• 沒有找到結果。

六、中國藝術元素與現代主義的異質性

146 那志良編,《故宮法書選粹》(臺北:國立故宮博物院,1970),頁 61-62,圖版 4。

147 Liu Chiao-mei, “Writing on the Wall: Brice Marden’s Chinese Work and Modernism,” in Chinese Walls in Time and Space: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, pp. 413-420.

148 Brice Marden, Chinese Dancing, 1993-1996. Oil on canvas, 60×108 in., The UBS Art Collection.

149 Brice Marden, The Muses, 1991-1993. Oil on linen, 274.3×457.2 cm., Daros Collection, Switzerland.

折,接近《寒山》的書法性質,突顯書法線條與身體的連結。《中國舞》

150 Paul Gardner, “Call It a Mid-Life Crisis,” Art News 93:4, pp. 140-143.

151 Yve-Alain Bois, “Marden’s Doubt,” in Yve-Alain Bois and Ulrich Loock, Brice Marden:

Paintings 1985-1993 (Bern: Kunsthalle Bern, 1993), pp. 19, 35, 37.

152 Clement Greenberg, “‘American Type’ Painting” (1955), in The Collected Essays and Criticism, vol. 3, Affirmations and Refusals, 1950-1956, ed. John O’Brien (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 227. 克萊因與托比並不直接承認東方影響,而格林 堡之抗拒東方書法,部分原因在於戰後美國藝壇的種族主義。Bert Winther-Tamaki, “The Asian Dimensions of Postwar Abstract Art: Calligraphy and Metaphysics,” in The Third Mind:

American Artists Contemplate Asia, 1860-1989, ed. Alexandra Munroe (New York: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 2009), pp. 145-157.

153 Jonathan Hay, “Marden’s Choice,” in Brice Marden, Chinese Work, pp. 10-11.

(Wen C. Fong)將馬登的後期作品視為接續董其昌(1555-1636)的集

在艾森豪總統(Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969)與國務卿達樂斯(John Foster Dulles, 1888-1959)的主導下,1953 至 1959 年之間的外交政策,

從先前的封鎖政策轉向文化融合,並以亞洲為文化前線,仿效蘇聯的人 民陣線(Popular Front)策略,企圖建立美亞集體性。155儘管如此,文化 冷戰以輸出美國主流文化為任務,並未將亞洲文化融入美國主流社會。

然而,對中國藝術有同感者不乏其人。二十世紀中期以後,歐美藝 術家受到現代詩學的影響,特別欣賞中國表意文字的視覺性,因此以中 國詩與書法為靈感來源。例如法國詩人畫家米修(Henri Michaux, 1899- 1984),認為書法家追求自由,因此脫離表意文字的純閱讀功能,而展 現身體動態。156蘇拉吉(Pierre Soulages)曾因閱讀色迦藍(Victor Segalen, 1878-1919)的《古今碑錄》,而作了許多以黑色平面層疊的畫面,尋找 碑書的開放時空性。克萊因挪用書法的飛白筆,從展現單一行動的豐富 力量,轉換為寬闊開放的黑色平面與空間。從這些例子看來,中國藝術 確實提供了抽象藝術的重要元素,一方面是增加藝術媒材的選項,另一

154 Wen C. Fong, “Wang Hui and Repossessing the Past,” in Landscapes Clear and Radiant: the Art of Wang Hui (1632-1717), ed. Maxwell K. Hearn (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 45-46. 感謝方聞先生於 2009 年春寄送其論文供筆者參閱。

155 Christina Klein, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945-1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 11, 44-60.

156 Henri Michaux, Idéogrammes en Chine (Paris: Fata Morgana, 1975), n. p. 馬登擁有米修的 書;Jeremy Lewison, Brice Marden: Prints 1961-1991. A Catalogue Raisonné, p. 50.

方面則是突顯線描與平面形式的差異,賦予作品更多解釋方向,免於單 一表現途徑。

事實上,抽象藝術的形式往往承載複合的內涵,未必與中國藝術不 相容。夏比若在 1969 年提出的視覺藝術符號學,以「圖域」(picture field)

指稱畫面,著眼於非模仿性(non-mimetic)的符號或形式元素,透過其

史坦(Gertrude Stein, 1874-1946)將立體主義視為形式與位置關係。159王 紅公在 1957 年的《國家》(The Nation)雜誌中推薦施美美(Mai-mai Sze, 1922-1992)的《畫道》(The Tao of Painting, 1956),160認為是極佳的 入門書,但指出其第二冊的《芥子園畫傳》(The Mustard Seed Garden

157 Meyer Schapiro, “On Some Problems in the Semiotics of Visual Art: Field and Vehicle in Image-Signs” (1969), in Theory and Philosophy of Art: Style, Artist, and Society (New York:

George Braziller, 1994), pp. 1-32.

158 Meyer Schapiro, “On Some Problems in the Semiotics of Visual Art: Field and Vehicle in Image-Signs,” in Theory and Philosophy of Art: Style, Artist, and Society, pp. 15-19.

159 Kenneth Rexroth, “Mark Tobey: Painter of the Human Abstract” (1951), in Bird in the Bush, pp. 168-176.

160 Mai-mai Sze, The Tao of Painting: A Study of the Ritual Disposition of Chinese Painting, with a Translation of the Chieh tzu yüan hua chuan; or, Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting, 1679-1701 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1956).

Manual of Painting, 1956)只是提供簡化的基礎形狀。161施美美出身外交

161 Kenneth Rexroth, “The Tao of Painting,” The Nation (11 May 1957, New York), repr. in With Eye and Ear (New York: Herder & Herder, 1970), http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/essays/

tao-painting.htm (accessed May 20, 2011).

162 Harold Osborne, Aesthetics and Art Theory, p. 65.

163 Gary Snyder, “Cold Mountain Poems,” Evergreen Review (August 1956, New York); repr. in Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems, pp. 35-67.

164 Michael Davidson, The San Francisco Renaissance, pp. 14-17.

於將自然風景解讀為歷史,他扮演流浪哲人的角色,觀看自然世界如何 反映人間。165史耐德相信詩應深植於社群的文化生活,此文化生活反映 並鼓舞社群自覺其為深植於自然環境或曠野之中;由於這種需求,詩人 必 須 以 政 治 、 文 化 的 方 式 來 觀 看 自 然 , 而 詩 人 譯 者 則 成 為 自 然 之 異

(nature’s otherness)的斡旋者。166換句話說,對舊金山詩人而言,城市、

自然、中國藝術或其他亞洲文化,都是多元文化或異質性的來源,藝術

165 Michael Davidson, The San Francisco Renaissance, pp. 41-43. Kenneth Rexroth, “Climbing Milestone Mountains, August 22, 1937,” in The Collected Shorter Poems of Kenneth Rexroth (New York: New Directions, 1966), pp. 89-90.

166 Robert Kern, Orientalism, Modernism, and the American Poem, pp. 256-257.

167 Burlington Magazine editorial, “The Post-war Interest in Chinese Painting,” The Burlington Magazine 114: 830 (May 1972, London), pp. 281-283.

168 Harold Osborne, Aesthetics and Art Theory, pp. 67-80; John Hay, “Values and History in Chinese Painting, I: Hsieh Ho revisited,” RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 6 (Fall 1983, Cambridge, MA), p. 73.

169 Harold Osborne, Aesthetics and Art Theory, pp. 1-12.

170 Harold Osborne, Aesthetics and Art Theory, pp. 68, 70.

二是從十八世紀的美學開始發展,美感經驗與其感性之培養,成為人生

171 Harold Osborne, Aesthetics and Art Theory, pp. 184-200.

172 關於傅萊的藝術,參見 Richard Shone, ed., The Art of Bloomsbury: Roger Fry, Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant (London: Tate Gallery, 1999).

173 Roger Fry, “An Essay in Aesthetics,” New Quarterly 2 (April 1909), pp. 171-190; repr. in Vision and Design, ed. J. B. Bullen (London, 1920; repr. New York: Dover, 1998), p. 18. 格 林堡繼續使用拜占庭鑲嵌的類比,提倡繪畫的平面性,見 Clement Greenberg, “Byzantine Parallels” (1958), Art and Culture: Critical Essays (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), pp.

167-170.

174 Roger Fry, “The Significance of Chinese Art,” in Chinese Art: An Introductory Handbook to Painting, Sculpture, Ceramics, Textiles, Bronzes and Minor Arts [ed. B. T. Batsford] (London:

B. T. Batsford, ltd., 1925; 1935, new ed.), pp. 1-5.

175 Roger Fry, Cézanne: A Study of His Development (1927; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).

徵主義世代對構圖平衡的追求,而忽略塞尚的色彩分析。176相應地,他

176 Richard Shiff, Cézanne and the End of Impressionism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), pp. 156-161.

177 關於象徵主義的理想形式,參見 Albert Aurier, “Le symbolisme en peinture: Paul Gauguin”

(1892), in Textes critiques 1889-1892: De l’impressionnisme au symbolisme (Paris, 1893;

Paris: Ecoles nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, 1995), pp. 26-39.

178 Roger Fry, “Review: An Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, by Arthur Waley,”

The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 44:250 (January, 1924, London), pp. 47-48.

179 William Watson, “Review: Principles of Chinese Painting, revised edition, by George Rowley,” The Burlington Magazine 114: 830 (May 1972, London), pp. 337-338; Alexander C.

Soper, “Review: George Rowley, Principles of Chinese Painting, second edition, 1958,”

Artibus Asiae 22:3 (1959, Hellerau-Dresden), pp. 262-263.

180 George Rowley, Principles of Chinese Painting, pp. 4-8.

的「飛龍」與雪萊〈西風歌〉(“Ode to the West Wind”)的類比,181

181 Laurence Binyon, Painting in the Far East: An Introduction to the History of Pictorial Art in Asia, Especially in China and Japan (1908; 1934, rev. ed; New York: Dover, 1969, repr.), p.

68; The Flight of the Dragon: An Essay on the Theory and Practice of Art in China and Japan, Based on Original Sources (London: J. Murray, 1911), p. 33.

182 George Rowley, Principles of Chinese Painting, p. 7.

183 George Rowley, Principles of Chinese Painting, p. 32.

184 關於歐美漢學家對氣韻生動一詞的解釋,參見 Alexander C. Soper, “The First Two Laws of Hsieh Ho,” The Far Eastern Quarterly 8:4 (August 1949, New York), pp. 412-423; John Hay,

“Values and History in Chinese Painting, I,” pp. 73-111.

185 George Rowley, Principles of Chinese Painting, pp. 34, 40.

186 “La consonance de l’esprit engendre le mouvement [de la vie],” “la consonance ou le rythme de l’esprit,” in Raphaël Petrucci, La Philosophie de la nature dans l’art d’Extrême-Orient (Paris: H. Laurens, 1911), p. 89. 參見 Roger Fry, “Review: La Philosophie de la nature dans l’art d’Extreme-Orient, by Raphael Petrucci,” The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 19:98 (May 1911, London), pp. 106-107.

行吟圖》中人物的行走姿態。187「生命力」一詞來自柏格森(Henri Bergson,

187 George Rowley, Principles of Chinese Painting, p. 39.

188 Henri Bergson, L’évolution créatrice (1907; Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1941;

repr. 1986), pp. 88-98.

189 Henri Bergson, L’évolution créatrice, pp. 36-51, 86-87.

190 關於未來主義與柏格森的動態觀念,參見 Marianne W. Martin, Futurist Art and Theory 1909-1915 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968; New York: Hacker Art Books, 1978, repr.), pp. 89-91.

191 Cleve Gray and George Rowley, “Chinese and Western Composition: A Conversation between an Artist and an Art Historian,” College Art Journal 15:1 (Autumn, 1955, New York), pp. 6-17.

杜詩內容與羅麗的觀點,融入更多(儒家的)人際關係題材,畫家探索人 物畫元素,或人文內涵的表現形式。從《王紅公蝕刻》到《寒山》、《中 國舞》,馬登運用中國的儒、釋、道概念,展現在線條的節奏動態,進 而運用於《繆思》的希臘神話題材。192同時,因為著重書法線條,進而 強調身體動態,《中國舞》的線條具有一種自主的形體特質(materiality),

有如波提且利(Sandro Botticelli, 1444/5-1510)的《維納斯的誕生》(The Birth of Venus, 1484 年左右)之中,女神的密實長髮靈活地飄動,自有 其內在動態。與他的希臘題材相對照,馬登的中國作品運用更多跨文化 的異質元素,追求藝術的共通性。

在馬登運用日本、中國藝術元素之前,1960 年代至 1970 年代中期 的美國藝術家,已有不少人從亞洲文本汲取靈感,例如紐約畫家萊恩哈

(Ad Reinhardt, 1913-1967)的黑畫,常被比擬為低限主義作品。193亞立 珊卓.門諾(Alexandra Munroe)的研究指出,萊恩哈專注於極度化約 的畫面,其表現內容從視覺片刻轉化為現象學的連續時間,以此解釋亞 洲文化的永恆,乃參照特拉彼斯特(Trappist)修士湯瑪士.莫頓(Thomas Merton, 1915-1968)的看法。安妮絲.馬丁(Agnes Martin, 1912-2004)

以格網畫著稱,常被視為接近低限主義的藝術家,她對亞洲文化的靜觀 特性也饒富興趣。194

然而,由於結合極度簡約的畫面與東方的靜觀或冥想,萊恩哈和馬

192 Brice Marden, The Muses, 1991-1993. Oil on linen, 274.3×457.2 cm. Daros collection, Switzerland. 關於其 1990 年代作品,參見 Charles Wylie, Brice Marden: Work of the 1990s:

Paintings, Drawings, and Prints.

193 James Meyer, Minimalism: Art and Polemics in the Sixties (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 142-144.

194 Alexandra Munroe, “Art of Perceptual Experience: Pure Abstraction and Ecstatic Minimalism,” in The Third Mind: American Artists Contemplate Asia, 1860-1989, pp.

287-292, 300-303 (plates 125, 126, 127); pp. 310-311 (plates 133, 134). 參見 John Stomberg,

“Re-Orienting Modernism: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir,” in Looking East: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir (Boston: Boston University Art Gallery, 2002), pp. 22-23.

丁的畫作都很難明確劃歸為特定類別。換言之,在 1960 至 1970 年代的 Kandinsky, 1866-1944)、蒙德里安等抽象畫家都有深刻影響。195不過,

這種特質在格林堡為主的現代主義評論中被隔離。196這是研究當代藝術

195 Maurice Tuchman, ed., The Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting, 1890-1985 (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1986).

196 例如波瓦對蒙德里安的解釋,傾向排除早期作品中的通神論內涵,選件極少,亦無評論;

Yve-Alain Bois, “The Iconoclast”, in Piet Mondrian, 1872-1944 (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1994), pp. 313-372.

197 Thomas McEvilley, Pat Steir (New York: Abrams, 1995), p. 16; quoted in John Stomberg,

“Re-Orienting Modernism: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir,” in Looking East: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir, p. 25.

198 Barbara Weidle, “Interview (with Pat Steir),” in Pat Steir and John Yau, Dazzling Water, Dazzling Light (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000), pp. 70-71.

光交織的景象。199她在 1985 年的跨時空藝術,結合歐洲的寫實主義,與 浪漫主義想像的中國人,在《秋:仿庫爾貝之波浪,如同心存中國人的 特納畫作》(Autumn: The Wave after Courbet as though Painted by Turner with the Chinese in Mind)畫中,引用庫爾貝的密實顏料,兼具特納(J. M.

W. Turner, 1775-1851)與中國山水的薄透空靈。約翰.姚解釋標題意指 一個未指名的中國藝術家(an unnamed Chinese artist),畫家引用中國 的觀瀑題材,而整幅畫不再具有浪漫主義的英雄主義。200史提爾同時結 合了波洛克的途徑,常把大幅畫布懸掛在整面牆上,潑灑顏料後再加上 筆刷,以個人的肢體活動範圍為作畫基礎,畫家彷彿置身真實的波浪或 瀑布之中,接續了十八世紀繪畫的「崇高」(the sublime)觀念。201她 說自己深受德希達的《繪畫的真理》啟發,畫作兼具抽象和敘述雙重性,

第二層的形象與文學敘述意義也很重要,她認為標題是產生文學意涵的 重要途徑。她對中國(與日本)山水畫的解釋傾向生活與身體的實際經 驗,也追求詩意,認為書法既是文字又是形象,與自己的藝術很契合。202 但她並未選擇特定中國藝術家為仿效對象,標題使用「中國人」(the Chinese)或《海岸之冬.中國瀑布》(Coastal Winter, China Waterfall, 1994, Private Collection)這類詞彙,都指向唯一(the)的中國概念,顯 示畫作在抽象和具象之間的實驗性質。

199 John Yau, “Dazzling Water, Dazzling Light,” in Dazzling Water, Dazzling Light, pp. 55-67.

200 John Yau, “Dazzling Water, Dazzling Light,” in Dazzling Water, Dazzling Light, pp. 59-60; p.

12, illustration: Pat Steir, Autumn: The Wave after Courbet as though Painted by Turner with the Chinese in Mind, 1985. Oil on linen, 213.4×454.7 cm. Collection of Eric Franck, Berlin, Germany.

201 John Stomberg, “Re-Orienting Modernism: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir,” in Looking East: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir, pp. 30-34; Doris von Drathen, ed.,

201 John Stomberg, “Re-Orienting Modernism: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir,” in Looking East: Brice Marden, Michael Mazur, Pat Steir, pp. 30-34; Doris von Drathen, ed.,

相關文件