第七章 結論與建議
7.2 建議
厭氧與兼氧微生物薄膜系統雖然已被證實具有長期操作穩定性，且具 備應用價值，但此技術屬新開發系統，尚有許多關鍵技術值得繼續投 入研究，包括：
1. 在第 4.4 節與第 6.5 節中雖已證實，厭氧與兼氧微生物薄膜系統 中之薄膜具有高的抗積垢特性，但因本研究使用之薄膜為孔洞直 徑為0.04 μm 之 PVDF 材質，若薄膜之高抗積垢特性與水中 EPS 及膠體數量有關，則厭氧與兼氧微生物薄膜系統之厭氧槽操作特 性與薄膜特性（材質與孔洞直徑）間之關係，值得再深入研究。
2. 在第五章中已證實本系統中之薄膜具高抗結垢特性，主要利用微 生物與金屬間之生物膠凝作用，而使兩價陽離子與碳酸失去結晶 潛能，而達到預防薄膜結垢結垢之功能，有關兩價陽離子（如
Ca）在薄膜過濾系統所扮演之角色，在用水與廢水回用領域已有 許多研究，譬如，Ca 與腐植酸或 EPS 之螯合反應行為，鈣與膠 體顆粒之反應行為，及其對薄膜過濾之影響。但在MBR 系統中 系統化之研究仍付之闕如，因 MBR 系統中含有高濃度之 MLSS，
因此鈣離子參與生物質體間螯合吸附反應之行為表現，與用水與 廢水回用之薄膜過濾應決然不同，因此，兩價陽離子在 MBR 中 之反應行為，值得深入研究，對於擴大薄膜生物處理系統之使 用，是重要且關鍵的課題。
8 參考文獻
Ahn J., Daidou T., Tsuneda S. and Hirata A. (2002) Characterization of denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms cultivated under different electron acceptor conditions using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay. Water Res. 36(2), 403-412.
Anderson G., Saw C., and Fernandes M. (1986) Application of porous membranes for biomass retention in biological wastewater treatment processes. Proc. Biochem., 21(6), 174-182.
Anderson G. K., Kasapgil B., and Ince O. (1996) Microbial kinetics of a membrane anaerobic reactor system. Environ. Technol., 17(5), 449-464.
Aquino S. F. and Stuckey D. C. (2004) Soluble microbial products formation in anaerobic chemostats in the presence of toxic compound. Water Res., 38(2), 255-266.
Bai R. B. and Leow H. L. (2001) Microfiltration of polydispersed suspension by a membrane screen-hollow fiber composite module. Desalination, 140(3), 277-287.
Bai R. B. and Leow H. F. (2002a) Microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater —the effect of system operation parameters. Sep. Purif. Technol., 29(2), 189-198.
Bai R. B. and Leow H. F. (2002b) Modeling and experimental study of microfiltration using a composite module. J. Membr. Sci., 204(1-2), 359-377.
Baker J. S. and Dudley L. (1998) Biofouling in membrane systems. Desalination, 118(1-3), 81-89.
Barker D.J. and Stuckey DC. (2001) Modeling of soluble microbial products in anaerobic digestion: the effect of feed strength and composition. Water Environ. Res., 73(2), 173-185.
Benitez J., Rodriguez A. and Malaver R. (1995) Stablization and dewatering of wastewater using hollow fiber membranes. Water Res., 29(10), 2281-2286
Blackwell C. M. and Turner J. H. (1978). Microbial Metabolism of Amino Alcohols. J.
Biochem., 176, 751-757.
Boero V. J., Eckenfelder Jr. W. W. and Bowers A. R. (1991) Soluble microbial product formation in biological systems. Water Sci. Technol., 23(4-6), 1067-1076.
Bouhabila E. H., Aim R. Ben. and Buisson H. (1998) Microfiltration of activated sludge using submerged membrane with air bubbling. Desalination, 118(1-3), 315-322.
Bouhabila E. H., Aim R. B. and Buisson H. (2001) Fouling characterization in membrane bioreactors. Sep. Purif. Technol., 22–23, 123-132.
Bowen W. R., Calvo J. I. and Hernandez A. (1995) Steps of membrane blocking in flux decline during protein icrofiltration. J. Membr. Sci., 101(1-2), 153-165.
Brink L. E. S., Elbers S. J. G., Robbertsen T. and Both P. (1993) The anti-fouling action of polymers preadsorbed on ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes, J.
Membr. Sci., 76(2-3), 281-291.
Bura R., Cheung M., Liao B., Finlayson,J., Lee B. C., Droppo I. G., Leppard G. G.
and Liss S. N. (1998) Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge matrix. Water Sci. Technol., 37(4-5), 325-333.
Callander I. J. and Barford J. P. (1983) Precipitation, chelation, and the availability of metals as nutrients in anaerobic digestion: ( I ) Methodology. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 25(8), 1947-1957.
Cantor J., Sutton P.M., Steinheber R. and Novachis L. (2000) Industrial biotreatment plant capacity expansion and upgrading through application of membrane biomass-effluent separation. Proceedings of the WEF 73rd Annual Conference &
Exposition, Anaheim, CA, CDROM.
Chang I. S. and Lee C. H. (1998) Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane coupled activated sludge system—the effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fouling. Desalination, 120(3), 221-233.
Chang I. S., Lee C. H. and Ahn K. H. (1999) Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane coupled activated sludge system—the effect of floc structure on membrane fouling. Sep. Sci. Technol., 34(9), 1743-1759.
Chang I. S., Bar S. O. and Lee C. H. (2001a) Effects of membrane fouling on solute rejection during membrane filtration of activated sludge. Proce Biochem., 36(8-9), 855-860.
Chang I. S., Kim J. S. and Lee C. H. (2001b) The effect of EPS on membrane fouling in a MBR process. Proc., MBR3 Conf., pp19.
Chang I. S., Clech P. L., Jefferson B. and Judd S. (2002) Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. J. Environ. Eng. ASCE, 128, 1018-1029.
Characklis W.G. (1990) Microbial Fouling Control (W.G. Characklis, K.C. Marshall, Eds.), Biofilms, Wiley, New York, pp. 585–634.
Chiemchaisri C., Wong Y.K., Urase T. and Yamamoto K. (1993) Organic stabilisation and nitrogen removal in membrane separation bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment. Filtr. Sep., 30(3), 247-252.
Chiemchaisri C., Yamamoto K. and Vigneswaran S. (1993) Household membrane bioreactor in domestic wastewater treatment, Water Sci. Technol., 27(1), 171-178.
Choi H., Zhang K., Dionysion D.D., Oerther D.B. and Sorial, G.A. (2005) Effect of permeate flux and tangential flow on membrane fouling for wastewater treatment. Sep.
Purif. Technol., 45(1) 68-78
membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Res., 30(8), 1771-1780.
Choo K. H. and Lee C. H. (1996b) Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability. Water Sci. Technol., 34(9),173-179.
Choo K. H. and Lee C. H. (1998) Hydrodynamic behavior of anaerobic biosolids during crossflow filtration in the membrane anaerobic bioreactor. Water Res., 32(11), 3387-3397.
Choo K. H., Kang I. J.,Yoon S. H., Park H., Kim J. H., Adiya S. and Lee C. H. (2000) Approaches to membrane fouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Water Sci. Technol., 41(10-11), 363-371.
Cicek N., Dionysiou D., Suidan M. T., Ginestet P. and Audic J. M. (1999) Performance deterioration and structural change of a ceramic membrane bioreactor due to inorganic abrasion. J. Membr. Sci., 163(1), 19-28.
Cote P., Buisson H. and Praderie M. (1998) Immersed membranes activated sludge process applied to the Treatment of the municipal wastewater. Water Sci. Technol., 38(4-5), 437-442.
Defrance L. and Jaffrin M. Y. (1999) Comparison between filtrations at fixed transmembrane pressure and fixed permeate flux: Application to a membrane bioreactor used for wastewater treatment. J. Membr. Sci., 152(2), 203-210.
Defrance L., Jaffrin M. Y., Gupta B., Paullier P. and Geaugey V. (2000) Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling.
Bioresource Technol., 73(2), 105-112.
Elmaleh S. and Abdelmoumni L. (1998) Experimental test to evaluate performance of an anaerobic reactor provided with an external membrane unit. Water Sci. Technol., 38(8-9), 385-392.
Eriksson L. and Alm B. (1991) Study of flocculation mechanisms by observing effects of a complexing agent on activated sludge properties. Water Sci. Tech., 24(7), 21-28 Fakhrulrize A. and Noor M. J. M. M. (1999) Treatment of palm oil mill effluent with the membrane anaerobic system. Water Sci. Technol., 39(10-11), 159-163.
Fane A. G., Fell C. J. D. and Nor M. T. (1981) Ultrafiltration/Activated sludge system---development of a predicted model. Poly. Sci. Technol., 13, 631-658.
Fan X. J., Urvain V., Qian Y. and Manem J. (1996) Nitrification and mass balance with a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Sci.
Technol., 34(1-2), 129-136.
Frølund B., Palmgren R., Keiding K. and Nielsen P.H. (1996) Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Res., 30(8), 1749-1758
Fuchs W., Binder H., Mavrias G. and Braun R. (2003) Anaerobic treatment of wastewater with high organic content using a stirred tank reactor coupled with a membrane filtration unit. Water Res., 37(4), 902-908.
Gander M. A., Jefferson B. and Judd S. J. (2000) Membrane bioreactors for use in small wastewater treatment plants: membrane materials and effluent quality. Water Sci. Technol., 41(1), 205-211.
Geesay G.G., Stupy M.W. and Bremer P.J. (1992) The dynamics of biofilms. Int.
Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 30(2-3), 135-154.
Grethlein H.E. (1978) Anaerobic digestion and membrane separation of domestic wastewater. J. Water Pollut Contr. Fed., 50(4), 754-763.
Harada H., Momonoi K., Yamazaki S. and Takizawa S. (1994) Application of anaerobic UF membrane reactor for treatment of a wastewater containing high strength particulate organics. Water Sci. Technol., 30(12), 307-319.
Huang X., Liu R. and Qian Y. (2000) Behaviour of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor. Proc. Biochem., 36(5), 401-406.
Hutter M., Kramer-Schafhalter A. and Mayr B. (2000) Integration of membrane technology in communal wastewater treatment: operation and cost analysis. Eur Water Manage., 3(3), 33-42.
Imasaka T., Kanekuni N., So H. and Yoshino H. (1989) Cross-flow of methane fermentation broth by ceramic membrane. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 68(3), 200-206.
Ince B. K., Ince O., Salls P. J. and Anderson G. K. (2000) Inert COD production in a membrane anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater. Water Res., 34(16), 3943-3948.
Jefferson B., Laine A. L., Judd S. J. and Stephenson T. (2000) Membrane bioreactors and their role in wastewater reuse. Water Sci. Technol., 41(1), 197-204.
Jonathan A.B. and Amy E.C. (2002) Assessing short-range membrane–colloid interactions using surface energetics. J. Membr. Sci., 203(1-2), 257–273
Kaminski I., Vescan N. and Adin A. (1997) Particle size distribution and wastewater filter performance. Water Sci. Technol., 36(4), 217– 224.
Kang I. J., Yoon S. H. and Lee C. H. (2002) Comparison of the filtration characteristics of organic and inorganic membranes in a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Res., 36(7), 1803-1813.
Kayawake E., Narukami Y. and Yamagata M. (1991) Anaerobic digestion by a ceramic membrane enclosed reactor. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 71(2), 122-125.
Kim J. S., Lee C. H. and Chang I. S. (2001) Effect of pump shear on the performance of a crossflow membrane bioreactor. Water Res., 35(9), 2137-2144.
Kiner A. and Leisinger T. (1983) Oxygen sensitivity of methanogenic bacteria. Syst.
Appl. Microbiol., 4(3), 305-312.
Kishino H., Ishida I. and Nakano I. (1996) Domestic wastewater reuse sing a submerged membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 106(1-3), 115-119.
membranes. J. Membr. Sci., 168(1-2), 243-258.
Kuo w. c. and Parkin G. F. (1996) Characterization of soluble microbial production from anaerobic treatment by molecular weight distribution and nickel-chelating properties. Water Res., 30(4), 915-922
Kuo W. C., Sneve M. A. and Parkin G. F. (1996) Formation of soluble microbial products during anaerobic treatment. Water Environ. Res., 68(3), 279-288.
Landa H., Capella A. and Jimenez B. (1997) Particle size distribution in an effluent from an advanced primary treatment and its removal during filtration. Water Sci.
Technol. 36(4), 159-165.
Lee S. M., Jung J. Y. and Chung Y. C. (2001) Novel method for enhancing permeate flux of submerged membrane system in two-phase anaerobic reactor. Water Res., 35(2), 471-477.
Lee D. S., Jeon C. O. and Park J. M. (2001) Biological nitrogen removal with enhanced phosphate uptake in a sequencing batch reactor using single sludge system.
Water Res. 35(16), 3968–3976
Lee S. and Lee C. H. (2000) Effect of operating conditions on CaSO4 scale formation mechanism in nanofiltration for water softening. Water Res. 34(15), 3854-3866 Lee S. H., Kim J. H. and Lee C. H. (1999) Analysis of CaSO4 scale formation mechanism in various nanofiltration modules. J. Membr. Sci., 163(1), 63-74.
Lens P. N., De Poorter M. P., Cronenberg C. C. and Verstraete W. H. (1995) Sulfate reducing and Methane producing bacteria in aerobic wastewater treatment systems.
Water Res., 29(3), 871-880.
Lettinga G. (1995) Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment systems. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 67(1), 3-28.
Levine A. D., Tchobanaglous G. and Asano T. (1985) Characterization of the size distribution of contaminants in wastewater: treatment and reuse implications. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 57(7), 805– 816.
Liao B. Q., Allen D. G., Droppo I. G., Leppard G. G. and Liss S. N. (2001) Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability. Water Res., 35(2), 339–350.
Lim A. L. and Bai R. (2003) Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater. J. Membr. Sci., 216(1-2), 279-290.
Lubbecke S., Vogelpohl A. and Dewjanin W. (1995) Wastewater treatment in a biological high performance system with high biomass concentration. Water Res., 29(3), 793-802.
Ma H., Bowman C. N. and Davis R. H. (2000) Membrane fouling reduction by backpulsing and surface modification. J. Membr. Sci., 173(2), 191-200.
Mahmoud N., Zeeman G., Gijzen H. and Lettinga G. (2003) Solids removal in upflow anaerobic reactors: a review. Bioresource Technol., 90 (1), 1-9
Mikkelsen L. H. and Keiding K. (2002) Physico-chemical characteristics of full scale sewage sludges with implications to dewatering. Water Res. 36(10), 2451-2462.
Mozes N. and Rouxhet P. G. (1990) Microbial Hydrophobicity and Fermentation Technology. in Microbial cell Surface Hydrophobicity Edited by R.J. Doyle and M.
Rosenberg, American Society for Microbiology Washington, D.C.
Muller E. B., Stouthamer A. H., van Verseved H. W. and Eikelboom D. H. (1995) Aerobic domestic wastewater treatment in a pilot plant with complete sludge retention by cross-flow filtration. Water Res., 29(4), 1179-1189
Nagano A., Arikawa E. and Kobayashi H. (1992) The treatment of liquor wastewater containing high-strength suspended solids by membrane bioreactor system. Water Sci.
Technol., 26(3-4), 887-895.
Nagaoka H., Ueda S. and Miya A. (1996) Influence of bacterial extracellular polymers on the membrane separation activated sludge process. Water Sci. Technol., 34(9), 165-172.
Nah Y. M., Ahn K. H. and Yeom I. T. (2000) Nitrogen removal in household wastewater treatment using an intermittently aerated membrane bioreactor. Environ.
Technol., 21(1), 107-114.
Namkung E and Rittmann B. E. (1986) Soluble microbial products (SMP) formation kinetics by biofilms. Water Res., 20(6), 795-806.
Noguera D.R., Araki N. and Rittmann B. E. (1994) Soluble microbial products (SMP) in anaerobic chemostats. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 44(9), 1040-1047.
Parameshwaran K., Fane A. G., Cho B. D. and Kim K. J. (2001) Analysis of microfiltration performance with constant flux processing of secondary effluent.
Water Res., 35(18), 4349-4358.
Ridgeway H. F. and Flemming, H. C. Membrane biofouling, in: J. Mallevialle, P.E.
Odendaal, M.R. Wiesner (Eds.), Water Treatment Membrane Processes, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 6.1–6.62.
Pervov A. G. (1991) Scale formation prognosis and cleaning procedure schedules in reverse osmosis systems operation. Desalination 83(1), 77-118
Sanin D. and Vesilind P. A. (2000) Bioflocculation of activated sludge: The role of calcium ions and extracellular polymers. Environ. Technol., 21(12), 1405–1412.
Schaep J. and Vandecasteele C. (2001) Evaluating the charge of nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci., 188(1), 129–136
Scott J. A., Neilson D. J., Liu W., and Boon P. N. (1998). A dual function membrane bioreactor system for enhanced aerobic remediation of high strength industrial waste.
Water Sci. Technol., 38(4-5), 413-420.
Seung H. B. and Krishna P. (2003) Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Proceedings of the WEF 76th
Shimizu Y., Shimodera K. I. and Watanabe A. (1993) Cross flow microfiltration of bacterial cells. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 76, 493-500.
Shino H. (2004) Kubota submerged flat sheet membrane application and its future direction to be headed. Kubota presentation document.
Speece R.E. (1996) Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial wastewaters. Archase Press, USA, p3-8.
Sponza D.T. (2002) Extracellular polymer substances and physicochemical properties of flocs in steady and unsteady-state activated sludge systems. Proc. Biochem. 37(9), 983-998.
Stahl N., Tenenbaum A. and Galil N. I. (2004) Advanced treatment by anaerobic process followed by aerobic membrane bioreactor for effluent reuse in paper mill industry. Water Sci. and Technol., 50(3), 245–252
Stephenson T., Judd S., Jefferson B. and Brindle K. (2000) Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment, IWA, London.
Strohwald N. K. H. and Ross W. R. (1992) Application of the ADUF process to brewery effluent on a laboratory scale. Water Sci. Technol., 25(10), 95-105.
Sutton P.M., Li A., Evans R. R. and Korchin S. (1983) Dorr-Oliver’s Fixed Film and Suspended Growth Anaerobic Systems for Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery. Proceedings 37th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, p667.
Sutton, P. M. (2003) Membrane bioreactors for industrial wastewater treatment: the state-of-the-art based on full scale commercial applications. Proceedings of the WEF 76th Annual Technical Exhibition & Conference, Los Angeles, CA, CDROM.
Tardieu E., Grasmick A., Geaugey V. and Manem J. (1998) Hydrodynamic control of bioparticle deposition in a MBR applied to wastewater treatment. J. Membr. Sci., 147(1), 1-12.
Tay J.H., Liu J. and Sun D. D. (2002) Effect of solution physico-chemistry on the charge property of nanofiltration membranes. Water Res. 36(3), 585-598
Trouve E., Urbain V. and Manem J. (1994) Treatment of municipal wastewater by a membrane bioreactor: results of a semi-industrial pilot-scale study. Water Sci.
Technol., 30(4), 151.
Ueda T., Hata K. and Kikuoka Y. (1996) Treatment of domestic sewage from rural settlements by a membrane bioreactor. Water Sci. Technol., 34(9), 189-196.
Urbain V., Block J. C. and Manem J. (1993) Bioflocculation in Activated Sludge: An Analytic Approach. Water Res., 27(5), 829-838.
Urbain V., Mobarry B., De Silva V., Stahl D. A., Rittmann B. E. and Manem J. (1998) Integration of performance, molecular biology and modeling to describe the activated sludge process. Water Sci. Technol., 37(4-5), 223-229.
Vrijenhoek E. M., Hongb S. and Elimelech M. (2001) Influence of membrane surface
properties on initial rate of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Scie., 188(1), 115-128.
Wang P., Tan K. L., Kang E. T. and Neoh K. G. (2002) Plasma-induced immobilization of poly(ethylene glycol) onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) microporous membrane. J. Membr. Sci., 195(1), 103-114.
Wen C., Huang X. and Qian Y. (1999) Domestic wastewater treatment using an anaerobic bioreactor coupled with membrane filtration. Proc. Biochem., 35(3-4), 335-340
Wisniewski C. and Grasmick A. (1998) Floc size distribution in a membrane bioreactor and consequences for membrane fouling. Coll. surf., A, 138(2-3), 403-411 Wisniewski C., Grasmick A. and Cruz A. L. (2000) Critical particle size in membrane bioreactors case of a denitrifying bacterial suspension. J. Membr. Sci., 178(1-2), 141-150.
Xavier F. (2003) The current status of the use of membranes for wastewater treatment.
Proceedings of the WEF 76th Annual Technical Exhibition & Conference, Los Angeles, CA, CDROM.
Xing C. H., Tardieu E., Qian Y. and Wen X. H. (2000) Ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor for urban wastewater reclamation. J. Membr. Sci., 177(1-2), 73-82.
Yamamoto K., Hissa M., Mahmood T. and Matsuo T. (1989) Direct solid liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank. Water Sci. Technol., 21(4-5), 43-49.
Yang W., Cicek N. and Ilg J. (2006) State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors:
Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America. J. Membr. Sci., 270(1-2), 201-211.
Yanagi C., Sato M. and Takahara Y. (1994) Treatment of wheat starch waste water by a membrane combined two phase methane fermentation system. Desalination, 98(1-3), 161-170.
Yeom I. T., Nah Y. M. and Ahn K. H. (1999) Treatment of household wastewater using an intermittently aerated membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 124(1-3), 193-204 Zhang B., Yamamoto K., Ohgaki S. and Kamiko N. (1997) Floc size distribution and bacterial activities in membrane separation activated sludge processes for small scale wastewater treatment/reclamation. Water Sci. Technol., 35(6), 37-44.
Zhang Z., Zhu J., King J. and Li W.H. (2006) A two-step fed SBR for treating swine manure. Proc. Biochem., 41, 892–900