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生理感測器節點的製作花費約 8 個月的時間,與感測器網路協定之實作同步進行,感測網路的實 作花了約 3 個月多一點的時間,部署、測試與除錯是最費時的部分,大約耗費剩下的所有時間(6 個月)。我們在製造、硬體的選擇、節點放置、資料傳輸、及可用性方面,學到許多寶貴的經驗。

製造費用 穿戴式生理感測器製作需約新台幣 5 萬元,建構此一超過 30 個節點的感測器網路花 費約台幣 20 萬元,每一節點之元件成本約為台幣 3000 元,其他為配線與 gateway 的花費。這比 全球所有製造者的目錄表價都來得低。若有需要,這些生理感測器與無線感測網路節點可大量生 產並自動組裝,價格預估可壓到更低。我們也因此認為,成本應該不會是未來將感測器網路產品 商業化的瓶頸。

硬體平台之選擇 建築物中感測器節點之部署與建築物之結構與建築材質有密切關連。在工廠式 建築中,因空間較為開放且連續,部署較為容易。而在辦公室或公寓式建築中,地板、天花板、

牆壁則以相對高許多之密度構建。博理館是一棟混和式建築,在四樓(含)以上有開放式空間,

因此一個小型的約 20 個節點的感測器網路可以涵蓋整個四樓至 7 樓的樓板面積。在三樓(含)

以下,是比較辦公室類型的建築方式,樓板是由結實的混凝土隔開,因此會阻隔由感測器節點所 發出之低功率無線電訊號。這意味著,在現代辦公室建築中部署感測器網路,必須採用更為強有 力之閘道節點,如具備更高無線傳輸功率或甚至有線傳輸能力之節點。

節點之擺放位置 在部署感測器網路的過程中,我們曾數次改變中繼節點之配置位置。感測器節 點最終被隱藏起來,或被放置在很高不易被看到或被移動的牆面上。主要是因為人類的好奇心有 時會勝過榮譽感。有二次,我們發現感測器節點被拿走,第一次被拿走的感測器節點,經在被拿 走處貼出告示後, 順利找回來,而第二次則沒如此幸運。我們因此決定放置感測器節點的原則,

不再是最高的覆蓋率,而是最高的安全性。

資料傳送率 感測器資料之傳送率約為 90%-95%,會因天候、建築物中可能產生衝突之無線電 裝置之使用、及電池壽命而有所不同。在這三個因素中,瓶頸中繼節點的電池壽命,對資料傳送 成功率的影響最大。對日常應用而言,為中繼節點佈一次線的成本,可能比經常更換電池的循環 成本來得低。為求較佳之資料完整性與一致性,商業性的感測器網路中的基礎建設節點,較實際 的連接方式應是由牆上之插座供應電源。換言之,對於有線基礎建設之感測器節點而言,能源效 率不再是最重要的議題。然而,對移動式感測器節點而言,能源效率仍是一重要議題。

可用性 由智慧型辦公室的經驗,我們發現目前的生理參數節點尺寸太大,且配戴起來不是很舒 服。電池快沒電時沒有警示,也是待解決的問題之一。大部分的志願參與者建議,最好是能有一

較薄、如悠遊卡大小,且具備充電能力與低電量警示功能的節點。大部分的志願參與者,在模擬

[1] Gilman Tolle, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, Neil Turner, Kevin Tu, Stephen Burgess, David Gay, Phil Buonadonna, Wei Hong, Todd Dawson, David Culler, “A Macroscope in the Redwoods,” In Proceedings of the 3rd international Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2005), San Diego, California, USA, November, 2005.

[2] Robert Adler, Phil Buonadonna, Jasmeet Chhabra, Mick Flanigan, Lakshman Krishnamurthy, Nandakishore Kushalnagar, Lama Nachman, Mark Yarvis, “Design and Deployment of Industrial Sensor Networks: Experiences from the North Sea and a Semiconductor Plant,” In Proceedings of the 3rd international Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2005), San Diego, California, USA, November, 2005.

[3] Iuliu Vasilescu, Keith Kotay, Daniela Rus, Peter Corke, Matthew Dunbabin, “Data Collection, Storage and Retrieval with an Underwater Optical and Acoustical Sensor Network,” In Proceedings of the 3rd international Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2005), San Diego, California, USA, November, 2005.

[4] Seng-Yong Lau, Ting-Hao Chang, Shu-Yu Hu, Hsing-Jung Huang, Lung-de Shyu, Chui-Ming Chiu, Polly Huang, “Sensor Networks for Everyday Use: The BL-Live Experience,” In

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC 2006), Industrial Program, Taichung Taiwan, Jun. 2006 [5] J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler, “Telos: Enabling Ultra-Low Power Wireless

Research,” In Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN), Special track on Platform Tools and Design Methods for Network Embedded Sensors (SPOTS), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA, April 2005.

[6] Hsing-Jung Huang; Ting-Hao Chang; Shu-Yu Hu; Polly Huang, “Magnetic Diffusion: Scalability, Reliability, and QoS of Data Dissemination Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks,”

Computer Communications, In Press, Mar. 2006 [7] Tsung-Han Lin, Ju-Peng Chen, Polly Huang

Context-Aware Communication for Energy Efficient Wearable Systems Submitted to IEEE Transaction on Mobile Computing (November 2006 submitted) (SCI, Impact factor: 3.034, 傑出期刊)

[8] Keng-Hao Chang, Tsung-Han Lin, Hao-hua Chu, Polly Huang

Modeling and Simulation Comparison of Two Time Synchronization Protocols Submitted to IEEE Wireless Communications (February 2007 submitted)

(SCI, Impact factor: 2.638, 優良期刊)

[9] Chuang-wen You, Polly Huang, Hao-hua Chu, Yi-Chao Chen, Ji-Rung Chiang, Seng-Yong Lau Sensor-Enhanced Mobility Prediction for Energy-Efficient Localization (Extended) Invited to Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks (February 2007 submitted)

(SCI, Impact factor: N/A, 優良期刊)

[10] Chuang-wen You, Yi-Chao Chen, Hao-hua Chu, Polly Huang, Ji-Rung Chiang, Seng-Yong Lau Sensor-Enhanced Mobility Prediction for Energy-Efficient Localization

In the proceedings of the 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON 2006), Reston VA, USA, September 2006 (Acceptance Rate: 25.9%)

[11] Hsing-Hau Chen, Polly Huang, Chia-Hui Chen, Heng-Shuen Chen, Jer-Junn Luh Sensor Data Fusion for Timely Emergency Alarm

In the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on E-Health Networking Applications and Services (Healthcom 2006), New Delhi, India, August 2006

[12] Keng-hao Chang, Shih-yen Liu, Hao-hua Chu, Jane Hsu, Cheryl Chen, Tung-yun Lin, Polly Huang

The Diet-Aware Dining Table: Observing Dietary Behaviors over a Tabletop Surface In the proceedings of the 4th International conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive 2006), Dublin Ireland, May 2006 (Acceptance Rate: 13%)

[13] Tsung-Han Lin, Polly Huang, Hao-Hua Chu, Hsing-Hau Chen, Ju-Peng Chen Enabling Energy-Efficient and Quality Localization Services

In the proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and

Communications (PerCom 2006), Work in Progress Session, Pisa Italy, March 2006 (Acceptance Rate: ~30%)

[14] Hsing-Jung Huang; Ting-Hao Chang; Shu-Yu Hu; Polly Huang

Magnetic Diffusion: Disseminating Mission-Critical Data for Dynamic Sensor Networks In the proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM 2005), Montreal, Qc. Canada, October 10-13, 2005 (Acceptance Rate: 21.8%)

[15] Yi-Chao Chen, Ji-Rung Chiang, Hao-hua Chu, Polly Huang, Arvin Wen Tsui

Sensor-Assisted Wi-Fi Indoor Location System for Adapting to Environmental Dynamics In the proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM 2005), Montreal, Qc. Canada, October 10-13, 2005 (Acceptance Rate: 21.8%)

[16] Meng-Che Teng, Ju-Peng Chen, Tsung-Han Lin, Chia-Li Huang, Polly Huang, Chia-Hui Chen, Heng-Shuen Chen

Emergency Alarm System: Prototype and Experience

In the proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Enterprise Networking and Computing in Healthcare Industry (Healthcom 05), Busan, Korea, June 2005

[17] Tsung-Han Lin, Polly Huang

Sensor Data Aggregation for Resource Inventory Applications

In the Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications & Networking Conference 2005 (WCNC), New Orleans, LA USA, 13-17 March 2005

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