Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.103.3.411
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462. doi:10.1348/096317999166789
Avramenko, A. (2012). Enhancing students’ employability through business simulation. Education+
Training, 54(5), 355-367. doi:10.1108/00400911211244669
Bailly, F. (2008). The role of employers’ beliefs in the evaluation of educational output. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(3), 959-968. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.083
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child Development, 67(3), 1206-1222. doi:10.
1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01791.x
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, NY: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership.
European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9-32. doi:10.1080/1359432 99398410
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. The International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3-4), 541-554.
Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181-217. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00016-8
彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧 轉換型領導與就業力 95
Bassi, M., Steca, P., Delle Fave, A., & Caprara, G. V. (2007). Academic self-efficacy beliefs and quality of experience in learning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 301-312. doi:10.
1007/s10964-006-9069-y
Bogler, R., Caspi, A., & Roccas, S. (2013). Transformational and passive leadership: An initial investigation of university instructors as leaders in a virtual learning environment. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 41(3), 372-392. doi:10.1177/1741143212474805 Bolkan, S., & Goodboy, A. K. (2009). Transformational leadership in the classroom: Fostering
student learning, student participation, and teacher credibility. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 36(4), 296-307. doi:10.1080/08934215.2010.511399
Bridgstock, R. (2009). The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: Enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research & Development, 28(1), 31-44.
doi:10.1080/07294360802444347
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Cai, Y. (2013). Graduate employability: A conceptual framework for understanding employers’
perceptions. Higher Education, 65(4), 457-469. doi:10.1007/s10734-012-9556-x
Capron, L. (1999). The long-term performance of horizontal acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal, 20(11), 987-1018. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199911)20:11<987::AID-SMJ61>3.0.
CO;2-B
Chang, C.-C., Jong, A., & Huang, F.-C. (2012). Using electronic resources to support problem-based learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(2), 195-206. doi:10.2190/EC.46.2.e Chen, J., Lee, M., Lee, H., Wang, Y., Lin, L., & Yang, J. (2006). An online evaluation of problem-
based learning (PBL) in Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan－A pilot study. Annals- Academy of Medicine Singapore, 35(9), 624-633.
Choi, B. K., & Rhee, B. S. (2014). The influences of student engagement, institutional mission, and cooperative learning climate on the generic competency development of Korean undergraduate students. Higher Education, 67(1), 1-18. doi:10.1007/s10734-013-9637-5
Choi, N. (2005). Self‐efficacy and self‐concept as predictors of college students’ academic performance. Psychology in the Schools, 42(2), 197-205. doi:10.1002/pits.20048
Colman, M. M., & Carron, A. V. (2001). The nature of norms in individual sport teams. Small Group Research, 32(2), 206-222. doi:10.1177/104649640103200204
Cranmer, S. (2006). Enhancing graduate employability: Best intentions and mixed outcomes. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 169-184. doi:10.1080/03075070600572041
Cross, K. P. (1999). Learning is about making connections: The cross papers number 3. Mission Viejio, CA: League for Innovation in the Community College and Educational Testing Service.
96 轉換型領導與就業力 彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧
doi:10.1177/104649640103200204
Crossman, J. E., & Clarke, M. (2010). International experience and graduate employability:
Stakeholder perceptions on the connection. Higher Education, 59(5), 599-613. doi:10.1007/
s10734-009-9268-z
Cuyper, N. D., Bernhard‐Oettel, C., Berntson, E., Witte, H. D., & Alarco, B. (2008). Employability and employees’ well‐being: Mediation by job insecurity. Applied Psychology, 57(3), 488-509.
doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00332.x
Dacre Pool, L., & Qualter, P. (2013). Emotional self‐efficacy, graduate employability, and career satisfaction: Testing the associations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65(4), 214-223. doi:10.
1111/ajpy.12023
De Vos, A., De Hauw, S., & Van Der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2011). Competency development and career success: The mediating role of employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 438-447. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.010
Delle Fave, A., & Bassi, M. (2000). The quality of experience in adolescents’ daily lives:
Developmental perspectives. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 347-367.
Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (2005). The investigation of optimal experience and apathy:
Developmental and psychosocial implications. European Psychologist, 10(4), 264-274. doi:10.
1027/1016-9040.10.4.264
Demir, K. (2008). Transformational leadership and collective efficacy: The moderating roles of collaborative culture and teachers’ self-efficacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 33, 93-112. doi:10.14689/ejer.2008.33.5
Dolmans, D. H. J. M., De Grave, W., Wolfhagen, I. H. A. P., & Van Der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2005).
Problem-based learning: Future challenges for educational practice and research. Medical Education, 39(7), 732-741. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02205.x
Dumay, X., & Galand, B. (2012). The multilevel impact of transformational leadership on teacher commitment: Cognitive and motivational pathways. British Educational Research Journal, 38(5), 703-729. doi:10.1080/01411926.2011.577889
Duncan, M. J., & Al-Nakeeb, Y. (2006). Using problem based learning in sports related courses: An overview of module development and student responses in an undergraduate sports studies module. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 5(1), 50-57. doi:10.
3794/johlste.51.113
Duncan, M. J., Lyons, M., & Al-Nakeeb, Y. (2007). ‘You have to do it rather than being in a class and just listening’: The impact of problem-based learning on the student experience in sports
彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧 轉換型領導與就業力 97
and exercise biomechanics. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 6(1), 71-80. doi:10.3794/johlste.61.143
Dunlap, J. C. (2005). Problem-based learning and self-efficacy: How a capstone course prepares students for a profession. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(1), 65-83.
doi:10.1007/BF02504858
Feist, J., & Feist, G. (1998). Theories of personality (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Franz, J. M. (2008, September). A pedagogical model of higher education/industry engagement for enhancing employability and professional practice. Paper presented at the Work Integrated Learning (WIL): Transforming Futures, Practice Pedagogy Partnerships, Manly Sydney, Australia.
Garriott, P. O., Flores, L. Y., & Martens, M. P. (2013). Predicting the math/science career goals of low-income prospective first-generation college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 200-209. doi:10.1037/a0032074
Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2013). Leadership: A communication perspective (6th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harrison, J. L. (2011). Instructor transformational leadership and student outcomes. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 4(1), 91-119.
Harvey, L., Locke, W., & Morey, A. (2002). Enhancing employability, recognising diversity: Missing links between higher education and the world of work (main report). London, UK: Universities UK/Careers Services Unit.
Hau, K. T., & Marsh, H. W. (2004). The use of item parcels in structural equation modelling: Non‐ normal data and small sample sizes. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 57(2), 327-351. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.2004.tb00142.x
Heijde, C. M., & Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2006). A competence‐based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449-476. doi:10.1002/hrm.20119
Hennemann, S., & Liefner, I. (2010). Employability of German geography graduates: The mismatch between knowledge acquired and competences required. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 34(2), 215-230. doi:10.1080/03098260903227400
Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Duncan, R. G., & Chinn, C. A. (2007). Scaffolding and achievement in problem-based and inquiry learning: A response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006).
Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 99-107. doi:10.1080/00461520701263368
98 轉換型領導與就業力 彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
Judge, T. A., Jackson, C. L., Shaw, J. C., Scott, B. A., & Rich, B. L. (2007). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: The integral role of individual differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 107-127. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.107
Ketelhut, D. J. (2007). The impact of student self-efficacy on scientific inquiry skills: An exploratory investigation in River City, a multi-user virtual environment. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 16(1), 99-111. doi:10.1007/s10956-006-9038-y
Lent, R. W. (2004). Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 482-509. doi:10.1037/
0022-0167.51.4.482
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2006). Integrating person and situation perspectives on work satisfaction: A social-cognitive view. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(2), 236-247. doi:10.
1016/j.jvb.2006.02.006
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Gore, P. A. Jr. (1997). Discriminant and predictive validity of academic self-concept, academic self-efficacy, and mathematics-specific self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(3), 307-315. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.44.3.307
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79-122.
doi:10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
Lent, R. W., do Céu Taveira, M., & Lobo, C. (2012). Two tests of the social cognitive model of well-being in Portuguese college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 362-371.
doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.009
Lent, R. W., do Céu Taveira, M., Pinto, J. C., Silva, A. D., Blanco, Á., Faria, S., & Gonçalves, A. M.
(2014). Social cognitive predictors of well-being in African college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(3), 266-272. doi:10.1177/1069072707305769
Lent, R. W., Singley, D., Sheu, H., Gainor, K. A., Brenner, B. R., Treistman, D., & Ades, L. (2005).
Social cognitive predictors of domain and life satisfaction: Exploring the theoretical precursors of subjective well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 429-442.
Lent, R. W., Singley, D., Sheu, H., Schmidt, J. A., & Schmidt, L. C. (2007). Relation of social-cognitive factors to academic satisfaction in engineering students. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(1), 87-97.
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel:
Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151-173.
彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧 轉換型領導與就業力 99
doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
Martin, L., West, J., & Bill, K. (2008). Incorporating problem-based learning strategies to develop learner autonomy and employability skills in sports science undergraduates. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education (Pre-2012), 7(1), 18-30. doi:10.3794/johlste.
71.169
McGrath, C., Comfort, M. B., Luo, Y., Samaranayake, L. P., & Clark, C. D. (2006). Application of an interactive computer program to manage a problem-based dental curriculum. Journal of Dental Education, 70(4), 387-397.
McQuaid, R. W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban Studies, 42(2), 197-219.
doi:10.1080/0042098042000316100
Mennin, S., Gordan, P., Majoor, G., & Osman, H. (2003). Position paper on problem-based learning.
Education for Health (Abingdon, England), 16(1), 98-113. doi:10.1080/1357628031000066633 Mierson, S., & Freiert, K. (2004). Problem-based learning. Training and Development, 58(10),
15-17.
Navarro, R. L., Flores, L. Y., & Worthington, R. L. (2007). Mexican American middle school students’ goal intentions in mathematics and science: A test of social cognitive career theory.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 320-335. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.320
Pan, Y.-J., & Lee, L.-S. (2011). Academic performance and perceived employability of graduate students in business and management – An analysis of nationwide graduate destination survey.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 25, 91-103. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10. 531 Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior
at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636-652. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636 Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research
(Vol. 2). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Philip, C. T., Unruh, K. P., Lachman, N., & Pawlina, W. (2008). An explorative learning approach to teaching clinical anatomy using student generated content. Anatomical Sciences Education, 1(3), 106-110. doi:10.1002/ase.26
Pike, G. R., Smart, J. C., & Ethington, C. A. (2012). The mediating effects of student engagement on the relationships between academic disciplines and learning outcomes: An extension of Holland’s theory. Research in Higher Education, 53(5), 550-575. doi:10.1007/s11162-011- 9239-y
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544. doi:10.1177/014920638601200408
Pounder, J. S. (2008). Transformational classroom leadership: A novel approach to evaluating
100 轉換型領導與就業力 彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧
classroom performance. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(3), 233-243. doi:10.
1080/02602930701292621
Pounder, J. S. (2014). Quality teaching through transformational classroom leadership. Quality Assurance in Education, 22(3), 273-285. doi:10.1108/QAE-12-2013-0048
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008). A short version of the occupational self-efficacy scale:
Structural and construct validity across five countries. Journal of Career Assessment, 16(2), 238-255. doi:10.1177/1069072707305763
Robinson, V. M. J., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008). The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of the differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(5), 635-674. doi:10.1177/0013161X08321509
Schyns, B., & von Collani, G. (2002). A new occupational self-efficacy scale and its relation to personality constructs and organizational variables. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(2), 219-241. doi:10.1080/13594320244000148
Shatzer, R. H., Caldarella, P., Hallam, P. R., & Brown, B. L. (2013). Comparing the effects of instructional and transformational leadership on student achievement implications for practice.
Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42(4), 445-459. doi:10.1177/1741143 213502192
Sheu, H.-B., Chong, S. S., Chen, H.-F., & Lin, W.-C. (2014). Well-being of Taiwanese and Singaporean college students: Cross-cultural validity of a modified social cognitive model.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3), 447-460. doi:10.1037/cou0000018
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. doi:10.1037/1082- 989X.7.4.422
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312. doi:10.2307/270723
Spronken-Smith, R. (2005). Implementing a problem-based learning approach for teaching research methods in geography. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 29(2), 203-221. doi:10.
1080/03098260500130403
Sun, J., & Leithwood, K. (2012). Transformational school leadership effects on student achievement.
Leadership and Policy in Schools, 11(4), 418-451. doi:10.1080/15700763.2012.681001 Tagg, J. (2003). The learning paradigm college. Bolton, UK: Anker.
彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧 轉換型領導與就業力 101
Terenzini, P. T., & Pascarella, E. T. (1991). Twenty years of research on college students: Lessons for future research. Research in Higher Education, 32(1), 83-92. doi:10.1007/BF00992835
The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (1999). Making employability work: An agenda for action. London, UK: Confederation of British Industry.
The Confederation of British Industry. (2002). Employability skills – An employer perspective:
Getting what employers want out of the too hard basket. Barton, ACT: Australian Chamber of Commerce & Industry.
van Dinther, M., Dochy, F., & Segers, M. (2011). Factors affecting students’ self-efficacy in higher education. Educational Research Review, 6(2), 95-108. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2010.10.003 Wang, Z., & Fu, Y. (2015). Social support, social comparison, and career adaptability: A moderated
mediation model. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(4), 649-659.
doi:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.4.649
White, M., Michaud, G., Pachev, G., Lirenman, D., Kolenc, A., & FitzGerald, J. M. (2004).
Randomized trial of problem‐based versus didactic seminars for disseminating evidence‐based guidelines on asthma management to primary care physicians. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 24(4), 237-243. doi:10.1002/chp.1340240407
Zeldin, A. L., & Pajares, F. (2000). Against the odds: Self-efficacy beliefs of women in mathematical, scientific, and technological careers. American Educational Research Journal, 37(1), 215-246.
doi:10.3102/00028312037001215
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. doi:10.1037/
0021-9010.90.6.1265
Zohar, D., & Tenne-Gazit, O. (2008). Transformational leadership and group interaction as climate antecedents: A social network analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 744-757. doi:10.
1037/0021-9010.93.4.744
102 轉換型領導與就業力 彭耀平、陳榮政、何希慧
Journal of Research in Education Sciences 2018, 63(1), 69-102
doi:10.6209/JORIES.2018.63(1).03
Impact of Professors’ Transformational Leadership on University Students’
Employability Development According to Social Cognitive Career Theory