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ ࡕ཮ा؃፝ᓭǵ຾Չל᝼ޑ୏բǵນፏཥᆪ൞ᡏݾڗ៾੻ǵפ҇ཀж ߄ݾڗ៾੻Ƕȑ

z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩǶচୢڔᚒҞǺ

ȐᙴৣǺᏼЈȨ೏֋ȩԶफ़եЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑᇡӕǶੰΓǺ ᇡࣁ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮௦ڗݤࡓນ೜Ƕȑ

z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩǶচୢڔᚒҞǺȐᙴ

ৣǺᏼЈȨ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩԶफ़եЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑᇡӕǶੰΓǺ ᇡࣁ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮׫ນᙴଣϣ࣬ᜢᆅ౛ൂՏǶȑ z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩǶচୢڔᚒҞǺȐᙴৣǺ

ᏼЈȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩϷԶफ़եЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑᇡӕǶੰΓǺ ᇡࣁ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮຾Չל᝼ޑ୏բǵນፏཥᆪ൞

z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩǶচୢڔᚒҞǺ

ȐᙴৣǺ཮ᏼЈȨԾρӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩԶफ़եЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱ ᇤޑᇡӕǶੰΓǺᇡࣁ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮຾Չל᝼ޑ

୏բǵນፏཥᆪ൞ᡏݾڗ៾੻Ϸ௦ڗݤࡓນ೜Ƕȑ z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩǶচୢڔ

ᚒҞǺȐᙴৣǺᏼЈȨᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩԶफ़եЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑᇡ ӕǶੰΓǺᇡࣁ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮ᒧ᏷ᙯଣډځдᙴଣ܈

ບ܌൩ບǵ׫ນᙴଣϣ࣬ᜢᆅ౛ൂՏǵा؃፝ᓭǵ຾Չל᝼ޑ୏բǵ ນፏཥᆪ൞ᡏݾڗ៾੻ǵפ҇ཀж߄ݾڗ៾੻аϷ௦ڗݤࡓນ೜Ƕȑ z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩǶচୢڔᚒ

ҞǺȐᙴৣǺᏼЈȨੰΓჹךѨѐߞЈȩԶफ़եЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱ ᇤޑᇡӕǶੰΓǺᇡࣁ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕόᜫཀᆶᙴৣ

૸ፕځࡕុᙴᕍံ௱Бਢǵ཮ᒧ᏷ᙯଣډځдᙴଣ܈ບ܌൩ບа ϷВࡕόᜫཀᝩុௗڙдޑݯᕍǶȑ

ಃ ಃѤ࿯! ᡂ໨ᏹբࠠۓက

٩٩ᡂ໨

z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴᙴੰᜢ

߯ൾϯȩ

(4)ࣁߚதӕཀǴ(3)ࣁ ӕཀǴ(2)ࣁόӕཀǴ (1)ࣁߚதόӕཀ

ೱុ

z ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰੰΓ཮

ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩ

(4)ࣁߚதӕཀǴ(3)ࣁ ӕཀǴ(2)ࣁόӕཀǴ (1)ࣁߚதόӕཀ

ೱុ

ಃ ಃϖ࿯! ϩ݋πڀ

ճҔ SPSS 12.0 ހ಍ी೬ᡏ຾Չၗ਑ᒡΕϷၗ਑಍ीϩ݋ǴᔈҔϩ݋

ӵΠǺ

΋ǵඔॊ܄಍ीճҔԭϩКඔॊԾᡂ໨Ǵ٠ჹ٩ᡂ໨аѳ֡ॶǵ኱ྗ

ৡǵԭϩКև౜ၗ਑௃׎Ƕ

Ծᡂ໨Ȑيҽձǵ܄ձǵԃសǵЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍϷᙴᕍນ೜

ϐ࿶ᡍȑǶ٩ᡂ໨ȐЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ǵᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕǵЬ୏

֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑߦ຾చҹаϷЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊ ࡋȑǶ

ΒǵT-test/ANOVA ௖૸Ծᡂ໨ӧ٩ᡂ໨Ӛಔ໔ϐৡ౦

Ծᡂ໨Ȑيҽձǵ܄ձǵԃសǵЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍϷᙴᕍນ೜

ϐ࿶ᡍȑǶ٩ᡂ໨ȐЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ǵᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕǵЬ୏

֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑߦ຾చҹаϷЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊ ࡋȑǶ

Οǵፄ଑ᘜϩ݋ٰ௖૸ᙴৣᆶੰΓჹЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤᄊࡋ΢ϐৡ ౦Ƕ

Ծᡂ໨Ȑيҽձǵ܄ձǵԃសǵЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍϷᙴᕍນ೜

ϐ࿶ᡍȑǶ٩ᡂ໨ȐЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ǵᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕǵЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑߦ຾చҹаϷЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋȑǶ

ಃ ಃѤക ࣴز่݀

! ! ҁകӅϩࣁΟ࿯Ǵಃ΋࿯ࣁඔॊ܄಍ीϩ݋ϐ่݀ǴಃΒ࿯ࣁᚈ ᡂ໨ϩ݋ϐ่݀ǴಃΟ࿯ࣁӭᡂ໨ϩ݋ϐ่݀Ƕ

ಃ΋࿯ ඔॊ܄ϩ݋

ҁ࿯ԑӧჹኬҁ଺᏾ᡏ܄ඔॊǴځύхࡴኬҁ୷ҁၗ਑ǵЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕǵߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐచҹǵЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱ ᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋ฻Ѥ೽ҽǶ

΋ǵġ ୷ҁၗ਑

୷ҁၗ਑ϩࣁيҽձǵ܄ձǵԃសǵЬ୏֋ޕ/೏Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍϷᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍȐـ߄ 4-1ȑǶ

1. يҽձǺӧ 1,782 ՏኬҁύǴᙴৣࣁ 452 Γ(25.4%)ǴੰΓࣁ 1,330 Γ(74.6%)Ƕ

2. ܄ձǺӧ 1,782 ՏኬҁύǴت܄ࣁ 1,022 Γ(57.4%)Ǵζ܄ࣁ 760 Γ(42.6%)Ƕ

3. ԃសǺӧ 1,782 ՏኬҁύǴ20 ྃаΠࣁ 35 Γ(2%)Ǵ21-30 ྃࣁ 359 Γ(20.1%)Ǵ31-40 ྃࣁ 453 Γ(25.4%)Ǵ41-50 ྃࣁ 404 Γ(22.7%)Ǵ 51-60ྃࣁ 353 Γ(19.8%)Ǵ61-70 ྃࣁ 127 Γ(7.1%)Ǵ71-80 ྃࣁ 43Γ(2.4%)Ǵ80 ྃа΢ࣁ 8 Γ(0.4%)Ƕ

4. Ь୏֋ޕ/೏Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍǺӧ 1,782 ՏኬҁύǴԖЬ

ΒΒǵġ Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫ

ӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕБय़Ǵஒᙴᕍᒱᇤϩࣁᇸ༾Ϸᝄख़ٿ

೽ҽǴ٠ஒаيҽձуаϩ݋ǴаΠϩձϟಏǴӵ߄ 4-1-2~4-1-4 ܌ ҢǶ

1. Ь୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǺऩஒٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴԖཀ ᜫЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 1,560Γ(87.5%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 222 Γ (12.5%)Ƕ

ऩஒٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴᙴৣԖཀᜫЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 389 Γ(86.1%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕ ཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 63 Γ(13.9%)ǶੰΓԖཀᜫ೏Ь୏֋

ޕǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 1,171 Γ(88%)ǹ߄ҢȨό ӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 159 Γ(12%)Ƕ

2. Ь୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǺऩஒٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴԖཀ ᜫЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 1,431Γ(80.3%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 351 Γ (19.7%)Ƕ

ऩஒٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴᙴৣԖཀᜫЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 315 Γ(69.7%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕ

ཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 137 Γ(30.3%)ǶੰΓԖཀᜫ೏Ь୏

ΟΟǵġ ߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐచҹ

ӧߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐచҹБय़ǴϩࣁȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩ аϷᆶȨੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩٿᜪǴ٠аيҽձуаϩ݋ǴаΠஒϩձϟ ಏǴӵ߄ 4-1-5~4-1-7 ܌ҢǶ

1. ᇡӕȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǺऩஒ

ٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴᇡࣁੰΓё౛܄ྎਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 1,241 Γ(69.7%)ǹ߄ ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 541 Γ(30.3%)Ƕ

ऩஒٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴᙴৣᇡࣁੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴ

ৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 46 Γ (10.1%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 406 Γ(89.9%)Ƕ

ੰΓᇡࣁԾρё౛܄ྎ೯ਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ߄Ң ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 1,1195 Γ(89.9%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩ ϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 135 Γ(10.1%)Ƕ

2. ᇡӕᆶȨੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǺऩஒ

ٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴᇡࣁᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴ ᕍᒱᇤǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 1,308 Γ(73.4%)ǹ ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 474 Γ(26.6%)Ƕ

ऩஒٰวғᙴᕍᒱᇤǴᙴৣᇡࣁᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴ

ৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 60 Γ(13.2%)ǹ

299(16.8) 942(52.9) 277(15.5) 264(14.8)

ᇡӕᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯ ਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶ

425(23.8) 883(49.6) 258(14.5) 216(12.1)

߄ 4-1-6ǺᇡӕȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ

ѤѤǵġ Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋ

ӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋБय़ǴϩࣁȨੰΓޑՉࣁ

཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ȩǵȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩǵȨᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩǵ ȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩǵȨᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩǵȨᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩϷȨੰ

ΓჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩ฻ΎᜪǴ٠аيҽձуаϩ݋ǴаΠϩձϟಏǴ ӵ߄ 4-1-8~4-1-15 ܌ҢǶ

1. ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ȩǺऩ ஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᇡࣁੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜВதբ཰Ǵ߄ ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 957 Γ(53.7%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩ ϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 825 Γ(46.3%)Ƕ

ऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜВ தբ཰Ǵ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 270 Γ(59.7%)ǹ߄ ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 182 Γ(40.3%)ǶੰΓᇡࣁ ԾρޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰Ǵ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩ ޑӅԖ 687 Γ(51.7%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 643Γ(48.3%)Ƕ

2. ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩǺऩஒٰЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᇡࣁੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ǵ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷ

ޑӅԖ 866 Γ(48.6%)Ƕ

ऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ǵ ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 300 Γ(66.3%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕ ཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 152 Γ(33.7%)ǶੰΓᇡࣁԾρ཮௦ ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ǵ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 616 Γ(46.3%)ǹ ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 714 Γ(53.7%)Ƕ

3. ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩǺऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴ ᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅ Ԗ 981 Γ(55.1%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 801 Γ(45%)Ƕ

ऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈԾρ཮೏ᙴଣೀᆦǴ ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 192 Γ(42.5%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕ ཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 260 Γ(57.5%)ǶੰΓᇡࣁԾρ཮௦ ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 789 Γ(59.3%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 541 Γ (40.7%)Ƕ

4. ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩǺऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤࡕǴᙴଣӜᖂڙཞǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 684 Γ(38.3%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 1,098 Γ

(61.7%)Ƕ

! ! ऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈᙴଣӜᖂڙཞǴ߄Ң ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 179 Γ(39.6%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩ ϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 273 Γ(60.4%)ǶੰΓᇡࣁԾρ཮௦ڗՉ

୏٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 505 Γ (37.9%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 825 Γ(62.1%)Ƕ 5. ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩǺऩஒٰЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕ ཀȩޑӅԖ 787 Γ(44.2%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑ ӅԖ 995 Γ(55.8%)Ƕ

! ! ऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈԾρӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞǴ ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 222 Γ(49.1%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕ ཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 230 Γ(50.9%)ǶੰΓᇡࣁԾρ཮௦ ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑ ӅԖ 565 Γ(42.4%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 765 Γ(57.6%)Ƕ

6. ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᏼЈȨᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩǺऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅ Ԗ 932 Γ(52.3%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 850

Γ(47.7%)Ƕ

! ऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯǴ߄ҢȨߚ தӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 231 Γ(51.1%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚ தόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 221 Γ(48.9%)ǶੰΓᏼЈᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯǴ߄Ң ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 701 Γ(52.7%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩ ϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 629 Γ(47.3%)Ƕ

7. ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩǺऩஒٰЬ୏

֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷ ȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 708 Γ(39.7%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩ ޑӅԖ 1,074 Γ(60.3%)Ƕ

! ! ऩஒٰЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈੰΓჹךѨѐߞЈǴ ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 225 Γ(49.7%)ǹ߄ҢȨόӕ ཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 227 Γ(50.3%)ǶੰΓᇡࣁԾρ཮ჹ ᙴৣѨѐߞЈǴ߄ҢȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩޑӅԖ 483 Γ(36.3%)ǹ ߄ҢȨόӕཀȩϷȨߚதόӕཀȩޑӅԖ 847 Γ(63.7%)Ƕ

߄ 4-1-8ǺЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋ

߄ 4-1-9ǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ

཰ȩ

ࣴزᡂ໨ ߚதӕཀ N(%) ӕཀ N(%) όӕཀ N(%) ߚதόӕཀ N(%) يҽձ

ᙴৣ 97(21.5) 173(38.2) 113(25.0) 69(15.3)

ੰΓ 50(3.8) 637(47.9) 619(46.5) 24(1.8)

߄ 4-1-10ǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩ

ࣴزᡂ໨ ߚதӕཀ N(%) ӕཀ N(%) όӕཀ N(%) ߚதόӕཀ N(%) يҽձ

ᙴৣ 136(30.1) 164(36.2) 88(19.5) 64(14.2)

ੰΓ 73(5.5) 543(40.8) 648(48.7) 66(5.0)

߄ 4-1-11ǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩ

ࣴزᡂ໨ ߚதӕཀ N(%) ӕཀ N(%) όӕཀ N(%) ߚதόӕཀ N(%) يҽձ

ᙴৣ 44(9.8) 148(32.7) 134(29.6) 126(27.9)

ੰΓ 95(7.1) 694(52.2) 511(38.4) 30(2.3)

߄ 4-1-12ǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩ

ࣴزᡂ໨ ߚதӕཀ N(%) ӕཀ N(%) όӕཀ N(%) ߚதόӕཀ N(%) يҽձ

ᙴৣ 50(11.1) 129(28.5) 155(34.3) 118(26.1)

ੰΓ 38(2.9) 467(35.0) 771(58.0) 54(4.1)

߄ 4-1-13ǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩ

ࣴزᡂ໨ ߚதӕཀ N(%) ӕཀ N(%) όӕཀ N(%) ߚதόӕཀ N(%) يҽձ

ᙴৣ 67(14.8) 155(34.3) 133(29.4) 97(21.5)

ੰΓ 36(2.6) 529(39.8) 715(53.8) 50(3.8)

߄ 4-1-14ǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩ

ࣴزᡂ໨ ߚதӕཀ N(%) ӕཀ N(%) όӕཀ N(%) ߚதόӕཀ N(%) يҽձ

ᙴৣ 61(13.5) 170(37.6) 138(30.5) 83(18.4)

ੰΓ 37(2.8) 664(49.9) 605(45.5) 24(1.8)

߄ 4-1-15ǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩ

ࣴزᡂ໨ ߚதӕཀ N(%) ӕཀ N(%) όӕཀ N(%) ߚதόӕཀ N(%) يҽձ

ᙴৣ 53(11.6) 172(38.1) 135(29.9) 92(20.4)

ੰΓ 26(2.0) 457(34.3) 797(59.9) 50(3.8)

ಃ ಃΒ࿯ ᚈᡂ໨ϩ݋

! ! ҁ࿯ԑӧਥᏵᡂ໨ϐ܄፦ǴճҔ T-test Ϸ ANOVA ௖૸୷ҁၗ਑

ᆶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǵߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹǵЬ୏֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋӧӚಔ໔ϐৡ౦ϩ݋Ƕ

يҽձǵ܄ձǵЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍǵᙴᕍນ೜࿶

ᡍӧӚಔ໔ϐৡ౦௦ T-testǶԃសӧӚಔ໔ϐৡ౦௦ ANOVA ϩ݋Ǵ ऩၲ಍ी΢ᡉ๱(p<0.05)Ǵӆа Scheffe method ٣ࡕᔠۓ຾Չӭख़К

ၨǶ

! ! ୷ҁၗ਑хࡴǺȨيҽձȩǵȨԃសȩȨ܄ձȩǵȨЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍȩϷȨᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍȩǶ

Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫхࡴǺЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀ ᜫаϷЬ୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǶ

! ! ߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹхࡴǺᇡӕȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔ཮

ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤаϷᇡӕȨᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴ

ৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶ

Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋхࡴǺᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱ ᇤࡕǴȨੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ȩǵȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩǵ Ȩᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩǵȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩǵȨᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩǵȨᙴ

ੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩаϷȨੰΓჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩǶ

΋

΋ǵġ ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫϐৡ౦ϩ݋Ȑـ߄ 4-2-1ȑ 1. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫ

ੰΓჹЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫᡉ๱ଯܭᙴৣ(3.15 vs 3.02,!

p<0.001)

ǹζ܄ჹЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫᡉ๱ଯܭت܄(3.19 vs

3.06, p<0.001)ǹคᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣϐཀᜫଯܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ(3.12 vs 2.98, p<0.05)ǴځᎩᡂ໨߾ค಍ी΢ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ

2. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫ

ੰΓჹЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫᡉ๱ଯܭᙴৣ(3.14 vs 2.79,

p<0.001)

ǹζ܄ჹЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫᡉ๱ଯܭت܄(3.18 vs

2.96, p<0.001)ǹคЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣϐཀᜫଯܭԖЬ୏

֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣ(3.08 vs 2.99, p<0.05)ǹคᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ ϐཀᜫଯܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ(3.07 vs 2.81, p<0.01)ǹԃស߾ค಍ी΢

ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ

Β

Βǵġ ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹϐৡ౦ϩ݋

Ȑـ߄ 4-2-2ȑ

1. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤ

ੰΓჹԾρࣁё౛܄ྎ೯ਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕำ ࡋᡉ๱ଯܭᙴৣ(3.11 vs 1.57, p<0.001)ǹζ܄ჹੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ਔ཮

ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ଯܭت܄(2.98 vs 2.52, p<0.001)ǹؒԖЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ଯܭ ԖЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣ(2.93 vs 2.24, p<0.001)ǹคᙴᕍນ

೜࿶ᡍޣϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ଯܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ(2.76 vs 2.99,

p<0.001)ǹԃស೽ҽၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴӢԜҔ Scheffe ٣ࡕᔠۓளޕ 21-30

ྃᇡӕࡋեܭ 20 ྃаΠǹ31-40 ྃᇡӕࡋեܭ 20 ྃаΠǹ41-50 ྃ ᇡӕࡋଯܭ 21-30 ྃǹ51-60 ྃᆶ 61-70 ྃᇡӕࡋଯܭ 21-30 ྃǹ71-80

ྃᇡӕࡋଯܭ 21-30 ྃǶ

2. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕȨᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ

ᒱᇤ

ੰΓჹԾρᆶᙴৣዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕ ำࡋᡉ๱ଯܭᙴৣ(3.24 vs 1.70, p<0.001)ǹζ܄ჹᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔ

཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ଯܭت܄(3.12 vs 2.65,

p<0.001)

ǹؒԖЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ଯ ܭԖЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣ(3.07 vs 2.38, p<0.001)ǹคᙴᕍ ນ೜࿶ᡍޑޣϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ଯܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ(2.90 vs 2.08,

p<0.001)ǹԃស೽ҽၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴӢԜҔ Scheffe ٣ࡕᔠۓளޕ 21-30

ྃᇡӕࡋեܭ 20 ྃаΠǹ31-40 ྃᇡӕࡋեܭ 20 ྃаΠǹ41-50 ྃ ᇡӕࡋଯܭ 21-30 ྃǹ51-60 ྃᆶ 61-70 ྃᇡӕࡋଯܭ 21-30 ྃǹ71-80

ྃᇡӕࡋଯܭ 21-30 ྃǶ

Ο

Οǵ ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋϐৡ౦ϩ݋

Ȑـ߄ 4-2-3ȑ

1. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВ தբ཰ȩ

ੰΓჹԾρޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ϐᇡӕำࡋեܭᙴৣ

(2.54 vs 2.66, p<0.05)ǹζ܄ჹੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ϐᇡӕ ำࡋեܭت܄ (2.52 vs 2.60, p<0.05)ǹคᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣϐᇡӕำࡋ եܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ(2.56 vs 2.77, p<0.05)ǴځᎩᡂ໨߾ค಍ी΢ᡉ

๱ৡ౦Ƕ

2. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩ

ੰΓჹԾρ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱եܭᙴৣ(2.47 vs 2.82, p<0.001)ǹζ܄ჹੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ϐᇡӕำࡋեܭت܄(2.49 vs 2.61, p<0.01)ǹคЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ե ܭԖЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣ(2.51 vs 2.66, p<0.001)ǹځᎩᡂ

໨߾ค಍ी΢ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ

3. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩ

ੰΓჹԾρ௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦϐᇡӕำࡋᡉ๱ଯܭᙴ

ৣ(2.64 vs 2.24, p<0.001)ǹζ܄ჹᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭت

܄(2.60 vs 2.50, p<0.01)ǹคЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣϐᇡӕำࡋ

ଯܭԖЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࿶ᡍޣ(2.58 vs 2.45, p<0.01)ǹคᙴᕍ ນ ೜ ࿶ ᡍ ޣ ϐ ᇡ ӕ ำ ࡋ ଯ ܭ Ԗ ᙴ ᕍ ນ ೜ ࿶ ᡍ ޣ (2.56 vs 2.26,

p<0.01)Ƕ

4. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩ

ੰΓჹԾρ௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭᙴৣ(2.37 vs 2.25, p<0.05)ǹځᎩ೽ҽ߾ค಍ी΢ᡉ๱Ƕ

5. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴȨᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩа ϷȨᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩǵȨੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩӧӚᡂ໨໔ࣣค

಍ी΢ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ

߄ 4-2-1Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫϐৡ౦ϩ݋

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

Ь୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱ ᇤϐཀᜫ

Ь୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱ ᇤϐཀᜫ

Mean(SD) Mean(SD)

ييҽձ

߄ 4-2-2Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹϐৡ౦ϩ݋

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 ᇡӕȨੰΓё౛

܄ྎ೯ȩਔ཮ߦ

຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤ

Scheffe٣ࡕ ᔠۓ

ᇡӕȨᆶੰΓዕ

஼ࡋଯȩਔ཮ߦ

຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤ

Scheffe٣ࡕ ᔠۓ

Mean(SD) Mean(SD)

ييҽձ

߄ 4-2-3Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБᄊࡋϐৡ౦ϩ݋

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱ

Mean(SD) Mean(SD) Mean(SD)

ييҽձ

߄ 4-2-3Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБᄊࡋϐৡ౦ϩ݋

Ȑុ΋ȑ

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴ ଣӜᖂڙཞȩ

ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ Ȩᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩ

Mean(SD) Mean(SD)

ييҽձ

߄ 4-2-3Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБᄊࡋϐৡ౦ϩ݋

(ុΒ)

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴ

ੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩ

ᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰ

Γ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩ

Mean(SD) Mean(SD)

ييҽձ

ಃ ಃΟ࿯! ӭᡂ໨ϩ݋

! ! ҁ࿯Ьाӧ௖૸ቹៜЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǵߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴ ᕍᒱᇤϐచҹϷЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋޑख़ा࣬ᜢᡂ

໨ǶаЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǵߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐచҹǵЬ

୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋࣁ٩ᡂ໨Ǵ୷ҁၗ਑Ȑيҽձǵ܄

ձǵԃសǵЬ୏֋ޕ/೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ࿶ᡍаϷᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍȑࣁ Ծᡂ໨ǴаT-testϷANOVAϐᡉ๱Ծᡂ໨(p<0.05)଺ࣁ኱ྗયΕFull ModelǶ

ӧ຾Չፄ଑ᘜϩ݋߻Ǵஒᡂ໨ύឦܭᜪձȐnominalȑᆶԛׇ

Ȑordinalȑࠠᄊޑၗ਑ᙯඤࣁ຀ᔕᡂ໨Ȑdummy variableȑǴа಄ӝጕ

܄ፄ଑ᘜޑ಍ी੝܄Ƕ

΋΋ǵ Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫϐৡ౦ϩ݋

1. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫȐـ߄ 4-3-1ȑ Ь୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫϐኳԄύǴيҽձᆶ܄ձࣣၲ಍ीᡉ

๱ৡ౦Ǵ߄ҢஒٰวғऩᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴੰΓჹЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤ ϐཀᜫଯܭᙴৣ(p<0.05)ǹζ܄ჹЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫଯܭ ت܄(p<0.01)Ƕ

2. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫȐـ߄ 4-3-2ȑ ӧЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫϐኳԄύǴيҽձᆶ܄ձࣣၲ಍ी

ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵ߄ҢஒٰऩวғᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴੰΓჹЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱ ᇤϐཀᜫଯܭᙴৣ(p<0.001)ǹζ܄ჹЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫଯ ܭت܄(p<0.001)Ƕ

߄ 4-3-1Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫ

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

߄ 4-3-2Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶЬ୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫ

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

ΒΒǵ ߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹϐৡ౦ϩ݋

1. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤȐـ߄ 4-3-3ȑ

ӧੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤኳԄύǴيҽ ձᆶ܄ձࣣၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵ߄ҢஒٰऩวғᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴੰΓჹԾ ρё౛܄ྎ೯ਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭᙴৣ

(p<0.001)ǹζ܄ჹੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ ᇡӕำࡋଯܭت܄(p<0.01)Ƕ

2. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ Ȑـ߄ 4-3-4ȑ

ӧᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤኳԄύǴيҽ ձǵ܄ձࣣၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵ߄ҢஒٰऩวғᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴੰΓჹԾ ρᆶᙴৣዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭ ᙴৣ(p<0.001)ǹζ܄ჹᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭت܄(p<0.01)Ƕ

߄ 4-3-3Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

߄ 4-3-4Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕȨᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

Ο

Οǵġ Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕჹᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋϐৡ౦ϩ݋

1. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВ தբ཰ȩȐـ߄ 4-3-5ȑ

ӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ϐኳԄ ύǴيҽձᆶԖคᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵ߄Ңஒٰऩวғᙴ ᕍᒱᇤਔǴЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓჹԾρޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВத ғࢲϐᇡӕࡋեܭᙴৣ(p<0.05)ǹؒԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣჹੰΓޑՉࣁ

཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ϐᇡӕำࡋեܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ(p<0.05)Ƕ 2. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩȐـ

߄ 4-3-6ȑ

ӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ǵيҽձၲ಍ीᡉ

๱ৡ౦Ǵ߄ҢஒٰऩวғᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓჹ Ծρ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ϐᇡӕำࡋեܭᙴৣ(p<0.001)Ƕ

3. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩȐـ߄ 4-3-7ȑ

ӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦჹǴيҽձၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ ౦Ǵ߄ҢஒٰऩวғᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓჹԾρ ௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭᙴৣ(p<0.001)Ƕ

4. ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩ Ȑـ߄ 4-3-8ȑ

ӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴଣӜᖂڙཞኳԄύǴيҽձၲ಍ीᡉ๱Ǵ ߄ҢஒٰऩวғᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓჹԾρ௦ڗ Չ୏٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭᙴৣ(p<0.01)Ƕ

߄ 4-3-5Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

߄ 4-3-6Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

߄ 4-3-7Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩ

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

߄ 4-3-8Ǻ୷ҁၗ਑ᆶᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩ

ຏǺ*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

ಃ

ಃϖകġ ૸ፕ

ਥᏵ่݀ϩ݋Ǵҁࣴزϩձ൩ȨЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫȩǵȨߦ

຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹȩϷȨЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋȩ Ο೽ҽ຾Չ૸ፕǶ

ಃ΋࿯! Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫ

ҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢǴᙴৣԖཀᜫЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 86.1%Ȑ398 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓԖཀᜫ೏Ь

୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 88%Ȑ1,171 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕ ཀȩȑǶᙴৣԖཀᜫЬ୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 69.7% Ȑ315 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓԖཀᜫ೏Ь୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴ ᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 82.9%Ȑ1,116 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶᏢ ޣ

Sweet

ᆶ

Bernat (1997)ፓࢗऍ୯ϣࣽᙴৣǴ྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤวғਔࢂց

཮Ь୏֋ޕǴځ่݀߄ҢǺԖଯၲ

96%ᙴৣ཮Ь୏֋ޕੰΓᒱᇤޑૻ

৲ǴฅԶǴ΋ѿੰΓӢᙴᕍᒱᇤԶᏤठԝΫਔǴ໻

76%ᙴৣ཮܍ᇡǴ

ќ΋ጇҗᏢޣ Garbut ฻Γ(2007)ଞჹλٽࣽᙴৣޑࣴز่݀ࡰрǺ 99%ޑλٽࣽᙴৣᜅӕჹੰΓϷੰΓৎឦЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ 90%ޑλٽࣽᙴৣᜅӕ֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤǶMazor (2004)ӧऍ୯ཥम

਱ើӦ୔ፓࢗΑ

990 ՏੰΓǴஒ߈ 99%ޑੰΓයఈ΋ѿᒱᇤวғਔǴ

໾্όፕᝄख़ำࡋ೿ᔈҥջ೏֋ޕǴќ΋ጇҗᏢޣ Hobgood (2005) ଞჹλٽࣽੰΓᚈᒃࣁࣴزჹຝϐ่݀ᡉҢǺ99%ޑڙೖޣ߄Ң׆ఈ

ૈ୼ջਔ೏кϩ֋ޕǴόፕ၀٣ҹޑᝄख़܄ࣁՖǶ୯ѦЎ᝘ᆶҁࣴز

่݀࣬಄Ǵ୯ϣѦᙴৣᗨᜅӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴՠᒱᇤᝄख़ࡋࢂ཮

ቹៜᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕϐཀᜫǴԶੰΓ߾όፕᒱᇤᝄख़ำࡋࣁՖǴ೿යఈ

೏Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶ

җ୯ѦЎ᝘ёளޕǴ୯ѦᙴੰᚈБ֋ޕཀᜫࣣଯܭ୯ϣᙴੰᚈБǴ ೭ёૈᆶᙴᕍࠔ፦ຑ᠘ा؃ԖᜢǴٯӵ JCAHO Ϸ NQF ܴዴೕጄᙴ ଣᆶᙴৣѸ໪֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶ2002 ԃऍ୯ஏՋਥӦ୔΋ҽࣴزൔ֋

ࡰрǺჴࡼ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡹ฼ϖԃࡕǴ၀Ӧ୔ᙴᕍນ೜຤Ҕᆶਢҹኧ

೿ε൯फ़եǴԃࡋນ೜຤Ҕவ 300 ࿤ऍϡ෧ϿډԿ 100 ࿤ऍϡǴນ೜

ਢҹኧΠफ़ 50%а΢(Gallagher et al., 2007; Levinson, 2009)Ƕᙴᕍຑ᠘

ೕۓᆶჴሞ෧Ͽᙴᕍນ೜ϐԋਏёߦ٬ᙴৣᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǹ ԶՋБޗ཮Ծҗ҇Ьޑ॥਻Ϸ࣬ᜢ៾ճޑݤೕೕۓǴ٬҇౲ᇡӕЪ߿

ܭा؃ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤа਍ፁԾيᙴᕍ៾੻ǶѠ᡼Ҟ߻ჹܭЬ

୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ٠คܴዴݤࡓೕጄ܈ᙴᕍຑ᠘΢ޑा؃Ǵ࣬ᜢ௲ػ૽

ግϝ҂දϷǴᙴଣϷᙴৣჹԜ᝼ᚒܴᡉғ౧Ǵ೷ԋ୯ϣᙴৣჹܭЬ୏

֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤᇡӕୃեǴᏢޣ Gallagher ฻Γ(2006)ࡰрǺ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱ ᇤޑፐำ҂දၹ᏾ӝԿᙴᏢ௲ػፐำύǴੰΓᇡࣁᙴৣલЮ࣬ᜢ֋ޕ

ᙴᕍᒱᇤޑמѯǹ΋ҽଞჹ࡚ບᙴৣޑࣴزᡉҢǴόډ 15%ޑڙೖޣ Ԗௗڙၸ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤаϷکৎឦྎ೯ޑ௲ػǴόᜤ௢ෳЬ୏֋ޕᙴ ᕍᒱᇤჹܭᙴৣԶقࢂࡐ֚ᜤޑǴ൩ᆉᙴৣᜫཀЬ୏֋ޕੰΓᙴᕍᒱ ᇤǴΨόޕၰ၀ӵՖ୺ՉǶѠ᡼ନΑคݤࡓೕጄ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑက୍Ǵ

໺಍ߥӺޑޗ཮॥਻у΢ᙴੰᜢ߯ߏයڙډᙴᕍР៾ᢀۺޑቹៜǴ٬

ள୯ϣ҇౲όᜫཀ܈ό߿ܭा؃ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶ

ҁࣴز຾΋؁аፄ଑ᘜϩ݋ว౜Ǵيҽձᆶ܄ձჹЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾

ᙴᕍᒱᇤϷЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǴ֡ၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵόፕ

ࢂวғᇸ༾Ϸᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴੰΓჹ೏Ь୏֋ޕϐཀᜫࣣଯܭᙴৣǴ ζ܄Ь୏֋ޕϐཀᜫଯܭت܄ǶGallagher ฻Γ(2003)аขᗺიᡏޑБ ԄፓࢗᙴৣᆶੰΓჹЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑᄊࡋǴځ่݀ᡉҢǺҺՖᒱ ᇤวғࡕǴੰΓ΋ठ׆ఈᙴৣૈЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴฅԶǴᙴৣჹЬ

୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࠅԖ܌ซᒕǶ୯ѦЎ᝘ᆶҁࣴز่݀όፕᒱᇤᝄख़ำ ࡋࣁՖǴੰΓჹЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫදၹКᙴৣଯ࣬ӕǶ֋ޕ֋

ޕ֋ޕ֋ޕ

௖زځচӢǴ྽ᒱᇤวғࡕǴੰΓ׆ఈᙴৣૈ୼ҥջЬ୏֋ޕǴ ӢᒱᇤวғࡕǴੰΓೀܭόӼЪඌ৮ޑރᄊǴჹܭёૈۯߏޑՐଣϺ ኧ׭܈ޣࢂᕍำѦޑᔠࢗǵݯᕍགډ্܂ǴᏼЈࢂԾρޑ੯ੰൾϯ (Gallagher et al., 2003; Matlow et al., 2006)Ǵऩᙴৣૈ୼Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍ

ᒱᇤǴ߾ёᡣੰΓᕕှҞ߻ރݩЪੰΓԖ׳ӭਔ໔ࡘԵࡕុݯᕍޑ،

ۓǴΨёႣٛӆԛ໾্ੰΓǶᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤᇡӕࡋၨੰΓեǴ คߚࢂӢᙴৣᏼЈ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ܌஥ٰϐቹៜǴٯӵǺᙴੰᜢ߯ൾ ϯǵᙴৣᆶᙴଣӜᖂϷᙴᕍນ೜(Benbassat et al., 2001; Leape, 2006a)Ǵ ନ΢ॊϐӢનѦǴΨԖёૈࢂᙴৣᇡӕЬ୏֋ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴՠᛖܭ୯ϣ ᙴᕍᐒᄬᡏس܈ޣࢂᙴৣલЮ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐמѯ(Gallagher et al., 2006; Hobgood et al., 2002; Manser & Staender, 2005)Զᒧ᏷όЬ୏֋

ޕǶѠ᡼ჹܭᙴᕍᒱᇤǴҞ߻ϝ๱ख़ܭႣٛቫय़ǴऩᙴᕍᒱᇤวғਔǴ ΨѝࢂႴᓰ঩π೯ൔԿᙴଣس಍ǴࠅόႴᓰЬ୏֋ޕԖᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ٬

ளԜ᝼ᚒคݤပჴǶவᙴᏢ௲ػٰ࣮Ǵҗܭ୯ϣᙴৣදၹલЮЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐמѯ(஭ۺύǴ2011)Ǵջ٬ᙴৣᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ ՠჹܭჴሞวғᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ၀ӵՖ֋ޕϝࢂкᅈ֚ൽکᓸΚǴӢԜᙴ ᕍ஑཰Γ঩ᗋሡाуம࣬ᜢ૽ግǴх֖Α྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤวғࡕाᕕှੰ

ΓයఈளډϙሶǵᆶੰΓکৎឦޑྎ೯מѯǵჹᒱᇤ٣ҹޑᄊࡋک֋

ޕޑૻ৲ǵԾךཀ᛽ᆶЎϯৡ౦Ǵ೿ࢂ૽ግޑख़ा೽ҽǶ

ҁࣴز่݀ࡰрǴζ܄ჹЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾Ϸᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫଯ ܭت܄Ǵ໺಍аٰڅ݈ӑຝ೿ᇡࣁت܄୲மၨૈ୼਍ፁԾي៾੻ǴԶ ζ܄ޑفՅ೿ឦܭ଍ٰ໩ڙǴྕࢋӼᓉ(ArcherǴ2004)Ǵՠᒿ๱ਔж ޑᡂᎂǴζ܄දၹௗڙ௲ػԾЬ៾੻ཀ᛽ଯᅍ(ថד୲฻ΓǴ2003)Ǵ

ԶЦذ݄฻Γ(2003)ࣴز่݀ࡰрǴζ܄Кت܄ჹԾي଼நރݩ׳ࣁ ᜢЈЪಒЈǴӢԜǴ྽ᒱᇤวғࡕǴζ܄යఈЬ୏֋ޕϐཀᜫᇡӕࡋ ଯܭت܄Ƕ

ಃ ಃΒ࿯ ߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹ

ҁࣴزύǴᙴৣᇡࣁȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 10.1%Ȑ46 Γх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓᇡ ࣁԾρё౛܄ྎ೯ਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 89%Ȑ1,195 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶᙴৣᇡࣁȨᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩਔǴ

཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 13.2%Ȑ60 ΓǴх֖Ȩߚதӕཀȩ ϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓᇡࣁᆶᙴৣዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤޑԖ 93.8%Ȑ1,248 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶ

ҁࣴز຾΋؁аፄ଑ᘜϩ݋ǴيҽձϷ܄ձჹܭȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ

೯ȩϷȨᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ֡ၲᡉ๱

ৡ౦ǴੰΓჹԾρё౛܄ྎ೯аϷᙴৣᆶԾρዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴ

ৣЬ୏֋ޕϐᇡӕࡋࣣଯܭᙴৣǴԶζ܄ᇡӕࡋଯܭت܄Ƕ

ҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢǴᙴৣჹੰΓૈ౛܄ྎ೯ϷᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ

཮໼ӛЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᇡӕำࡋ࣬ၨܭੰΓКٯୃեǴٿޣϐ໔ Ӹӧ๱ৡ౦Ƕ

௖زځচӢǴᏢޣ Edwin(2009)ᆶ Levinson(2009)ගϷੰΓރݩ

཮ቹៜᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐཀᜫǴࢂӢࣁᙴৣᇡࣁੰΓᆒઓ΢ค ݤ܍ڙǴԖ೽ҽᙴৣ୷ܭ‘First do no harm‘ϐচ߾ǴᏼЈჹੰΓ֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴёૈᏤठੰΓЈ౛ڙډ໾্Զቹៜډੰ௃ǴӢԜᙴৣ཮

ᒧ᏷ό֋ޕǴёૈ୯ϣᙴৣӸӧ๱ӵЎ᝘܌ගϐᢀۺǴ୷ܭ‘First do no harm‘ϐচ߾Զᒧ᏷όЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴᙴৣᇡࣁᏃᆅӧЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓૈ౛܄ྎ೯ࡕុޑᙴᕍೀ࿼Ǵՠό௨ନੰΓёૈ

཮ӢЈ౛ޑᏼኁک৮ឨԶ٬ੰ௃ൾϯǴΨёૈӢੰΓӧளޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ วғࡕǴ܌௦ڗޑՉࣁǴᡣ୯ϣᙴৣ٠όᇡࣁੰΓࢂё౛܄ྎ೯ޑǴ ӢԜᇡӕࡋեܭੰΓǹᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯϐᙴৣǴёૈکੰΓԖߏයؼ ӳᙴੰᜢ߯Ǵ܌а׳ᏼЈЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮٬ᙴੰᜢ߯ڙډቹៜǴ

্܂ѨѐੰΓߞҺϷ൧ख़ӢԜ୯ϣᙴৣჹᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯǴߦ຾Ь୏

֋ޕᇡӕࡋեǶჹੰΓԶقǴ߾ࢂᇡࣁԾρૈ౛܄ྎ೯ਔǴࢂёߦ຾

ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕǴ୯ϣੰΓёૈჹԾيޑᕕှǴᇡࣁࢂԋዕЪ౛܄ޑǴ ऩᙴৣૈЬ୏܍ᇡᒱᇤЪߥ᛾ჹࡕុྣៈගٮֹ᏾ޑၗૻǴ߾ੰΓᇡ ࣁԾρࢂૈ୼౛܄Ъհᓉղᘐ(Wu et al., 1997) ǴࡺԜᇡӕࡋଯܭᙴ

ৣǹԶ྽ᙴৣᆶԾρዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ௢՗ੰΓёૈߏයפӕ΋ᙴৣ൩ᙴǴ ЪԖؼӳᙴੰᜢ߯Ǵ߄ҢੰΓ࣬ߞᙴৣޑ၈ߞǴӢԜᇡࣁёߦ຾ᙴৣ

Ь୏֋ޕǴঃऩǴ྽ੰΓؒ೏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴϸԶ཮᝺ள೏ङࠇک ғ਻Ǵдॺ཮ᇡࣁԾρޑ៾ճ೏ߟҍ(Wu et al., 1997)Ƕ

Ԗᜢζ܄ჹੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯аϷᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯਔ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣ

Ь୏֋ޕϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭت܄Ǵ௖زځӢનǴتζڀԖ܄ձ΢੝፦ޑ όӕǴٯӵت܄௃གၨࣁϣᗗǴόᏰߏྎ೯ǴԶζ܄ၨᏰߏܭྎ೯מ

ѯǵΓሞϕ୏аϷ௃ག߄ၲ(׵ऍ݄ǵᗛࣿҏǴ1996)ǴҗЎ᝘௢՗ζ

܄ӢᏰߏ߄ၲ௃གЪܰܭྎ೯ӢԜёаၨࣁ౛܄ᆶᙴৣྎ೯Ƕவዕ஼

ࡋБय़ٰ࣮ζ܄Γሞϕ୏ؼӳǴߏයΠٰёૈᆶᙴৣԖ΋ۓޑዕ஼ࡋǴ ӢԜζ܄ӧᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋਔ཮֋ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫϐ ᇡӕำࡋଯܭت܄Ƕ

ಃ ಃΟ࿯! Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋ

ਥᏵҁࣴز่݀ᡉҢǴᙴৣᏼЈȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩޑԖ 66.3%Ȑ152 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓᇡࣁȨԾρ཮

௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩޑԖ 46.3%Ȑ616 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶ Garbutt฻Γ(2007)ଞჹλٽࣽᙴৣࣴزᡉҢǺԖ 77%ޑᙴৣᇡࣁ΋ѿ

֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓϷৎឦԖёૈ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ǵќ΋ҽࣴزҗᏢ ޣ Gallagher ฻Γ(2003)่݀ࡰрǺ76%ৎ৥ᙴৣ߄Ң٠ό཮֋ޕੰ

Γᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴЬाচӢࢂ্܂֋ޕੰΓᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮Ԗᙴᕍນ೜

ޑౢғǶMazor ฻Γ(2010)ଞჹ 60 Տৎύλ࠸ම࿶ڙډᙴᕍᒱᇤ໾্

ޑᚈᒃ଺຾ՉፓࢗǴځ่݀ࡰрǺԖ 37%(13/35)ޑৎߏॺමԵቾၸ௦ ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ǵ14%(5/35)ޑৎߏමפၸݤࡓ៝ୢǴՠ໻Ԗ΋Տࢂ੿҅

௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ǵќ΋ࣴزҗᏢޣ Helmchen ฻Γ(2010)ӧऍ୯ޑҲճ ᒍԀ܌଺ϐࣴزǴჹ 1,018 ۚ҇ፓࢗᙴᕍᒱᇤޑ᝼ᚒǴځ่݀߄ҢǺ ऩᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ໻ 27%ޑ҇౲཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩Ƕҁࣴز

่݀ᆶ୯ѦЎ᝘࣬಄Ǵ୯ϣѦᙴৣදၹᇡࣁЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰ

Γ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ǴԶ୯ϣѦੰΓࠅ΋ठ߄ҢǴऩᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍ ᒱᇤၨό཮൨؃ݤࡓ೼৩Ƕ

௖زځচӢǴ୯ѦᙴৣჹЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᏼЈੰΓ཮௦ڗ

฻Γ(2005)߄ҢǴ2002 ԃऍ୯ᇯδݤѭ٥ԀǴჹЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑ ݤࡓࢂၨࣁᝄदǴೕۓ྽วғᝄख़٣ҹਔǴᙴଣሡӧ 7 Ϻϣаਜय़೯ ޕੰΓǴԜѦऍ୯Ψຬၸ 34 ঁԀुۓ“ၰᄹݤࡓ(Apology law)”Ǵӵ ԜܴዴޑݤࡓೕጄǴࢂाᡣ୯ѦᙴৣޕၰǴᙴᕍᒱᇤวғࡕǴऩόЬ

୏֋ޕǴੰΓԖܴዴᆅၰǴёݾڗϷ਍ፁԾيᙴᕍ៾੻Ǵӧ୯Ѧᙴᕍ ޟ઱፝ᓭߎᚐ࣬྽ଯܳǴऍ୯ഞԀޑ๲ࢃႥѱԖ໔ᄪ҇ᙴଣว߄ޑൔ

֋ύऩੰΓ൨ݤࡓ೼৩Զ࿶җ୯ৎှ،Ǵ߾ѳ֡؂ҹЍр຤Ҕऊ 270,854ऍϡ(Gallagher et al., 2007)ӢԜǴЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ୯Ѧᙴ

ৣᏼЈੰΓ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ޑᇡӕࡋଯǶԶӧ୯ϣᗨฅؒԖܴዴݤࡓೕ

ጄᙴৣԖЬ୏֋ޕϐက୍کόЬ୏֋ޕޑࡕុೢҺǴฅԶǴ߈ԃٰੰ

Γ๓ܭၮҔε౲൞ᡏٰඹԾρݾڗ៾੻Ǵό໻Ӣౢғᙴᕍޟ઱Զ፝ᓭ ᚳεߎᚐǴΨ٬ளᙴੰᜢ߯ڙډቹៜǴӢԜЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ୯ ϣᙴৣᏼЈੰΓ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ჹϐКٯଯܭ୯ϣੰΓǶ

ҁࣴزύǴӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈȨԾρ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩǴ ޑԖ 42.5%Ȑ192 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓᇡࣁȨԾ ρ཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩޑԖ 59.3%Ȑ789 ΓǴх֖Ȩߚத ӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶKaldjian ฻Γ(2007)ଞჹऍ୯ 538 ՏᙴৣᆶᙴᏢ ғ௖૸Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒǴࣴزࡰрǺԖ 58%ՏᙴৣᆶᙴᏢ ғǴᏼЈЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕ཮ڙډೀᆦǶMazor ฻Γ(2010)ଞჹৎ

ύλ࠸මڙډᙴᕍᒱᇤ໾্ޑᚈᒃॺࣁࣴزჹຝϐ่݀ᡉҢǺ60%

(21/35)ᚈᒃමҔαᓐ܈ࢂਜቪБԄډᙴଣՉࡹ೽ߐ׫ນ೷ԋᙴᕍᒱ ᇤޑᙴᕍ஑཰Γ঩ǴҔཀࢂགྷᡣ೷ԋᙴᕍᒱᇤޑΓ঩ڙډᚵೀǶҁࣴ

ز่݀ࡰрᙴৣᇡࣁЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᏼЈԾρ೏ᙴଣೀᆦϐК ٯեܭ୯ϣੰΓᆶ୯ѦЎ᝘࣬಄Ƕ

௖زځচӢǴ୯ϣѦᙴৣჹܭЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᏼЈԾρ೏

ᙴଣೀᆦϐКٯ࣬ၨܭ୯ϣѦੰΓୃեǴёૈᙴৣ୷ܭѤεউ౛চ߾Ǵ ᇡࣁ֋ޕࢂᙴৣޑက୍ǴΨࢂೢҺǴࢂ΋ᅿ੿҅ޑ๓ǴࢂჹੰΓޑ൧ ख़ȐᐽऍذǴ1996ȑǴԶЪЬ୏֋ޕჴ௃ࢂ୤΋ૈ୼੃ନЈ౛΢ޑό ӼǴΨૈவ٣ҹύᏢಞྎ೯מѯϷೀ౛ޑБԄ(Gallagher et al., 2006b^; Hevia & Hobgood, 2003)ǴӢԜᙴৣᜫཀЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶ

ӧ୯Ѧ൳ጇࣴزࣣࡰрǴ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓ٠ό

཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ǴϸԶ཮ӛᙴᕍՉࡹ೽ߐ׫ນǴाᡣᙴৣڙډᚵೀ

(Gallagher & Lucas, 2005; Helmchen et al., 2010; Mazor et al., 2010)Ǵځ চӢࢂੰΓ׆ఈᙴৣϷᙴᕍᐒᄬૈ୼ख़ຎᒱᇤޑୢᚒǴᗉխӆԛวғ (Gallagher et al., 2003; Matlow et al., 2006)Ƕ

ᙴৣᏼЈȨԾρӧ཰ࣚӜᖂڙཞȩޑԖ 49.1%Ȑ222 ΓǴх֖Ȩߚ தӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓᇡࣁȨԾρ཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣӧ཰ࣚӜᖂ ڙཞȩޑԖ 42.4%Ȑ565 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶᙴৣࢂ

࿶ၸӭԃ૽ግԶԋǴ٠Ъࢂଯ஑཰ޕ᛽ޑᙍ཰Ǵ܌аᒱᇤޑวғჹд ॺԶقࢂࡐεޑѺᔐǴдॺ཮໒ۈགډԾೢǵཎگǴ٠ซᒕࢂց၀֋

ޕੰΓ٣ჴǴΨ཮ᏼЈЬ୏֋ޕࡕ཮Ѩѐ៾࠶ǵӜ៉Ϸளٰόܰޑ᛾

ྣǴࣗԿࢂੰΓϐ໔αԸ࣬໺Ǵ཮ჹ୺཰೷ԋቹៜǴӢԜǴӧวғᙴ ᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴৣεӭᒧ᏷ό֋ޕ(Edwin, 2009; Leape, 2006a)ǶҗЎ᝘௢

՗Ǵ୯ϣᙴৣёૈᏼЈЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴҗੰΓϐ໔αԸ࣬໺Ǵ ҭ܈ࢂੰΓ൨؃ൔകᚇᇞک൞ᡏεစ࠹ඦǴ٬ᙴৣڙཞǴջ٬ᙴᕍ٣ ҹပჿϐࡕǴᙴৣ׆ఈૈᝩុᆶੰΓᆢ࡭ؼӳᙴੰᜢ߯ǴՠੰΓёૈ

Ψ཮ܤ࡭๱όߞҺޑᄊࡋϷᚶᅪفࡋǴӢԜᙴৣᏼЈԾρӧ཰ࣚӜᖂ ڙཞϐКٯଯܭੰΓǶ

ҁࣴزύǴӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣᏼЈȨᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩ ޑԖ 51.1%Ȑ231 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓᏼЈȨᙴ

ੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩޑԖ 52.7%Ȑ701 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶ ୯ѦЎ᝘ࡰрǴ೚ӭᙴৣᏼЈЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴஒ཮ቹៜᙴੰᜢ

߯аϷԾρکᙴଣޑ׎ຝǴԶ၂კ௝ᇂ٣ჴ੿࣬(Cleopas et al., 2006;

ߋల∯Ǵ2007)ǶԶੰΓ΋ठӕཀ྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤวғ೷ԋ໾্ਔǴ೿ය ఈᙴৣૈЬ୏֋ޕǴੰΓό໻཮Ӣࣁᙴৣ၈ჴޑ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴගܹ

ჹᙴৣޑࣗԿ཮ࡐགᐟᙴৣǴ٣ჴ΢ǴЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤஒԖշܭߦ

຾ᙴੰᜢ߯(Gallagher et al., 2003; Wu et al., 1997)Ƕҁࣴز่݀߄ҢǴ

ჹܭЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ୯ϣᙴৣᇡࣁЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᏼЈ ᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯϐКٯեܭ୯ϣੰΓǹᆶЎ᝘ό಄Ƕ௖زځচӢჹᙴৣ

ԶقǴᇡࣁЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ཮٬ᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯКٯୃեǴёૈ

ࢂӢࣁ߈ԃٰᙴଣຑ᠘ϐӢનǴ๱ख़ܭੰΓӼӄϐ᝼ᚒǴԖᜢୢບਔ ໔Ϸϣ৒७ڙᢋҞǴӚᙴଣा؃ᙴৣჹੰΓ၁ಒୢບǴߏයΠٰǴᆶ

ੰΓ୻Ꭶрؼӳᙴੰᜢ߯(؋లীǵቅٖҥǵࡼϒ൛Ǵ2008)ǴӢԜᙴ

ৣёૈᇡࣁ΋ѿ၈ჴЬ୏֋ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴࢂёளډੰΓᇡӕϷፊှǴΨ ёૈӵЎ᝘܌ගϷ୯ϣᙴৣᇡࣁᙴᕍᒱᇤวғࡕǴЬ୏֋ޕࢂёᆢៈ

ᙴੰᜢ߯ЪԖշܭᆢៈᙴଣ׎ຝǵੰΓߞᒘࡋ(Cleopas et al., 2006;

Sutker, 2008; ߋల∯Ǵ2007)ǶԶੰΓКٯୃଯǴёૈ୯ϣᙴᕍᕉნ ߏΦаٰǴឦܭᙴᕍР៾у΢ᙴৣ஑཰ޑ׎ຝϷמೌǴ٬ள୯ϣੰΓ

΋ޔߞᒘᙴৣǴ܌а྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤਔǴ཮ᡣੰΓڙډѺᔐǴ ΨёૈᏤठੰΓӧ۳ࡕ൩ᙴਔǴ཮ჹᙴৣܤ࡭๱όߞҺϐᄊࡋǴठ٬

ᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯǶ

ᙴৣᏼЈȨੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩޑԖ 49.7%Ȑ225 ΓǴх֖

ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǹੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈޑԖ 36.3%Ȑ483 ΓǴх֖ȨߚதӕཀȩϷȨӕཀȩȑǶᏢޣ Kaldjian ฻Γ(2007)ࡰрǴ ᙴৣᏼЈЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓёૈ཮ॄय़௃ᆣޑԖ 87%ǶᏢޣ Gallagher ฻Γ(2005)аϷ Rowe(2004)߄Ң྽ᒱᇤࢂၞ߈ᒱᇤ܈ࢂᇸ

༾ᒱᇤਔǴԖஒ߈ 70%ޑੰΓ཮གྷाᝩុکᙴৣ૸ፕௗΠٰޑံ௱Б ԄǴԶԖ 80%ޑੰΓ཮གྷکځдᙴৣ૸ፕǴԶԖ 14%ޑੰΓ߄Ңӵ

݀ᒱᇤؒ೷ԋ໾্ਔǴ׆ఈૈ೏ᙯϟډځдᙴৣǴᙴᕍᒱᇤำࡋࡋຫ ᝄख़Ǵ׆ఈ೏ᙯϟډځдᙴৣޑКٯၟ๱ᚹϲǴ߄ҢੰΓჹܭᙴৣς ѨѐߞЈǴฅԶӧ Wu ฻Γ(2009)ࣴزύࡰрǴ྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤวғǴᙴ

ৣЬ୏֋ޕǴ߾Ԗ 58%ޑ҇౲๏ϒᙴৣ҅य़ޑޭۓǴԶԖஒ߈ 81%

ޑ҇౲ᗋࢂ཮ߞҺᙴৣǴ୯ѦࣴزፓࢗǴځ่݀Ԗ܌όӕǴёૈࢂӢ ਔ໔ޑόӕǴ҇౲ЈᄊΨ೴ᅌׯᡂǴӢԜӧ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒ΢ǴΨԖόӕϸ ᔈǴԶҁࣴز่݀ᆶ Wu ฻ΓЎ᝘࣬಄Ƕҁࣴز่݀ࡰрǴ୯ϣᙴৣ

ჹܭЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᏼЈੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈКٯଯܭੰΓǴ ᆶЎ᝘࣬಄

ҁࣴز຾΋؁аፄ଑ᘜϩ݋Ǵ่݀ᡉҢӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ يҽձჹȨੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ȩǵȨੰΓ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩǵ Ȩᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩǵȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩǴ֡ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ǹԖคᙴᕍນ

೜࿶ᡍӧȨੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ȩǴၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓჹԾρޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதғࢲϐ ᇡӕำࡋեܭᙴৣ(p<0.05)ǹคᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣჹੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜ ᙴৣВதբ཰ϐᇡӕำࡋեܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣ(p<0.05)ǴԖᜢЎ᝘

ࣗϿǴӢԜҁࣴز௢՗ǴΨ೚߈ԃٰǴཥᆪ൞ᡏε൯ൔᏤԖᜢᙴᕍᒱ

ᇤϐ᝼ᚒǴ٬ளੰΓᇡࣁ΋ѿԖᙴᕍᒱᇤวғǴߡ໒ۈ઱઱൨؃҇ཀ ж߄ǵൔകᚇᇞǴࣗԿࢂو΢ຉᓐǴा؃ᙴৣϷᙴᕍᐒᄬ๏ϒϦၰǴ Զ೭٤Չࣁࠅ೿೷ԋΑᙴৣޑ֚ᘋǴӢԜᙴৣჹੰΓՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣ

Вதբ཰ᇡӕࡋଯǶǶੰΓ௦ڗޑՉࣁቹៜډᙴৣВதғࢲբ཰Ǵό ௨ନࢂҗܭځдচӢԶᏤठǴٯӵ྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤวғǴᙴৣᆶᙴᕍᐒᄬ څཀᗦᑀ܈ࢂӧ٣ҹ໺ၲ೽ҽ۹ౣ੿ჴ܄(Gallagher & Lucas, 2005;

Gallagher et al., 2003; Moskop et al., 2006)ǴനಖੰΓளޕ٣ҹ੿࣬Ǵ ѝӳ௦ڗՉ୏ǴԶ೭٤Չ୏ੰΓ٠όᇡӕ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதբ཰ǴӢࣁ ჹੰΓԶقǴёૈᇡࣁѝࢂӧ਍ፁԾيᙴᕍ៾੻Ƕคᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣǴ ёૈؒԖ࿶ᐕၸᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ٣ҹǴӢԜჹੰΓޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВத բϐᇡӕำࡋեǶ

Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ϐᇡӕำࡋեܭᙴৣ

(p<0.001)Ƕᗨฅ Lorens ฻Γ(2010)ࣴزࡰр྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ ࡕǴੰΓၨό཮൨؃ݤࡓ೼৩ၲ಍ीᡉ๱ǶBenbassat ฻Γ(2001)ࣴز

่݀ࡰрǴҢᙴৣᆶᙴᏢғࣣᏼЈ΋ѿЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴੰΓёૈ

཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ǴฅԶǴҗ୯ѦЎ᝘คݤளޕᙴੰᚈБჹЬ୏֋ޕᙴ ᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ϐৡ౦܄Ƕҁࣴزϩ݋ځ่݀ࣁǴЬ୏֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ᇡӕࡋեܭᙴৣǶ௖زځচӢǴ୯ ϣੰΓёૈӵӕЎ᝘܌ගǴऩᙴৣᜫཀЬ୏֋ޕǴЪ๏ϒၰᄹǴ߾٠

ό཮൨؃ݤࡓ೼৩ǴࠖՕεᏢޑࣴزᡉҢჹӢᙴᕍ౧۹ڙډ໾্ޑੰ

Γ໻ 3%ډ 5%཮ගрນ೜Ǵځ่݀߄Ң֋ޕࡕ੿҅཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ ޑੰΓ٠όӭǴԶࢂҗځдӢ೷ԋ(Gallagher & Lucas, 2005)Ƕ೚ӭЎ

᝘ࡰрǴ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ཮फ़եᙴᕍޟ઱(Edwin, 2009;

Gallagher & Lucas, 2005; Leape, 2006a; Moskop et al., 2006)Ǵՠ୯ϣᙴ

ৣനᏼЈᙴᕍᒱᇤวғࡕǴ΋ѿЬ୏֋ޕǴੰΓᙖԜᐒ௦ڗນ೜ჹᙴ

ৣ܈ࢂᙴᕍଣ܌ा؃ε฽፝ᓭߎᚐǴӢԜЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ୯ϣ ᙴৣᏼЈੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ᇡӕࡋଯǶǶ

Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓ཮௦ڗՉ୏Ǵ٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦаϷ

٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞϐᇡӕำࡋଯܭᙴৣ(p<0.001 vs p<0.01)ǶLorens ฻ Γ(2010)ࣴز่݀߄ҢǺЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ҇౲཮ӛᙴᕍՉࡹ೽

ߐ׫ນǴाᡣ೷ԋᒱᇤϐᙴᕍΓ঩ڙډᚵೀǴၲ಍ीᡉ๱ǶMuller ک Ornstein (2007)ޑࣴزǴଞჹᙴᏢғፓࢗԖᜢჹܭᙴᕍᒱᇤϐᄊࡋ

่݀߄ҢǺᙴᏢғӧ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ্܂೏ೀᆦၲ಍ीᡉ๱ǶฅԶǴ Ў᝘คݤளޕᙴੰᚈБჹܭЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦϐ ৡ౦܄Ƕҁࣴز่݀߄ҢǴੰΓ཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦǴаϷ

٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞᇡӕࡋଯܭᙴৣǶ௖زځচӢǴ྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤ೷ԋ໾্

ਔǴ܌ԖޑੰΓ೿׆ఈᙴৣૈЬ୏֋ޕǴ٠Ъ׆ఈᙴᕍΓ঩ૈ୼ᜢЈ ډۭࢂวғϙሶୢᚒǴૈ୼வᒱᇤύᏢಞǴӧ҂ٰჹܭᜪ՟ޑᒱᇤΨ

ૈԖ΋঺ؼӳޑႣٛ௛ࡼ(Gallagher et al., 2003)ǴѠ᡼ӭԃٰڙᙴᕍ Р៾ޑቹៜǴੰΓჹᙴৣ೿ӸԖ΋ҽ൧ལکགᐟޑЈǴ྽ᙴৣЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓߏΦаٰޑߞҺϷ൧ལ཮ႥਔґှǴࣁΑ٬ᙴᕍ ᐒᄬᆶᙴৣૈ୼ख़ຎᒱᇤޑวғǴЪόᡣᙴᕍᒱᇤӆԛวғܭΠ΃Տ

ੰΓي΢ǴੰΓߡ཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴᕍᐒᄬૈ୼ख़ຎᒱᇤޑวғǴԶ೭ ٤Չ୏ёૈႽࢂ٬ᙴৣڙډೀᆦǴ܈ࢂ൨פ൞ᡏᔅշǴ೷ԋᙴଣӜᖂ ڙཞǶ୯ϣᙴৣჹੰΓ཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦǴаϷ٬ᙴଣӜ ᖂڙཞϐᇡӕำࡋեܭੰΓǴёૈϐচӢǴନΑᙴৣᇡࣁ֋ޕࢂ΋ᅿ

੿҅ޑ๓аϷૈ୼ளډЈ౛΢ޑှಥϐѦǴёૈΨӢࣁѠ᡼Ҟ߻ჹܭ ᙴᕍᒱᇤޑวғǴЬाࢂჹس಍΢ޑલѨک᏾ঁი໗଺ᔠ૸Ǵߚᙴৣ

ঁΓǴ٠ӧόᚵᆦޑᕉნ๏ϒ٣ҹ೯ൔϐႴᓰ(Stucker, 2009)ǴӢԜ

٬୯ϣᙴৣᏼЈੰΓ௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣڙډೀᆦаϷ٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞ ϐᇡӕำࡋեܭੰΓǶ

ಃ ಃϤക! ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼

аΠϩձ൩ࣴز่ፕǵࣴزࡌ᝼Ϸࣴزज़ڋΟ೽ҽ଺૸ፕǶ

ಃ΋࿯! ่ፕ

΋ǵġ Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤཀᜫ

ᙴৣԖཀᜫЬ୏֋ޕȨᇸ༾ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 398 Γ(86.1%)Ǵੰ

ΓԖཀᜫ೏Ь୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 1,171 Γ(88%)ǶᙴৣԖཀᜫ ӕЬ୏֋ޕȨᝄख़ȩᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 315 Γ(69.7%)ǴੰΓԖཀᜫ೏Ь

୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 1,116 Γ(82.9%)Ƕҁࣴز่݀ᆶ୯ѦЎ᝘࣬

಄Ǵ୯ϣѦᙴৣᗨԖཀᜫЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴՠᒱᇤᝄख़ࡋࢂ཮ቹៜ ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕϐཀᜫǶ

ჹܭЬ୏֋ޕᇸ༾ᙴᕍᒱᇤϷЬ୏֋ޕᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴيҽᆶ܄

ձၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵόፕࢂวғᇸ༾Ϸᝄख़ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴੰΓჹЬ୏֋

ޕϐཀᜫޑำࡋࣣଯܭᙴৣǴԜ่݀ᆶ୯ѦЎ᝘࣬಄ǹԶ܄ձ೽ҽᙴ ᕍᒱᇤวғࡕǴόፕᒱᇤᝄख़ำࡋǴζ܄Ԗཀᜫޑำࡋଯܭت܄Ƕ Βǵġ ߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤచҹ

ᙴৣᇡӕȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ ޑԖ 46 Γ(10.1%)ǴੰΓᇡӕԾρё౛܄ྎ೯ਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋

ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 1,195 Γ(89%)ǶᙴৣᇡӕȨᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩਔǴ

཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 60 Γ(13.2%)ǴੰΓᇡӕᆶᙴৣዕ

஼ࡋଯਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑԖ 1,248 Γ(93.8%)Ƕ ჹȨੰΓё౛܄ྎ೯ȩǵȨᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯȩਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏

֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴيҽձᆶ܄ձၲ಍ीᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴੰΓჹܭԾρё౛܄

ྎ೯аϷᙴৣᆶԾρዕ஼ࡋଯਔǴ཮ߦ຾ᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕϐᇡӕำࡋࣣ

ଯܭᙴৣǹζ܄ᇡӕำࡋଯܭت܄Ƕ

Οǵġ Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋ

ᙴৣᏼЈȨੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩޑԖ 152 Γ(66.3%)ǴੰΓᇡ ࣁȨԾρ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩޑԖ 616 Γ(46.3%)Ƕ

ᙴৣᏼЈȨᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩޑԖ 179 Γ(39.6%)ǴੰΓᇡࣁȨԾ ρ཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞȩޑԖ 505 Γ(38%)Ƕ

ᙴৣᏼЈȨ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩޑԖ 192 Γ(42.5%)ǴੰΓᇡࣁȨԾρ

཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩޑԖ 789 Γ(59.3%)Ƕ

ᙴৣᏼЈȨᙴੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩޑԖ 231 Γ(51.1%)ǴੰΓᏼЈȨᙴ

ੰᜢ߯ൾϯȩޑԖ 701 Γ(52.7%)Ƕ

ᙴৣᏼЈȨੰΓ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩޑԖ 225 Γ(49.7%)ǴੰΓ ᇡࣁȨԾρ཮ჹᙴৣѨѐߞЈȩޑԖ 483 Γ(36.3%)Ƕ

ჹᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதғࢲȩǴ يҽձаԖคᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ǶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰ

ΓჹԾρޑՉࣁ཮ቹៜᙴৣВதғࢲϐᇡӕำࡋեܭᙴৣǹคᙴᕍນ

೜࿶ᡍޣϐᇡӕำࡋեܭԖᙴᕍນ೜࿶ᡍޣǶ

ჹᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨੰΓ௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ȩǴيҽձၲᡉ

๱ৡ౦ǶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓ཮௦ڗݤࡓ೼৩ϐᇡӕࡋեܭᙴ

ৣǶ

ჹᇡӕЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕȨᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦȩаϷȨᙴଣӜᖂ ڙཞȩǴيҽձၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ǶЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴੰΓჹԾρ཮௦ ڗՉ୏Ǵ٬ᙴৣ೏ᙴଣೀᆦаϷ٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞϐᇡӕࡋଯܭᙴৣǶ

ಃ ಃΒ࿯ ࡌ᝼

΋ǵġ ჹࡹ۬ϷፁғЬᆅᐒᜢϐࡌ᝼

1. ೕჄϷुۓЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤ࣬ᜢ؁ᡯϷೕۓǺ

! ! ӧݤࡓቫय़΢Ǵऍ୯ᇯδݤѭ٥ԀჹЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤޑݤࡓೕ

ۓࢂǺ྽วғᝄख़٣ҹਔǴᙴଣሡӧ7Ϻϣаਜय़೯ޕੰΓǹԜѦऍ ୯Ԗຬၸ34ঁԀुۓΑ“ၰᄹݤࡓ(Apology law)”Ǵम୯کу৾εჹЬ

୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤΨ೿Ԗ࣬ᜢҥݤೕۓǴӵԜܴዴޑݤࡓೕጄǴ൩ࢂा

ᡣᙴৣޕၰǴ྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤวғࡕǴऩόЬ୏֋ޕǴੰΓԖܴዴᆅၰё ݾڗϷ਍ፁԾيᙴᕍ៾੻ǶӢԜǴ୯ϣёୖԵ୯Ѧ࣬ᜢݤࡓ٠่ӝ୯ ϣᙴᕍᐒᄬǴ೴؁ुۓ಄ӝ୯ϣᙴᕍᕉნϐЬ୏֋ޕݤచǴ٬ᙴৣჹ Ь୏֋ޕޑက୍ǵठᄹϷ܍ᏼೢҺϐݤࡓϯǴԶ၀ݤࡓϐुۓό໻ा

ૈߥምੰΓᙴᕍ៾੻ǴӧೕჄޑӕਔΨѸ໪ೕჄрӵՖᗉխᙴৣޑЬ

୏֋ޕǵठᄹϷ܍ᏼೢҺԋࣁੰΓນ೜઩፝ϐπڀǶ

ӧࡹ฼ڋۓ΢Ǵऍ୯ޑ JACHO аϷ NQF ࣣԖा؃ᙴᕍᐒᄬӧ วғᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕሡ֋ޕ٣ҹޑ੿࣬ǵ߄ၲᒪᏬаϷၰᄹǶќѦӧऍ୯ ஏՋਥӦ୔ൔ֋ࡰрǺჴࡼ֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡹ฼ϖԃࡕǴ၀Ӧ୔ᙴᕍນ

೜຤Ҕᆶਢҹኧ೿ε൯फ़եǴԃࡋນ೜຤Ҕவ 300 ࿤ऍϡ෧ϿډԿ 100࿤ऍϡǴນ೜ਢҹኧΠफ़ 50%а΢Ƕ୯ѦჴࡼЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍࡹ฼

฼཮ȑΨёஒЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤયΕຑ᠘ጄൎǴ၁ಒुۓځచЎǴ٬

Ь୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ᝼ᚒૈ୼දϷϯǴќѦё่ӝᙴᕍᐒᄬǴჴࡼЬ

୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ၂ᒤࡹ฼฻ीฝǴଛӝӚଣಔᙃЎϯǴঅुځЬ୏

֋ޕᒤݤǴ٠࡭ុଓᙫԋਏǶ

2. ჹޗ཮ε౲Ϸᙴᕍᐒᄬ࠹Ꮴय़ჹᙴᕍᒱᇤਔᔈԖϐ҅ዴᢀۺǺ ӧЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐߦ຾చҹ྽ύǴளޕᙴৣ٠ό཮ӢੰΓё

౛܄ྎ೯کᆶੰΓዕ஼ࡋଯԶߦ຾Ь୏֋ޕǴฅੰΓགྷݤࠅᆶᙴৣ࣬

ϸǴࢂցӢੰΓӧᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ܌և౜ϐ߄౜٠όӵԾ ρ܌Ⴃය࠼ᢀϷ౛܄ǴԶ٬ᙴৣ٠όᇡӕǴฅԶੰΓԖȨޕȩޑ៾ճǴ ӢԜᙴৣᔈჹੰΓЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶՠ܌ᒏȨޕȩޑ៾ճǴࢂࡌҥ ӧᙴৣޑက୍ǴҞ߻୯ϣۘ҂ԖݤࡓϷࡹ฼ޑڋۓǴӢԜᙴৣЬ୏֋

ޕޑೢҺϷက୍ߡࡌҥӧউ౛ೕጄϐΠǴԶ୷ܭ“First do no harm”ϐ চ߾ǴᙴৣॺᇡࣁऩჹੰΓЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǴёૈ٬ੰΓӢЈ౛ڙ ډ໾্Զቹៜډғ౛ǴࡺԜᙴৣ཮୷ܭၰက΢Զᒧ᏷ό֋ޕǶа୯ϣ

ٰ࣮ǴੰΓ׆ఈԖȨޕȩޑ៾ճϐ߻ගǴᔈࢂੰΓૈ୼ዴۓԾρࢂӧ

౛܄ޑጄൎϣǴх֖يᡏǵЈ౛ރݩ೿ࢂؼӳޑ௃ݩΠǴ࿶ၸᙴৣຑ

՗ၸࡕǴωჹੰΓЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤǶӢԜፁғЬᆅᐒᜢᔈ፾ࡋӛε

౲Ϸᙴৣ௲ᏤЬ୏֋ޕ௲ػǴ྽ޗ཮ε౲ჹЬ୏֋ޕૈ୼Ԗࢌำࡋϐ ᕕှǴᙴৣΨ཮׳уԖཀᜫЬ୏֋ޕǶ

Βǵჹᙴᕍଣ܌ϐࡌ᝼

ᙴᕍᐒᄬёڋۓЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐ௲ػ૽ግǴЪ؂΋Տيࣁᙴ ଣޑ঩π೿ᔈ၀ௗڙֹ᏾૽ግǴӢ྽ੰΓவ௠ဦ΋ޔډрଣޑၸำǴ

܌ௗ᝻ډޑᙴଣ঩πǴԖ௠ဦᘕѠλۆǵៈγǵᙴৣϷᛰᏊৣ฻Ǵࡺ

ԜόፕҺՖΓǴѝाԖว౜ᙴᕍᒱᇤǴ؂΋Տ೿ԖᙍೢЬ୏֋ޕǴ٠ ߚଞჹᙴৣঁΓǴӧ୯ѦόϿᐒᄬ೿Ԗ࣬ᜢኳᔕ૽ግǴаߦ຾ྎ೯מ ѯϷ߄ၲБԄǴࣗԿӼ௨΋Տ஑঩Ǵᡣ঩πӧ੿҅य़ᖏ֋ޕރݩਔૈ

๏ϒࡰᏤکᔅշǴӢԜǴ௲ػ૽ግჹܭᙴᕍᐒᄬࢂࡐख़ाޑǴԶ௲ػ

૽ግᔈх֖௲Ꮴԋ঩ӧय़ᖏวғᙴᕍᒱᇤਔाӵՖӢᔈϷ֋ޕǴаٛ

ஒٰय़ჹ੿ჴރݩࠅคݤӢᔈǶќѦёڋۓЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤϐࢬำǴ ճҔᙴᕍი໗ӝբБԄଛӝଣϣ೯ൔس಍Ǵٯӵ΋ঁᙴᕍი໗ԋ঩ऩ ளޕԖᙴᕍᒱᇤޑวғǴёӃ຾Չ೯ൔǴຑ՗ੰΓރݩࡕǴӆ຾ՉЬ

୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤૻ৲Ƕ

ੰΓ߄ҢӧᙴৣЬ୏֋ޕᙴᕍᒱᇤࡕǴ཮௦ڗՉ୏٬ᙴৣڙډೀ

ᆦаϷ٬ᙴଣӜᖂڙཞǴᙴᕍᒱᇤޑวғǴੰΓϷৎឦۓ཮གډ৮ཉ Ϸ্܂ǴӢԜᙴଣᔈӧЬ୏֋ޕੰΓࡕǴࡌҥੰΓғ౛ǵЈ౛аϷ௃

ᆣ΢Ѝ࡭ޑᐒڋǴӧፎ஑཰Γ঩ӧ਒๏ϒڐշϷЍ࡭ǴੰΓϷৎឦޑ

௃ᆣૈၨࣁᛙۓǴၨό཮Ԗॄय़Չࣁޑᖐ୏ǴԶᙴଣёԋҥ॥ᓀᆅ౛

λಔǴӧಃ΋ਔ໔ޑวғਔǴӕਔ๏ϒᙴৣϷੰΓৎឦᚈБ጗ፂϷှ

،ୢᚒޑ฼ౣǶ

Οǵჹࡕុࣴزޣޑࡌ᝼

1. аୢڔኳԄวܫǴஒᙴৣ୔ϩԋՐଣǵЬݯ܈ϣࣽǵѦࣽǴٰ௖

૸ࢂց่݀཮Ԗ܌όӕǴჹᙴৣёᘉεวܫጄൎǴКၨчǵύǵࠄϐ ᙴଣࢂցԖ܌όӕǹԶჹੰΓёа࡚܄ੰΓࣁࣴزჹຝǴӢࣁᙴᕍᒱ ᇤޑวғ೯தܭ࡚܄ੰΓวғޑᐒ౗ၨଯǴࣴز่݀ஒ׳ڀԖж߄

܄Ƕ

2. ᘉεࣴزჹຝϐጄൎǴёᙖԜᕕှځдᙴ٣Γ঩ჹܭЬ୏֋ޕᙴ ᕍᒱᇤϐ࣮ݤǶ

3. ёуΕ፦܄ࣴزᐄှᙴৣکੰΓޑགྷݤǴӢࣁᙴᕍᒱᇤࢂၨ௵ག ޑ᝼ᚒǴऩૈҔೖፋޑБԄǴၨૈుΕᐄှᚈБ੿҅ޑགྷݤǶ

ಃ ಃΟ࿯ ࣴزज़ڋ

΋ǵġ ҁࣴزჹᙴᕍᒱᇤϐۓကǴаᙴᏢفࡋٰှញǴԶჹЬ୏֋ޕ ᙴᕍᒱᇤࢂаউ౛فࡋрวǴᆄ࣮ᙴৣ྽ᙴᕍᒱᇤวғࡕǴࢂ

ցᜫཀЬ୏֋ޕǶ

Βǵġ ҁࣴزӢ௦Ҕ౜Ԗၗ਑଺ϩ݋Ǵࣴزჹຝ٠คଛჹǴЪٿҽୢ

ڔӣԏਔ໔΢Ԗ܌όӕǴ࣬႖΋ԃѰѓǴځᄊࡋёૈԖ܌ቹៜ Զӧ಍ी΢Ԗ܌ᇤৡǶ

Οǵġ ҁࣴزᘏڗٿҽୢڔ࣬ӕཷۺϐᚒҞ຾Չၗ਑ϩ݋Ǵӧߞࡋ΢

ёૈԖ܌ቹៜǶќѦǴٿҽୢڔऩค࣬ӕཷۺϐᚒҞ߾όયΕ

ࣴزǴӢԜӧᡂ໨΢Ԗ܌ज़ڋǴคݤుΕࢂցԖځдӢનቹៜ ᙴੰᚈБϐᄊࡋǶ

Ѥǵġ ҁࣴزӧᙴৣୢڔ೽ҽǴ໻ж߄ϤৎᙴଣǴӢԜǴӸӧѦ௢܄

όىϐୢᚒǴคݤж߄ӄѠ᡼ᙴৣǹੰΓୢڔ೽ҽǴࢂаᄌ܄

ੰ϶იᡏࣁࣴزჹຝǴԶᙴᕍᒱᇤ೯தၨ৒ܰวғӧ࡚܄ੰΓ ਢٯ΢ǴҁࣴزѦ௢܄όىаж߄ӄᡏੰΓǶ

ୖ

ୖԵЎ᝘

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