• 沒有找到結果。

第四章 實驗結果與討論

4.7 mobility 之變化

利用表面能差異促使P3HT、PCBM 產生相分離形成垂直分向異質接面結構 如圖4-10(b),是否能促進電荷在主動層材料中傳遞,由 Ultraviolet-visible 吸收光 譜幾個主要peak 值的提升,代表垂直方向相分離之主動層材料其分子間排列規則 性較高,而對於電洞遷移率(mobility)影響如何將在以下探討。許多技術可用來測 定 電 子 和 電 洞 遷 移 率 , 包 括 了 time-of-flight(TOF)[35]、 field effect transistor characteristics[36]和利用 space charge limit current(SCLC) model 去 fitting 元件 J-V 曲線[37]。本實驗中利用製作單一載子(hole-only)元件,藉由元件暗電流與 SCLC model 去估算其電洞遷移率。為了製作 hole-only 元件我們將陰極結構改變,以 Molybdenum oxide(MoO3)/Al 取代原本 Ca/Al 結構如圖 4-18,。MoO3 功函數 (Φ)=5.3eV,若以它做為陰極材料,由於 MoO3與PCBM 的 LUMO 間有著很大的 能 階 差(ΔE ~ 1.4eV) , 而 抑 制 電 子 由 上 部 電 極 注 入 使 得 元 件 呈 現 單 一 載 子 (hole-only)特性[38]。圖 4-19 為單一載子元件 J-V 暗電流特性曲線,我們可利用 在低偏壓時SCLC model: 9 0 2 3

8

r V

J = ε ε μ L 求得電洞遷移率μ,其ε ε 為主動層高0 r 分子的介電常數,ε 為 8.85×100 -12 C2/J m,P3HT/PCBM 系統中ε 值為 3,L 為薄r 膜厚度,本實驗薄膜厚度約為 200nm(由 AFM 量測所得)。Table.Ⅴ為元件不同 grating size 相對的 hole mobility,由實驗數據顯示,垂直方向異質接面結構有效 地提高電洞遷移率,由一般異質接面的2.53×10-8 m2V-1S-1提升至4.23×10-8 m2V-1S-1 (約為 1.5 倍),這是因為 p-n 材料間垂直方向相分離相較於一般異質接面,當激子 分離為自由電荷,電子、電洞個別有垂直基板的較佳傳遞路徑,減少電荷傳遞過 程遇到 trap 與再結合(recombination)的機會,而導致載子遷移率提升。由載子遷 移率與元件特性的分析,我們證實 hole mobility 提升為有機太陽能電池短路電

4-18 單一載子(hole-only)元件各材料能階示意圖

0.1 1

101 102

J DARK(mA/cm2 )

V=VAPPLIED- VBI (V) SAMs without grating

with 1.00 μm grating with 0.75 μm grating with 0.50 μm grating

4-19 hole-only 元 件 (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/MoO3/Al) 其 JDARKV 特性曲線。VBI(built-in potential)=0.1V,MoO3 厚度:

3nm,Al:100nm.

TABLE.Ⅴ 元件具不同 grating size 相分離主動層其電洞遷移率

grating size

Mobility(m2V-1S-1)

no 2.53×10-8

1u 3.84×10-8

0.75u 4.10×10-8

0.5u 4.23×10-8

第五章 結論

本研究成功地建立一種新穎的方法在 ITO 玻璃基板製作出具可控制性相分 離 的 有 機 高 分 子 太 陽 能 電 池 。 我 們 結 合 自 組 裝 薄 膜 特 性 與 奈 米 壓 印 技 術 (microcontact printing),藉由表面能差異性去促成共軛高分子 P3HT 及小分子 PCBM 產生自主性排列(self-aligned)現象而達到垂直異質接面結構,這是過往相 關文獻最大不同的地方。在針對3-[2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethyl-

amino]propyltrimethoxysilan 對於材料附著性實驗中顯示NH2-functionalized SAMs 有非常好的選擇性並且能提升 P3HT 分子排列規則性。而 AFM 量測影像結果看 出在主動層材料(P3HT/PCBM)間確實存在著相分離現象,使得薄膜呈現均勻次微 米(sub-micron)等級 grating 結構,最小 grating 間距可至 0.5μm。在太陽模擬光 AM 1.5G 照射下,太陽能電池元件之短路電流隨著 donor-acceptor 界面接觸面積增加 而提升,填充因子也有些微增加,以致於垂直異質結構有較高的光電轉換效率。

此外,我們由exciton generation rate、 exciton dissociation probability、UV-visible absorption 及 holy mobility 這幾個因素去分析短路電流與光電轉換效率提升的結 果,我們發現相分離產生垂直異質接面不但能增加 donor-acceptor 界面面積使得 激子更有效分離成自由電荷,p-n 材料垂直規則性排列對於電荷載子傳輸有所幫 助而表現在電洞遷移率提升現象上。次微米grating 結構其不平整的表面造成光學 效應,使得主動層薄膜產生light trapping 現象而提升光吸收度與 generation rate。

總而言之,本研究證實了一個新穎的自主性排列方法來控制有機太陽能電池高分 子混合材料相分離,並且以這個概念去製作具有理想化p-n 材料間結構的元件,

由光照射下J-V 電性所示,元件具有不錯的穩定性及光伏特元件特性。

第六章 未來展望

本研究所表達的是一個很重要的概念去最佳化太陽能電池主動層材料結 構,雖然初步實驗結果對於元件短路電流、光電轉換效率提升效果有限,但未來 若能夠針對製程參數做調整,包括了奈米壓印圖型條件、自組裝薄膜的選擇、

grating 結構線寬間距及膜厚調整等,找到一個最佳化的條件,那麼元件特性必定 能夠有更突破性提升。此外,本文章中有幾個現象是往後必須繼續去探討研究 的,包括造成在不同grating 間距大小 P3HT/PCBM 薄膜吸收度的差異性原因,這 部分或許可藉由光學模擬系統與理論計算去尋找適當的解釋方式。另一方面,針 對具不同grating size 元件之電洞載子遷移率有所變化的現象,希望能藉助 XRD 量測去探討分子間排列差異性。未來也將由上述研究結果去調整元件製程條件以 期能夠達到最佳光電轉換效率。

雖然就目前高分子有機太陽能電池之光電轉換效率來說,已經可以達到相當 好的光電轉換效率,但由於P3HT 能帶寬為 1.9eV,主要主吸收在 600nm 光譜以 下,而就太陽光譜來看,由圖6-1 所示,有相當大的部份是在大於 600nm 波長的 能量分佈,因此,開發出新的低能帶寬高分子材料,且能階與acceptor 相匹配,

擁有高的載子遷移率是未來該領域的趨勢。

在2006 年,Scharber 等人利用Voc =(1/e)(EDonorHOMOEPCBMLUMO)−0.3V 公式推 知在固定Acceptor 為 PCBM 時,當降低 donor 材料的 HOMO 能階,可以得到最 大的開路電壓值,此外利用固定donor 的 HOMO 能階為-5.7eV 去估計光電轉換效 率極限,當donor 的 LUMO 能階降低時,能帶寬(Eg)也隨之降低,且在能帶寬小 於1.8eV 時,可使高分子光伏電池光電轉換效率高達 10%(圖 6-2)[39]。之後,結 合串疊式太陽能電池技術(圖 6-3)[40],相信在未來更有機會達到實際運用的光電 轉換效率。另一方面,在追求高轉換效率的同時,材料本身的耐熱性、耐久性及 穩定性勢必也將成為未來有機太陽能電池符合商品實際應用上所必須面對的問 題。最後,希望本研究內容所提出的論點對國內外學術界與相關產業將有所貢 獻,並且在未來發展結合上述兩個提升轉換效率的方法,期許有機太陽能電池能 夠在日常生活中更普及化與更廣泛地應用。

6-2 預測光電轉換效率與 donor 的 LUMO 能階關係,圖中顯示 HOMO 能階 固定在-5.7eV 時,當 LUMO 能階降低至能帶寬小於 1.8eV,高分子光伏電 池轉換效率可達10%. [39]

6-3 結合高分子與小分子之有機串疊式太陽能電池結構(tandem cell). [40]

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