第五章 結論與建議
5.2 建議
實驗方法及方向：
1. 可比較在同樣 1 mg-O3/mg-DOC 臭氧反應劑量下，本實驗所採用之類似批次 反應方式，以及連續曝氣之反應方式，兩者之有機物性質變化與消毒副產物 生成的異同，唯獨連續曝氣之方式的反應時間及劑量需準確計算及評估。
2. 由於本實驗之生物濾床的形式為每次使用時每次採集並清洗濾砂，如此一來 不只造成濾砂上附著的微生物大量脫落或死亡，大幅降低生物活性，影響生 物濾床的效率，而且可能因為每次採樣及清洗的情形不同，導致每次實驗的 結果不一。建議生物濾床應該採用連續流式，以欲分析之水樣持續過濾，待 附著在濾砂的之微生物穩定生長後，方可使用，此生物濾床之形式不傴效率 較佳，亦較符合實廠的操作模式。
3. 本實驗應額外測量溴離子（Bromide）、溴酸鹽（Bromate）和 UV254等項目，
經過臭氧氧化與生物濾床處理程序時之變化情形，如此才能更完整說明及分 析實驗結果。尤其在含溴物種方面，由於金門太湖水質鹽化問題日趨嚴重，
水中溴離子含量增加，臭氧又極易與溴離子反應形成溴酸鹽，可能改變臭氧 與水中天然有機物反應之實際劑量，並影響氧化效率；加上水中含溴物種多，
可能導致加氯消毒後產生較多的含溴消毒副產物（毒性較高）。因此有其必 要瞭解含溴物種在整體處理程序中（尤其在臭氧氧化前後）的變化，以利後 續相關之評估。
4. 溶解性有機氮的測量方法，若能解決技術上之問題，量測凱氏氮與氨氮後再 相減，即可得到水中溶解性有機氮含量，應比本實驗之溶解性有機氮測量及 計算方法所得到之結果準確。
5. 可探討較微觀的方面，如臭氧氧化後，為何讓原本生成量較少的 DCAA、
TCNM 和 NDMA 徒增，做一連串如反應機制、去除方式與分析比較之研究。
6. 亦可廣泛研究例如以相同臭氧氧化及生物濾床處理多種來源及性質不同的
原水，相互比較天然有機物性質以及消毒副產物生成等，進而找出天然有機 物隨著處理程序變化的趨勢，並對應到消毒副產物的控制。或者以相同水源，
但不同前氧化方式，如高級氧化處理等，甚至改變生物濾床之填充濾料等，
比較臭氧與其他氧化方式以及不同濾料間之整體處理效率，最終找到最適合 某種水源的處理程序。
實廠應用方面：
雖然本實驗結果證實，在一般淨水廠操作條件下之臭氧氧化及生物濾床處理 程序，無法有效且大量地去除金門太湖原水中的天然有機物，雖然對於三鹵甲烷 與鹵乙酸有些微之控制效果，然而對於氮系消毒副產物之控制則不如預期，其中 原因之一是金門太湖之原水本來就是性質相當特別的水源，金門太湖長年面臨藻 華危機及水中有機物濃度居高不下的窘境，因此以一般處理方式處理金門太湖原 水，可想而知的，很難得到良好的處理效果。且本實驗處理程序並非完整之標準 淨水程序，只要徹底調查原水性質，並選擇最適當之處理方式，理論上遇到何種 特性之原水，無論在實驗室規模或是實廠上，都會收到不錯的效果。
此外本實驗更加證明，以臭氧氧化及生物濾床處理水中天然有機物確實會造 成含氮消毒副產物生成的風險，最令人震驚的是，不只 TCNM 會因臭氧氧化而 促進其於加氯消毒後的生成，NDMA 亦是，許多文獻指出，臭氧可破壞並去除 NDMA 的前驅物質，然而本實驗得到相反的結果。可見不同地區的水體，水中 有機物特性千奇萬變，就算以相同方法分析有機物特性，仍無法確定其經過氧化 及過濾等處理程序之後的變化。本實驗結果只是證明了某種性質水源經過處理後 之變化情形，往後仍需仰賴更進一步且持續的調查。
台灣部份地區的缺水問題嚴重，然而水又是生命不可或缺的元素，以及各種 產業發展的重要仰賴資源。一個效率佳的淨水廠顯得格外重要，因此綜觀上段所 述，相關文獻蒐集、水源特性調查及挑選最佳處理方式等，再配合實廠操作及維 護，才是成功建置實廠的不二法門，最終才能達到惠澤於民的終極目標。
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附錄一 消毒副產物於美國環保署及其他國際組織之法規標準或相關
準則(Richardson et al., 2007)
附錄二 金門太湖原水之基本特性
項目 測值
pH 7.74
NPDOC, mg/L 8.53 ±0.16
鹼度, mg CaCO3/L 95.8 ±7.2
氨態氮, mg-N/L 0.08（13.3）
NPDOC、鹼度 n = 3
氨態氮 n = 2，括弧內為相對差異百分比（%）
附錄三 原水、臭氧氧化後水及生物濾床最終出流水之消毒副產物生 成潛勢結果（Chlorination & Chloramination）
臭氧氧化後水
單位：DBPs (ppb), NDMA (ppt)
THMs HAAs HANs HNMs Nitrosamines
Chloroform DCBM DBCM Tatol DCAA TCAA BCAA Tatol DCAN TCNM NDMA
chlorination 462.0 25.6 1.8 489.4 198.9 95.4 7.0 301.3 1.6 62.3 ╳
SD 12.7 0.2 0.0 12.5 1.1 2.3 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.1 ╳
chloramination 48.1 4.7 0.4 53.1 28.9 1.0 1.3 31.2 3.5 32.3 101.2
SD 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 7.1
生物濾床最終出流水
單位：DBPs (ppb), NDMA (ppt)
THMs HAAs HANs HNMs Nitrosamines
Chloroform DCBM DBCM Tatol DCAA TCAA BCAA Tatol DCAN TCNM NDMA
chlorination 453.7 25.1 2.1 481.0 160.8 81.7 6.0 248.6 1.5 62.9 ╳
SD 16.5 0.5 0.1 15.9 0.5 1.9 0.1 1.3 0.0 2.2 ╳
chloramination 36.3 5.3 0.5 42.2 26.5 0.9 1.5 28.9 3.4 32.6 126.4
SD 2.3 0.4 0.0 2.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 2.2 0.8
金門太湖原水
單位：DBPs (ppb), NDMA (ppt)
THMs HAAs HANs HNMs Nitrosamines
Chloroform DCBM DBCM Tatol DCAA TCAA BCAA Tatol DCAN TCNM NDMA chlorination 589.3 56.7 4.3 650.3 153.9 157.2 10.9 322.0 1.2 3.6 ╳
SD 26.8 1.3 0.1 25.4 4.1 4.9 0.3 9.4 0.1 0.6 ╳
chloramination 54.0 12.5 1.4 68.0 38.1 1.4 3.6 43.1 8.0 4.4 68.5
SD 1.2 0.2 0.0 1.4 1.2 0.2 0.6 2.0 0.3 0.1 5.2
附錄四 原水之各個 Fractions 對消毒副產物生成潛勢貢獻之結果
（Chlorination & Chloramination）
金門太湖原水 單位：DBPs (ppb)
THMs HAAs HANs HNMs Nitrosamines
Chloroform DCBM DBCM DCAA TCAA BCAA DCAN TCNM NDMA
rw.chlorination 405.0 79.7 11.8 119.5 130.6 16.2 4.5 2.4 ╳
SD 10.9 2.9 0.1 3.3 3.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 ╳
eff1.chlorination 164.1 66.2 17.3 59.9 35.5 15.5 2.6 0.0 ╳
SD 18.1 3.4 0.0 2.3 1.6 0.7 0.2 0.0 ╳
eff2.chlorination 64.5 42.4 15.3 30.4 12.9 11.1 1.5 0.0 ╳
SD 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 ╳
eff3.chlorination 39.1 17.6 3.4 14.1 4.6 3.3 0.3 0.0 ╳
SD 4.7 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 ╳
rw.chloramination 42.4 21.9 5.3 28.9 1.5 10.0 7.0 2.5 37.9
SD 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0
eff1.chloramination 10.8 11.0 5.0 10.1 0.4 5.4 1.6 0.0 35.1
SD 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.5
eff2.chloramination 5.5 5.9 3.9 4.9 0.2 3.1 0.7 0.0 32.8
SD 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 2.2
eff3.chloramination 4.0 2.2 1.3 1.9 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.0 167.0
SD 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8
附錄五 、臭氧氧化後水之各個 Fractions 對消毒副產物生成潛勢貢獻 之結果（Chlorination & Chloramination）
臭氧氧化後水 單位：DBPs (ppb)
THMs HAAs HANs HNMs Nitrosamines
Chloroform DCBM DBCM DCAA TCAA BCAA DCAN TCNM NDMA
O3.chlorination 304.7 60.9 9.9 221.9 109.3 19.3 3.2 36.7 ╳
SD 27.2 2.3 0.5 13.6 7.2 2.4 0.3 2.5 ╳
eff1.chlorination 213.8 52.8 9.4 184.5 74.7 19.0 3.1 31.1 ╳
SD 1.5 1.6 0.0 2.9 0.9 0.4 0.1 1.2 ╳
eff2.chlorination 124.5 45.2 10.0 133.5 45.0 18.0 2.0 18.0 ╳
SD 5.3 0.3 0.1 3.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.9 ╳
eff3.chlorination 73.2 18.8 2.8 37.4 13.5 4.9 0.7 18.8 ╳
SD 2.4 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.9 ╳
O3.chloramination 37.3 14.1 2.9 30.4 1.5 6.7 3.8 32.5 111.8
SD 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.3 1.0
eff1.chloramination 17.4 11.7 2.5 24.8 1.1 5.2 2.9 30.8 115.4
SD 0.7 0.4 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
eff2.chloramination 12.4 8.5 2.4 16.7 0.6 4.5 1.6 22.5 78.0
SD 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3
eff3.chloramination 8.8 3.2 0.6 6.3 0.2 0.8 0.6 21.6 77.4
SD 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3
附錄六 生物濾床最終出流水之各個 Fractions 對消毒副產物生成潛勢 貢獻之結果（Chlorination & Chloramination）
生物濾床最終出流水 單位：DBPs (ppb)
THMs HAAs HANs HNMs Nitrosamines
Chloroform DCBM DBCM DCAA TCAA BCAA DCAN TCNM NDMA
bio.chlorination 312.89 43.86 8.28 182.40 101.96 17.46 2.57 43.74 ╳
SD 45.06 3.75 0.41 12.83 3.06 1.10 0.54 2.99 ╳
eff1.chlorination 271.30 44.73 8.18 172.13 77.23 16.01 2.65 37.19 ╳
SD 20.40 2.49 0.45 0.02 0.57 0.01 0.01 0.30 ╳
eff2.chlorination 159.75 34.53 8.06 122.87 47.42 15.21 1.68 21.96 ╳
SD 4.30 0.55 0.49 2.77 1.90 0.50 0.09 0.34 ╳
eff3.chlorination 67.78 9.26 1.64 32.70 12.96 3.37 0.49 25.09 ╳
SD 2.03 0.34 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.04 0.01 1.16 ╳
bio.chloramination 25.36 16.90 4.24 27.51 1.50 7.60 3.91 36.71 118.8
SD 0.39 0.70 0.21 1.10 0.01 0.51 0.09 4.54
eff1.chloramination 17.80 14.61 3.81 21.36 0.90 5.45 2.64 34.49 116.4
SD 1.58 0.48 0.16 0.35 0.07 0.32 0.22 2.78
eff2.chloramination 10.94 9.18 3.38 13.54 0.57 4.87 1.29 22.28 86.4
SD 1.52 0.15 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.27 0.04 1.11
eff3.chloramination 7.87 2.43 0.43 6.08 0.38 0.67 0.62 24.29 83.4
SD 0.15 0.10 0.01 0.35 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.24