第五章 結論與建議
5.2 建議
1. 物質流結合生命週期評估方法，不像傳統生命週期評估盤查範疇需先行界定，
透過物質流分析方法輔助，使得盤查範疇更具靈活性，然而因國家尺度地理邊 界較大，全國性的統計實際盤查資料曠日費時，本研究水能糧之物質流分析以 現有官方公開全國性統計資料基礎。然而有些資料可能因較難統計調查或不 同單位資料統計方式對應不上，尤其是水能糧交織關係之關鍵參數乃以文獻 或代表性大廠之係數值假設推估而得，雖未必為實際值，但仍具一定的參考性。
根據經費與目標可進一步盤查或實際調查，提升資料精確度。
2. 本研究資源總生產量並不影響資源單位產品環境衝擊和資源之交織係數，兩 者與總衝擊之間的關係為線性，但實際上可能並非如此，隨著產品總量變大之 邊際效應還可以進一步模擬考量之。
3. 本研究對於未來情境設計，需求面為政府模式模擬推估之結果，供給面為政府 之預期推動之政策目標。但政策目標未必有非常細部的規劃因此某些環節只 得自行假設，如非核家園不同機組之發電配比，新興水資源2025 達成率未知 故假設提前達成，糧食假設供需不變。
4. 基於前述幾種可能造成結果偏誤的原因，可進一步探討資料選擇的不確定性，
參數之不確定性，模型模擬之不確定性。對結果的不確定性範圍大者，為可著
重加強精確度之處。
5. 由文獻回顧可知，特殊人文地理條件下將導致資源交織關係有所差異。台灣水 資源以取用地表水為主，能源仰賴進口且電廠多座落海邊，導致水能交織強度 相較國外偏低，並且可能因考量的是全國尺度，使局部極端值無法凸顯，假若 稍微縮小尺度於縣市層級尺度於缺水地區(如離島、中南部地區)將有較高的資 源交織強度。亦或是因能源短缺而興建內陸火力電廠，將被迫使用淡水作為冷 卻水，如高原電廠開發計畫，都將提高資源交織強度。尤其是多個資源同時短 缺的情況，資源交織關係將更加緊密。
6. 本研究旨在呈現不同衝擊類別因資源交織關係造成之跨部門的衝擊轉移作用，
故僅使用中點導向衝擊類別作為評估指標，倘若任何政策組合下，衝擊項分配 不均的情形皆無法避免，若為決策考量，亦能將不同衝擊項予以權重化方便決 策，但跨部門的環境衝擊責任權責區分仍有待探討。
7. 若探討最終需求部門資源需求成長驅動力之影響因子，或能以影響因子作敏 感度分析發現其他影響環境衝擊關鍵參數。此外，若資源調適策略以需求端著 手出發，則建議進一步探討使用端與廢棄端之水能糧交織關係，以評估此調適 策略對其他資源系統的影響。若同時針對最終需求部門若進一步探討產品使 用與廢棄階段的環境衝擊，藉由產品之完整生命週期，亦可以進一步觀察環境 責任的歸屬。
參考文獻
1. Al-Ansari, T., Korre, A., Nie, Z., & Shah, N. (2015). Development of a life cycle assessment tool for the assessment of food production systems within the energy, water and food nexus. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2, 52-66.
2. Albrecht, T. R., Crootof, A., & Scott, C. A. (2018). The Water-Energy-Food Nexus:
A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment. Environmental Research Letters, 13(4), 043002.
3. Allan, J. A. (2003). Virtual water-the water, food, and trade nexus. Useful concept or misleading metaphor?. Water international, 28(1), 106-113.
4. Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2013). Thinking about water differently:
managing the Water–Food–Energy Nexus. Mandaluyong Cit (Philippines): Asian
Development Bank.5. Atlantic Council. (2011). Energy for Water and Water for Energy: a Report on the
Atlantic Council's Workshop How the Nexus Impacts Electric Power Production in the United States. Retrieved from
http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/reports/energy-for-water-and-water-for-energy
6. Biggs, E. M., Bruce, E., Boruff, B., Duncan, J. M., Horsley, J., Pauli, N., ... &
Haworth, B. (2015). Sustainable development and the water–energy–food nexus: A perspective on livelihoods. Environmental Science & Policy, 54, 389-397.
7. Bizikova, L., Roy, D., Swanson, D., Venema, H. D., & McCandless, M. (2013). The water-energy-food security nexus: Towards a practical planning and decision-support framework for landscape investment and risk management. Winnipeg,
Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
8. Brandoni, C., & Bošnjaković, B. (2017). HOMER analysis of the water and renewable energy nexus for water-stressed urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155, 105-118.
9. Brentrup, F., & Pallière, C. (2008). GHG emissions and energy efficiency in European nitrogen fertiliser production and use. In Proceedings-International Fertiliser Society (No. 639, pp. 1-25). International Fertiliser Society.
10. Brunner P. H. & Rechberger H. (2004). Practical handbook of material flow
analysis. FL, USA: Lewis Publishers
11. Chang, Y., Li, G., Yao, Y., Zhang, L., & Yu, C. (2016). Quantifying the water-energy-food nexus: current status and trends. Energies, 9(2), 65.
12. Chen, S., & Chen, B. (2017). Coupling of carbon and energy flows in cities: A meta-analysis and nexus modelling. Applied energy, 194, 774-783.
13. Chester, M., Pincetl, S., & Allenby, B. (2012). Avoiding unintended tradeoffs by integrating life-cycle impact assessment with urban metabolism. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(4), 451-457.
14. Davies, E. G., Kyle, P., & Edmonds, J. A. (2013). An integrated assessment of global and regional water demands for electricity generation to 2095. Advances in Water Resources, 52, 296-313.
15. De Laurentiis, V., Hunt, D. V., & Rogers, C. D. (2016). Overcoming food security challenges within an energy/water/food nexus approach. Sustainability, 8(1), 95.
16. Engström, R. E., Howells, M., Destouni, G., Bhatt, V., Bazilian, M., & Rogner, H.
H. (2017). Connecting the resource nexus to basic urban service provision–with a focus on water-energy interactions in New York City. Sustainable cities and
17. Ericksen, P. J. (2008). Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research. Global environmental change, 18(1), 234-245.
18. FAO (2009). Growing more food, using less water. Retrieved from www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/newsroom/docs/water_facts.pdf
19. Fang, D., & Chen, B. (2017). Linkage analysis for the water–energy nexus of city. Applied energy, 189, 770-779.
20. Fasel, M., Brethaut, C., Rouholahnejad, E., Lacayo-Emery, M. A., & Lehmann, A.
(2016). Blue water scarcity in the Black Sea catchment: Identifying key actors in the water-ecosystem-energy-food nexus. Environmental Science & Policy, 66, 140-150.
21. Feng, K., Hubacek, K., Siu, Y. L., & Li, X. (2014). The energy and water nexus in Chinese electricity production: a hybrid life cycle analysis. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 342-355.
22. Finnveden, G., Hauschild, M. Z., Ekvall, T., Guinée, J., Heijungs, R., Hellweg, S., ... & Suh, S. (2009). Recent developments in life cycle assessment. Journal of
environmental management, 91(1), 1-21.
23. Fischer-Kowalski, M. & Swilling, M. (2011). Decoupling Natural Resource Use
and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth. Paris: United Nations
Environment Programme.24. Fthenakis, V., & Kim, H. C. (2010). Life-cycle uses of water in US electricity generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(7), 2039-2048.
25. Gabarrell, X., Saavedra, Y. M., Silva, D. A. L., Dias, A. C., Rieradevall, J., Ometto, A. R., & Villalba, G. (2014). MFA+ LCA applied to industrial parks.
SETAC Europe 24
thAnnual Meeting. Basel, Switzerland.
of using different mixes of energy sources in the generation of electricity in Europe – Book:can we break the addiction to fossil energy? In: Proceedings of the 7th
BiennialInternational Workshop Advances in Energy Studies.27. Goedkoop M.J., R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, A. De Schryver; J. Struijs, and R. Van Zelm. (2009). ReCiPe 2008 [First edition]. Retrieved from
https://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/publications/recipe_characterisation_addenum.p df
28. Goldstein, B., Birkved, M., Quitzau, M. B., & Hauschild, M. (2013).
Quantification of urban metabolism through coupling with the life cycle assessment framework: concept development and case study. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3), 035024.
29. Gondhalekar, D., & Ramsauer, T. (2017). Nexus City: operationalizing the urban water-energy-food nexus for climate change adaptation in Munich,
Germany. Urban Climate, 19, 28-40.
30. Guinée, J., R. Heijungs, G.Huppes, A. Zamagni, P. Masoni, R. Buonamici, T.
Ekvall and T. Rydberg. (2011). Life Cycle Assessment: Past, Present, and Future.
Environmental Science and Technology, 45(1), 90-96.
31. Hellweg, S., & i Canals, L. M. (2014). Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment. Science, 344(6188), 1109-1113.
32. Holland, R. A., Scott, K. A., Flörke, M., Brown, G., Ewers, R. M., Farmer, E., ... &
Barrett, J. (2015). Global impacts of energy demand on the freshwater resources of nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(48), E6707-E6716.
33. Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the Nexus. Background Paper for the
Bonn2011Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. Stockholm
34. Hussey, K., & Pittock, J. (2012). The energy–water nexus: Managing the links between energy and water for a sustainable future. Ecology and Society, 17(1).
35. Huang, C. L., Vause, J., Ma, H. W., & Yu, C. P. (2012). Using material/substance flow analysis to support sustainable development assessment: a literature review and outlook. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 68, 104-116.
36. ILCD (International Reference Life Cycle Data System). (2010). General guide for Life Cycle Assessment-Detailed guidance. Luxembourg. doi, 10(38479), 0.
37. Irabien, A., & Darton, R. C. (2016). Energy–water–food nexus in the Spanish greenhouse tomato production. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,
18(5), 1307-1316.
38. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2012). World energy outlook 2012. Paris:
International Energy Agency.
39. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2006). The New
International Standards for Life Cycle Assessment: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1065/lca2006.02.002
40. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014:
Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva:IPCC.
41. IRENA. (2015). Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus. Retrieved from
http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_water_energy_food_
nexus_2015.pdf.
42. Jeswani, H. K., Burkinshaw, R., & Azapagic, A. (2015). Environmental
snacks. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 2, 17-28.
43. Keskinen, M., Guillaume, J. H., Kattelus, M., Porkka, M., Räsänen, T. A., & Varis, O. (2016). The water-energy-food nexus and the transboundary context: insights from large Asian rivers. Water, 8(5), 193.
44. Lassen, C., Hansen, E., COWI, C. E., & Planners, A. S. (2000). Paradigm for substance flow analyses. Guide for SFAs carried out for the Danish EPA.
Environmental Project, (577).
45. Li, X., Feng, K., Siu, Y. L., & Hubacek, K. (2012). Energy-water nexus of wind power in China: the balancing act between CO2 emissions and water
consumption. Energy policy, 45, 440-448.
46. Li, H., & Kwan, M. P. (2018). Advancing analytical methods for urban metabolism studies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 239-245.
47. Lofman, D., Petersen, M., & Bower, A. (2002). Water, energy and environment nexus: The California experience. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 18(1), 73-85.
48. Lu, Y., & Chen, B. (2016). Energy-water nexus in urban industrial system. Energy Procedia, 88, 212-217.
49. McCalla, A. (1997, May). The water, food, and trade nexus. In Paper delivered at MENA-MED Conference convened by the World Bank in Marrakesh.
50. Ma, L., Allwood, J. M., Cullen, J. M., & Li, Z. (2012). The use of energy in China:
Tracing the flow of energy from primary source to demand drivers. Energy, 40(1), 174-188.
51. Malik, R. P. S. (2002). Water-energy nexus in resource-poor economies: the Indian experience. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 18(1), 47-58.
Quantifying the energy, water and food nexus: A review of the latest developments based on life-cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 193, 300-314.
53. Meldrum, J., Nettles-Anderson, S., Heath, G., & Macknick, J. (2013). Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 015031.
54. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). (2008).
Measuring material flows and resource productivity.
55. Pacetti, T., Lombardi, L., & Federici, G. (2015). Water–energy Nexus: a case of biogas production from energy crops evaluated by Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Journal of Cleaner Production, 101, 278-291.
56. Perrone, D., Murphy, J., & Hornberger, G. M. (2011). Gaining perspective on the water− energy nexus at the community scale. Environmental Science &
Technology, 45(10), 4228-4234
57. Rambo, K. A., Warsinger, D. M., Shanbhogue, S. J., & Ghoniem, A. F. (2017).
Water-Energy Nexus in Saudi Arabia. Energy Procedia, 3837-3843.
58. Ramaswami, A., Boyer, D., Nagpure, A. S., Fang, A., Bogra, S., Bakshi, B., ... &
Rao-Ghorpade, A. (2017). An urban systems framework to assess the
trans-boundary food-energy-water nexus: implementation in Delhi, India.Environmental Research Letters, 12(2), 025008.
59. Silva, D. A. L., de Oliveira, J. A., Saavedra, Y. M., Ometto, A. R., i Pons, J. R., &
Durany, X. G. (2015). Combined MFA and LCA approach to evaluate the
metabolism of service polygons: A case study on a university campus. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 94, 157-168.
60. Sachs, I., & Silk, D. (1990). Food and energy: strategies for sustainable
61. Scott, C. A. (2011). The water‐energy‐climate nexus: resources and policy outlook for aquifers in Mexico. Water Resources Research, 47(6).
62. Siddiqi, A., Anadon, L.D. (2011). The water–energy nexus in Middle East and North Africa. Energy Policy, 39(8), 4529–4540.
63. Smajgl, A., Ward, J., & Pluschke, L. (2016). The water–food–energy Nexus–
Realising a new paradigm. Journal of Hydrology, 533, 533-540.
64. Sorrell, S., Speirs, J., Bentley, R., Brandt, A. & Miller, R. (2010). Global Oil Depletion: A Review of the Evidence. Energy Policy, 38(9), 5290-5295.
65. SOER. (2010). State of the Environment, Cross-sectoral assessment of the agriculture, energy, forestry and transport sectors, EEA.
66. Tan, C., & Zhi, Q. (2016). The energy-water nexus: a literature review of the dependence of energy on water. Energy Procedia, 88, 277-284.
67. UNEP. (2014). Assessing Global: Balancing Consumption with Sustainable
Supply. A Report of the Working Group on Land and Soils of the International
Resource Panel. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 90.68. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). (2009).
World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision – Executive Summary. New York,
UNDESA.69. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). (2017). Environment Baseline Vol. 4: Energy-Water Nexus. Retrieved from
ttps://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Environment%20Baseline%20 Vol.%204--Energy-Water%20Nexus.pdf
70. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2015). Renewable Energy
http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/irena_water_energy_food_
nexus_2015.pdf
71. UN-Water. (2015). The United Nations world water development report2015—
Water for a sustainable world. Retrieved from
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/loginarea/naturalsciences/environment/water/wwap /wwdr/2015-water-for-a-sustainable-world/, Accessed.
72. UN-Water, F. (2007). Coping with water scarcity — challenge of the twenty-first century. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-aq444e.pdf
73. Vanham, D. (2016). Does the water footprint concept provide relevant information to address the water–food–energy–ecosystem nexus?. Ecosystem services, 17, 298-307.
74. Vanham, D., Gawlik, B. M., & Bidoglio, G. (2017). Food consumption and related water resources in Nordic cities. Ecological Indicators, 74, 119-129.
75. Van Ginkel, S. W., Igou, T., & Chen, Y. (2017). Energy, water and nutrient impacts of California-grown vegetables compared to controlled environmental agriculture systems in Atlanta, GA. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 319-325.
76. Walker, R. V., Beck, M. B., Hall, J. W., Dawson, R. J., & Heidrich, O. (2014). The energy-water-food nexus: Strategic analysis of technologies for transforming the urban metabolism. Journal of environmental management, 141, 104-115.
77. Wang, S., & Chen, B. (2016). Energy–water nexus of urban agglomeration based on multiregional input–output tables and ecological network analysis: a case study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Applied Energy, 178, 773-783.
78. White, D. J., Hubacek, K., Feng, K., Sun, L., & Meng, B. (2018). The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in East Asia: A tele-connected value chain analysis using
79. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2009). Thirsty energy: water and energy in the
21st century. Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/reports/thirsty-energy-water-and-energy-21st-century80. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2014). The Water-Energy Nexus: Strategic
considerations for Energy Policy-Makers. Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/reports/water-energy-nexus-strategic-considerations-energy-policy-makers
81. WBCSD, 2014.Water, food and energy nexus challenges. Retrieved from http://wbcsdpublications.org/project/water-food-and-energy-nexus-challenges/
82. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2011). Global Risks 2011 [Sixth Edition].
Retrieved from http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2011/
83. Wakeford, J., Kelly, C., & Mentz Lagrange, S. (2015). Mitigating risks and
vulnerabilities in the energy-food-water nexus in developing countries.
Stellenbosch. South Africa: Sustainability Institute.
84. Wa'el A, H., Memon, F. A., & Savic, D. A. (2018). A risk-based assessment of the household water-energy-food nexus under the impact of seasonal
variability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 1275-1289.
85. Wong, J. L. (2010). The Food-Energy-Water Nexus. Harvard Asia Quarterly, 12.
86. Wolf, M. A., Chomkhamsri, K., Brandao, M., Pant, R., Ardente, F., Pennington, D.
W., & Goralczy k, M. (2010). ILCD Handbook-General Guide for Life Cycle
Assessment-Detailed Guidance. Retrieved from
http://www.citeulike.org/group/13799/article/11823307
87. White, D. J., Hubacek, K., Feng, K., Sun, L., & Meng, B. (2018). The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in East Asia: A tele-connected value chain analysis using
88. Yillia, P. T. (2016). Water-Energy-Food nexus: framing the opportunities,
challenges and synergies for implementing the SDGs. Österreichische Wasser-und Abfallwirtschaft, 68(3-4), 86-98.
89. Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., & Yu, X. (2015). Urban metabolism: a review of current knowledge and directions for future study. Environmental science & technology,
49(19), 11247-11263.
90. Ziv, G., Watson, E., Young, D., Howard, D. C., Larcom, S. T., & Tanentzap, A. J.
(2018). The potential impact of Brexit on the energy, water and food nexus in the UK: A fuzzy cognitive mapping approach. Applied Energy, 210, 487-498.
91. 中技社（2013）。永續資源管理技術手冊。ISBN：978-986-88170-9-8。
92. 中技社（2016）。糧食、能源、水資源鏈結(FEW Nexus)發展趨勢與應用潛 力。ISBN：978-986-94322-0-7。
93. 中技社（2017）。台灣糧食自給率之影響及因應。ISBN：978-986-94322-7-6 94. 中興工程顧問社（2011）。都市污水處理廠放流水再生回收－福田水資源回
收中心模廠試驗。取自
http://tao.wordpedia.com/pdf_down.aspx?filename=JO00001088_111_61-69 95. 中油(2017)。2017 永續報告書。取自 https://new.cpc.com.tw/csr/report/
96. 林暐（2017）。構建水資源、能源與糧食交織系統風險評估方法—以金門地
99. 李秀雯（2012）。以物質流方法探討臺灣含汞物質的管理，臺灣大學環境工 102. 周嫦娥（2015）。台灣水資源需求現況與管理策略工具。土木水利，42(4)，
19-29。
取自https://www.epa.gov.tw/Page/26CEE2F18D0409B8
108. 經濟部能源局（2010）。能源發展綱領政策評估說明書(草案)。取自
shx?type=pdf&book_code=B_CH&chapter_code=E&report_code=01 111. 經濟部水利署（2014）。海水淡化現況。取自
https://www.wra.gov.tw/media/18348/f-temp-attachment-532014513583.pdf 112. 經濟部水利署（2016）。105 年度經濟部水利署年報。取自
https://lib.wra.gov.tw/libebookFlip/2017/2010004041b/mobile/index.html#p=1 113. 經濟部水利署（2013）。新紀元水利施政綱領（102~111 年）。取自
https://www.wra.gov.tw/media/16538/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%
附錄
3.87E+09 1.17E+10 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.60E+11 2.69E+10 1.63E+07 1.65E+07 1.89E+06 2.27E+06𝑋2
1 噸 工業再生水 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
1 公秉 柴油 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
海水淡化 1 kg Tap water {GLO}| tap water production, seawater reverse osmosis, conventional pretreatment, baseline module, single stage | Alloc Def, U
民生污水 再生
1 kg Tap water {GLO}| tap water production, seawater reverse osmosis, conventional pretreatment,
1 kg Tap water {GLO}| tap water production, seawater reverse osmosis, conventional pretreatment,