第五章 結論與建議事項
第二節 建議事項
本研究為探討冷屋頂建材在台灣氣候條件下之節能效益評估與分析，後續 建議尚須許多深入研究來探討相關的課題，以完整的建立在台灣推行冷屋頂建 材之相關資料，以下數項課題提供後續研究參考。
1. 囿於執行期程限制，本研究僅收集冷屋頂建材之相關隔熱性能，對於冷屋頂建 材耐候性能之文獻仍屬少數。因此建議後續可依據本研究案所建議之耐候特性 量測方法，針對冷屋頂建材之耐候性能進行更進一步之研究。
2. 本研究計畫僅針對冷屋頂建材對於節能效益進行評估與探討，對於冷屋頂建材 之成本分析與對於建材全生命週期之議題值得進一步研究。
3. 建議後續能制定台灣氣候條件下之冷屋頂基準值，以供相關建築法規修改或制 訂之參考。
參考書目
1. 內政部建築研究所，“建築物遮陽暨屋頂隔熱設計參考手冊”， 2008。
2. Akbari, H. (1998) ‘Cool roofs save energy’, ASHRAE Transactions, vol 104, no 1B, pp783–788
3. Akbari, H. and A. Desjarlais (2005) ‘Cooling down the house’, Professional Roofing, March, www.professionalroofing.net/article.aspx?A_ID=609
4. Akbari, H., S. Bretz, H. Taha, D. Kurn and J. Hanford (1997) ‘Peak power and cooling energy savings of high-albedo roofs’, Energy and Buildings, vol 25, no 2, pp117–126
5. Akbari, H., S. Konopacki, D. Parker, B. Wilcox, C. Eley and M. Van Geem (1998)
‘Calculations in support of SSP90.1 for reflective roofs’, ASHRAE Transactions, vol 104, no 1B, pp984–995
6. Akbari, H., S. Konopacki and M. Pomerantz (1999) ‘Cooling energy savings potential of reflective roofs for residential and commercial buildings in the United States’, Energy, vol 24, pp391–407
7. Akbari, H., S. Konopacki and D. Parker (2000) ‘Updates on revision to ASHRAE Standard 90.2: Including roof reflectivity for residential buildings’, in ACEEE 2000 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, vol 1, Pacific Grove, CA, August, American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Washington, DC, pp1–11
8. Akbari, H., M. Pomerantz and H. Taha (2001) ‘Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas’, Solar Energy, vol 70, no 3, pp295–310
9. Akbari, H., R. Levinson and P. Berdahl (2005a) ‘Review of residential roofing materials, Part I: A review of methods for the manufacture of residential roofing materials’, Western Roofing Insulation and Siding, January/February, pp54–57
參考書目
materials’, Western Roofing Insulation and Siding, March/April, pp52–58
11. Akbari, H., C. Wray, T. T. Xu and R. Levinson (2006) ‘Inclusion of solar reflectance and thermal emittance prescriptive requirements for steep-sloped nonresidential roofs in Title 24’, http://energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards/prerulemaking
documents/2006-05-18_workshop/2006-05-19_NONRESDNTL_STEEP-SLOPED_
COOL_ROOFS.PDF
12. ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) (1999) ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, SI Edition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA
13. ASHRAE (2001) ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, SI Edition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA
14. ASHRAE (2004a) ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, SI Edition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA
15. ASHRAE (2004b) ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2004: Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA
16. ASHRAE (2007) ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2007: Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA
17. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) (1998) ‘ASTM E 1980-98:
Standard Practice for Calculating Solar Reflectance Index of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Opaque Surfaces’, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol 04.12, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA
18. BCAP (Building Codes Assistance Project) (2007) ‘Status of residential and commercial building state energy codes’, www.bcap-energy.org
19. Berdahl, P., H. Akbari, R. Levinson and W. A. Miller (2008) ‘Weathering of roofing materials – an overview’, Construction and Building Materials, vol 22, no 4, April, pp423–433
20. CEC (California Energy Commission) (2001) 2001 Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, P400-01-024, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA
21. CEC (2006) 2005 Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, CEC-400-2006-015, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA
22. Census (2007) US Census Bureau State and County Quickfacts, http://quickfacts.census.gov
23. Chicago (2001) ‘Amendment of Title 18 of Municipal Code of Chicago Concerning Energy Efficiency Requirements’, Journal of the City Council of Chicago, 6 June, p60939
24. Chicago (2007) City of Chicago Energy Conservation Code, Index Publishing Corporation, Chicago, IL
25. DOE-2 (2007) Lawrence Berkeley National Lab DOE-2 website, http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/dirsoft/d2whatis.html
26. Eley (2007) Pers comm with Charles Eley, Architectural Energy Corporation, 17 August
27. Eley Associates (2003a) Assessment of Public Policies Affecting Cool Metal Roofs, Final report prepared for the Cool Metal Roofing Coalition, www.coolmetalroofing.org/elements/uploads/casestudies/TMI_CaseStudy_28.pdf
28. Eley Associates (2003b) Hawaii Commercial Building Guidelines for Energy Efficiency, www.archenergy.com/library/general/hawaiigl
29. Eley Associates (2007) Guam Building Energy Code, http://eley.com/guam
參考書目
www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2001standards/associated_documents/2000-11-17_PGE_C ASE.PDF
31. EnergyGauge (2007) EnergyGauge USA FlaRes2007 Energy and Economic Analysis Software, www.energygauge.com
32. EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2007) Roof Products Criteria for US EPA Energy Star rogram,
ww.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=roof_prods.pr_crit_roof_products
33. FBC (Florida Building Commission) (2001) 2001 Florida Building Code, Florida Building Commission, Tallahassee, FL, www.floridabuilding.org
34. FBC (2004) 2004 Florida Building Code, Florida Building Commission, Tallahassee, FL, www.floridabuilding.org
35. FBC (2007) Proposed Modification to the Florida Building Code: Chapter 11, Energy Efficiency, www.dca.state.fl.us/FBC/thecode/Res_Chapter_11.rtf
36. GBC (US Green Building Council) (2001) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System for New Construction and Major Renovations (LEED-NC), Version 2.0, US Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org
37. GBC (2002) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System for New Construction and Major Renovations (LEED-NC), Version 2.1, US Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org
38. GBC (2005) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System for New Construction and Major Renovations (LEED-NC), Version 2.2, US Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org
39. Hildebrandt, E., W. Bos and R. Moore (1998) ‘Assessing the impacts of white roofs on building energy loads’, ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, vol 14, no 2, pp28–36
40. ICC (International Code Council) (2003) 2003 International Energy Conservation Code, www.iccsafe.org
41. ICC (2006) 2006 International Energy Conservation Code, www.iccsafe.org
42. Jump, D. and M. Modera (1994) Energy Impacts of Attic Duct Retrofits in Sacramento Houses, LBL-35375, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
43. Konopacki, S. and H. Akbari (1998) Simulated Impact of Roof Surface Solar Absorptance, Attic, and Duct Insulation on Cooling and Heating Energy Use in Single-Family New Residential Buildings, LBNL-41834, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
44. Konopacki, S. and H. Akbari (2001) Measured Energy Savings and Demand Reduction from a Reflective Roof Membrane on a Large Retail Store in Austin, LBNL-47149, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
45. Konopacki, S., L. Gartland, H. Akbari and L. Rainer (1998) Demonstration of Energy Savings of Cool Roofs, LBNL-40673, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
46. Levinson, R., H. Akbari, S. Konopacki and S. Bretz (2005a) ‘Inclusion of cool roofs in nonresidential Title 24 prescriptive requirements’, Energy Policy, vol 33, no 2, pp151–170
47. Levinson, R., P. Berdahl and H. Akbari (2005b) ‘Solar spectral optical properties of pigments, part I: Model for deriving scattering and absorption coefficients from transmittance and reflectance measurements’, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, vol 89, pp319–349
48. Levinson, R., P. Berdahl and H. Akbari (2005c) ‘Solar spectral optical properties of pigments, part II: Survey of common colorants’, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, vol 89, pp351–389
49. Levinson, R., P. Berdahl, A. A. Berhe and H. Akbari (2005d) ‘Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane’,
參考書目
Vondran (2007) ‘Methods of creating solarreflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials’, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, vol 91, pp304–314
51. MCC (Maui County Code) (2004) A Bill for an Ordinance Amending Title 16, Maui County Code, Pertaining to Energy Efficiency Standards for Buildings, www.co.maui.hi.us/files/ordinance/LF-Ord3240_etkoujogl.pdf
52. MICROPAS (2007) MICROPAS product website, http://micropas.com
53. Parker, D. (2005) Technical Support for Development of an Attic Simulation Model for the California Energy Commission, Florida Solar Energy Center report FSEC-CR-1526-05, www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-CR-1526-05.pdf
54. Parker, D. (2007) Pers comm from Danny Parker, Florida Solar Energy Center, 13 August
55. Parker, D., J. Huang, S. Konopacki, L. Gartland, J. Sherwin, and L. Gu (1998a)
‘Measured and simulated performance of reflective roofing systems in residential buildings’, ASHRAE Transactions, vol 104, no 1, Atlanta, GA
56. Parker, D., J. Sherwin and J. Sonne (1998b) ‘Measured performance of a reflective roofing system in a Florida commercial building’, ASHRAE Technical Data Bulletin, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, vol 14, no 2, pp7–12
57. PG&E (Pacific Gas & Electric) (2007) Pacific Gas & Electric Cool-Roof Rebate Program, www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/rebates/remodeling/coolroof
58. ROH (Revised Ordinances of Honolulu) (2001) Revised Ordinances of Honolulu, City and County of Honolulu
59. ROH (2004) Revised Ordinances of Honolulu, City and County of Honolulu
60. ROH (2007) Revised Ordinances of Honolulu, www.honolulu.gov/refs/roh
61. SCE (Southern California Edison) (2007) Southern California Edison Cool-Roof Rebate Program,www.sce.com/RebatesandSavings/Residential/
_Heating+and+Cooling/CoolRoof
62. SMUD (Sacramento Municipal Utility District) (2007) Sacramento Municipal Utility District Residential Cool-Roof Program, www.smud.org/rebates/cool%20roofs
63. Swami, M. (2007) Pers comm from Muthusamy Swami, Florida Solar Energy Commission, Developer of FLA/COM performance compliance software, 14 June
64. Taha, H. (2001) Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropospheric Ozone in California: A Preliminary Episodic Modeling Assessment of the Los Angeles Basin and the Sacramento Valley, LBNL-46695, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
65. Wiig, H. (2007) Pers comm from Howard Wiig, Institutional Energy Analyst, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Hawaii, 14 June
66. Wray, C., H. Akbari, T. T. Xu and R. Levinson (2006) Inclusion of Solar Reflectance and Thermal Emittance Prescriptive Requirements for Residential Roofs in Title 24, www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2008standards/prerulemaking/documents/2006-05-18_wor kshop/2006-05-17_RESIDENTIAL_ROOFS.PDF
附件
7. 文中關於 SRI 之中文名稱有太陽能反
附件
質之單層熱塑性材料，因 PVC 物質可 能對環境健康產生不良之影響，宜考 慮是否引進。
16. 建議表 2-2、表 2-3 及其他各列表中之 數值應加列單位及使用公制或英制避 免混淆。
1. 遵示辦理。
17. 耐久性為屋頂材料之重要考慮特性，
建議於報告書中加入冷屋頂材料之耐 久性分析。
1. 本年度研究主題著重在冷屋 頂建材對於台灣氣候之節能效 益評估，對於冷屋頂材料之老 化本年度計畫將針對耐候試驗 方法提出建議。對於冷屋頂之 性能衰退實驗將納入後續研究 建議事項中。
18. 本研究未來成果可否針對不同類型之 屋頂型態進行分析建議，另外若既有 建物需進行冷屋頂改善，則以何種方 式為佳，請補充說明。
1. 將以現有建築及新建建築兩 大類進行研擬並補充於報告書 中。
期末審查會議紀錄及處理情形
附件
字敘述較為簡略，建議研究團隊能加 強圖表內容敘述，以讓讀者能清楚瞭 解。
能效果模擬部份之說明已補充 於期末報告中。
15. 本研究成果未來可用於新建廠房等類 型建築之節能效果提升，為便於應用 建議將研究成果轉化為以單位施作成 本及節能效益方式呈現，以利未來業 界及一般民眾參考使用。
1. 遵示辦理。