第五章 結論與建議
第二節 建議
1. 建議國內政府機關應依據國內地區主要之既有 RC 建築物劣化類型，著手訂定
「既有RC 建築物劣化修補材料基本性質」標準，以及「修補材料結合既有混 凝土材料」之各種性能標準與適當檢測試驗方法。
2. 選擇適當之修補材料必須考慮下列相對重要之性能試驗(1)乾縮；(2)黏结強 度；(3)抗彎強度；(4)彈性模數；(5)抗離子穿透；(6)抗壓強度。
3. 本研究試驗配比為控制水灰比，但在實際施工上必須考量各施工環境下去調 整用水量，以控制工作性質且達到修補材料的最大效用。
附錄一 座談會審查會意見彙整表
22. 本研究前半部診斷技術之研究較弱，後半部之修復技術較全。
23. 報告內容涵蓋 RC 建築物劣化及修復，及修復材料等項目，均有明確的敘述與 說明，也提出了RC 建築物修復後生命週期成本之評估方式，值得肯定。
24. 試驗數據顯示三種水泥砂漿添加 EVA、VeoVA 及 SBR 之強度變化，可減低乾 縮量；抗壓強度均有良好表現，可作為修復材料選用之評估依據。為配合實 用性，建議將其來源、購置成本、施工方法等亦在報告書中加入。
25. 中國土木水利學會有相關的修補規範，可考慮加以整合評估。
26. 請考慮有關劣化診斷程序、所用技術、修復方法、材料及生命週期評估，是 否能整合成一按時間發生順序的流程圖。
27. 為簡化生命週期成本評估，在選擇不同的修復方法及材料，是否也能就所選 用的修復方法及材料，個別進行生命週期成本評估。
28. RC 建築物修復施工綱要已有雛形，後續可以選擇較常用的幾種修復方法，深 入做施工綱要。
29. 建議將已收集之修復材料做整理，提供使用者參考。
30. 論及修復材料，國內學術界應加強與產業界的技術研發及合作開發。
31. 建議訂定修復材料之檢驗基準及測試方法以確保材料品質，未來應研擬製訂 國家材料檢驗方法。
32. 國內修復材料之施作人員訓練培訓，應引用先進國家工作人員需具備的訓練 及施工程序。
33. 施工綱要規範部分建議增加對鋼筋劣化之修復部分，以提供規範部分要求之 建議條文草案。
附錄二 混凝土修補材料價目表
台灣西卡股份有限公司混凝土用修補材料一覽表(混凝土修補+保護+結構補強) 1.混凝土修補
品 名 用 途 材料成本 施工成本 預期壽命 Sika MonoTop 610
接著層砂漿+鋼筋防 腐蝕抑制劑
含矽灰及鋼筋防 腐蝕抑制劑之底
塗 $ 55 / mm / m2 $ 250 / m2 10 ~ 15年 Sika MonoTop R40
高分子修補砂漿
含矽灰及抗裂纖 維之厚層修補砂
漿 $ 800 / cm / m2 $ 250 / m2 10 ~ 15年 Sika MonoTop 620
高分子表面修飾砂 漿
含矽灰之表面修
飾砂漿 $ 60/ mm / m2 $ 250 / m2 10 ~ 15年 SikaPatch M
超早強可澆置修補 砂漿
超早強修補砂漿 $ 1400 / cm / m2 $ 250 / m2 5 ~ 10年
Sika Repair Mortar 高效能修補砂漿
含矽灰及抗裂纖 維之水泥系修補
砂漿 $ 800 / cm / m2 $ 250 / m2 10 ~ 15年 Sikadur 31 SBA
節塊橋樑環氧樹脂 接著劑
可用於混凝土修
補 $ 400 / kg $ 500 / m2 > 15年 Sikadur 52
低黏度裂縫灌注工
Sika Ferrogard 903 滲透式防腐蝕抑制
Sikagard 550W Elastic 混凝土表面抗裂保
3.結構補強
品名 用途 材料成本 施工成本 預期壽命 Sikadur 32雙液
型新舊混凝土
Sikadur -330碳 纖維網專用環
Sika CarboDur 高強度碳纖維 結構補強系統
結構補強 $ 2,000 /m(10 cm寬) > 15年
Sikadur -30 LP 碳纖維版專用
參考書目
2005 王增忠/柳玉杰 混凝土建設項目全壽命經濟分析 基建優化 第 5 期 2006 傅德海/趙四渝/徐洛屹 乾粉砂漿 中國建材工業出版社
(二)英文資料
1978, A. Beeby, ＜Corrosion of reinforcement steel in concrete and its relation to cracking＞, The Structural Engineer, No. 3, Vol. 56A.
1979, N. Jackson, ＜Civil Engineering Materials＞, Cen Tai.
1981, S. Mindness, J.F. Young, Concrete, 1st ed., Prentice-Hall.
1990, K.K. Creatsil, F.P. Glasser,＜Analysis of the steel: concrete interface＞, Proc. of Conf. On Corrosion on Reinforcement in Concrete, UK.
1990, J.G. Cabrear, P.A. Claisse,＜Measurement of Chloride Penetration into Silica Fume Concrete＞, Cement Concrete Composites, Vol.12.
1991, D.C. Allen, H. Roper,＜Concrete structures: materials, maintenance and repair＞, Longman scientific & technical.
1992, P.K. Mehta, M. Paulo,＜Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials＞, 2nd.
Ed., Prentice Hall.
1993, ACI Committee 224, Causes,＜Evaluation and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures＞.
1993, R.T.L. Allen, S.C. Edwards, J.D.N. Shaw,＜The repair of concrete structures＞, Blackie academic & professional.
1993, R.T.L. ALLEN, S.C. EDWARDS, J.D.N. SHAW, ＜The repair of concrete structure＞
1994, S. Chandra, Y. Ohama, ＜polymer in concrete＞, CRC Press Inc
1995, M.U.K. Afridi, Y. Ohama, M. Zafar Iqbal&K.Demura,＜Water retentionand adhesion of powdered and aqueous polymer-modified mortar＞,Cem. Concr.
Compos.
1995, P.S. Mangat, M.K. Limbachiya,＜Repair material properties which influence long-term performance of concrete structures＞.
1995, A.M. Neville,＜Properties of Concrete＞, 4th ed., Addison Wesley Longman.
1996, R.K. Dhir, M.R. Jones, ＜Concrete in the service of mankind: concrete repair＞, rehabilitation and protection, E & FN SPON.
1996, P.H. Emmons, A.M. Vaysburd,＜System concept in design and construction of durable concrete repairs＞.
1996, A. M. Neville,＜Properties of Concrete＞, 4th ed., Longman, New York.
1996, D.R. Morgan,＜Compatibility of concrete repair materials and systems＞.
1996, ＜ National Highway System designation Act ： LCCA Requirements FH-WA-HNG-40＞.
1997, Dr. M.H Decter BSc（Honnurs）PhD CChen MRSC,＜Fosroc International Led, Durable concrete repair-importance of compatibility and low shrinkage＞.
1997, I.J. Vries, R.B. Polder,＜Hydrophobic Treatment of Concrete Construction and Building Materials＞.
1997, Robert S.Zobel, R.L. Carrasquillo, D.W. Fowler,＜Repair of impact damaged prestressed bridge girder using a variety of materials and placement methods＞.
1997, P.F. G.Binfill,＜Re-alkalisation of carbobated concrete - effect on concrete properties＞.
1997, D.J. Cleland, K.M. Yeoh, A.E. Long,＜Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete repair＞.
1997, J.G. Cabrera, A.S. AI-Hasan, ＜ Performance properties of concrete repair materials＞.
1999, Andrea Saccani, Vittorio Magnaghi,＜Durability of epoxy resin-based materials for the repair of damaged cementitious composites＞, Cem. Concr. Res.
1999/3, Joachim Schulze,＜Influence of water-cement ratio and cement content on the properties of polymer-modified mortars＞, Cem. Concr. Res.
1999 D.M. Frangopol,＜Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Bridges＞, Bridge Safety and Reliability.
1999, A.F. Bennett, K. Bourke,＜Life Cycle costing for a design life standard＞, Durability of building Material and Components, Vol. 8, 1509-1517.
2000, A.I. Abu-Taira, U.D. Laverya, A. Nadjaia, S.R. Rigdenb, T.M.A. Ahmedb, ＜A new method for evaluating the surface roughness of concrete cut for repair or strengthening＞.
2000, A.M. VaysburdU, P.H. Emmons,＜How to make today’s repairs durable for tomorrow - corrosion protection in concrete repair＞.
2000, Concrete Waterproofing by Crystallization, ＜A Briefing Data from Xypex Chemical corporation＞, Vancouver, Canada.
2000,M.J. Shannag,＜High strength concrete containing natural pozzolan and silica fume＞, Cem. Concr. Compos. Vol. 22.
2001, P.K. Mehta, R.W. Burrows,＜Building Durable Structures in the 21st century＞, Concrete International.
2001, Y.K. Wen, Y.J. Kang,＜Minimum building life-cycle cost design criteria II：
application＞, Journal of structural Engineering.
2002, M.J. Shannag,＜High-performance cementitious grouts for structural repair＞, Cem. Concr. Res. , Vol. 32.
2002/3, Shiyun Zhong, Zhiyuan Chen,＜Properties of latex blends and its modified cement mortar＞, Cem. Concr. Res.
2002/3, D.A. Silva, H.R. Roman, P.J.P. Gleize, ＜Evidences of chemical interaction between EVA and hydrating Portland cement＞, Cem. Concr. Res.
2003, M.M. Al-Zahrani, M. Maslehuddin, S.U.Al-Dulaijan, M. Ibrahim,＜Mechanical properties and durability characteristics of polymer-and cement-based repair materials＞，Cem. Concr. Compos.
2003, Antonio Nanni,＜North American design guidelines for concrete reinforcement and strengthening using FRP: principles, applications and unresolved issues＞.
2003,＜Proposal document of waterproofing system for Taiwan high speed Rail＞.
2004/3, A. Momayez, M.R. Ehsani, A.A. Ramezanianpour, H. Rajaie,＜Comparison of methods for evaluating bond strength between concrete substrate and repair materials＞, Cem. Concr. Res.
2004/10, D.A. Silva, P.J.M. Monteiro, ＜ ESEM analysis of polymeric film in EVA-modified cement paste＞, Cem. Concr. Res.
ASTM E917-94,＜Standard practice for measuring Life-cycle cots of buildings and building systems＞.
(三)網頁資料
李有豐 非破壞性檢測與評估，台大營建知識網
李有豐/施邦築 鋼筋混凝土橋樑非破壞性檢測評估原理與實務研究，台大營建知識
網
李有豐 混凝土結構物劣化機制與維修補強要領，台大營建知識網 安固工程有限公司，http://www.anchors.com.tw/
南星顏料廠股份有限公司，http://www.alcaflex.com.tw/
昭淩工程顧問股份有限公司，http://www.join.com.tw/
國森企業股份有限公司，http://www.ksbond-tec.com.tw/
田心工程有限公司，http://www.ten-shin.com.tw/
台灣西卡股份有限公司http://www.sika.com.tw/
台灣省土木技師公會http://www.twce.org.tw
108
附件 既有 RC 建築物修復施工綱要草案
目錄
前言 ………..124 第一節 通則 ...124 1.1 定義(Definition) ...124 1.1.1 混凝土(Concrete)...124 1.1.2 水泥砂漿(Mortar)...124 1.1.3 水泥灌漿材料(Grout)...124 1.1.4 水泥基材料(Cement-Based Material) ...124 1.1.5 聚合物改質劑(Polymer-Modifier) ...124 1.1.6 聚合物改質材料(Polymer-Modified Material)...124 1.1.7 環氧樹脂(Epoxy Resin Binder)...124 1.1.8 環氧樹脂混凝土(Epoxy Concrete) ...125 1.1.9 環氧樹脂砂漿(Epoxy Mortar) ...125 1.1.10 環氧樹脂漿(Non-Pressure Epoxy Grout)...125 1.1.11 環氧樹脂注膠劑(Epoxy Injection Adhesive)....125 1.1.12 快速硬固修補材料(Rapid-Hardening Repair
Material)...125 1.1.13 非結構型裂縫(Non-Structural Cracks) ...125
110
1.1.14 結構型裂縫(Structural Cracks) ...127 1.2 系統說明(System Description) ...128 1.2.1 設計要求(Design Requirements)...128 1.2.1.1 修補材料(Repair Materials) ...128 1.2.2 修補材料性能要求(Repair Material Performance Requirements) ...128
1.3 資料送審(Submittals) ...128 1.4 品質保證(Quality Assurance) ...129 1.4.1 資格(Qualifications) ...129 1.4.1.1 承包商資格(Contractor Qualifications) ...129 1.4.1.2 施工人員資格(Worker Qualifications)...129 1.4.1.3 拆除人員資格(Blasting Personal
Qualifications)...129 1.4.1.4 品管人員資格(Quality Control Personal
Qualifications)...129 1.4.2 法規要求(Regulatory Requirements) ...129 1.4.3 施工前會議(Pre-Construction Conference) ...129 1.4.4 修補材料配比(Repair Material Mixture
Proportioning) ...129
1.4.5 試驗報告(Test Reports)...130 1.4.5.1 環氧樹脂黏著劑...130 1.4.5.2 環氧樹脂砂漿...131 1.4.5.3 水泥質混凝土或水泥砂漿...131 1.4.5.4 聚合物改質混凝土或水泥砂漿...133 1.4.6 現場取樣(Field Samples) ...134 1.4.6.1 混凝土移除(Concrete Removal) ...134 1.4.6.2 接合或裂縫塗封(Joint and Crack
Sealing )………...134 1.4.6.3 預鑄單元組合試驗(Precast Unit Assembly Test)...134 1.4.6.4 修補嵌板取樣(Sample Repair Panels) ...134 1.5 交貨、儲存與搬運(Delivery, Storage, and Handling) ...135 1.5.1 包裝、運輸、搬運與裝卸(Packing, Shipping, Handling, and Unloading)...135 1.5.2 環氧樹脂(Epoxy-Resin Materials) ...135 1.5.3 聚合物材料(Polymer Materials) ...135 1.5.4 化學摻料(Chemical Admixtures)...135
112
1.5.5 廢棄物管理及拋置(Waste Management and
Disposal) ...135 1.6 工地條件(Project/site Conditions) ...135 1.6.1 環境要求(Environmental Requirements) ...135 1.6.2 現有條件(Existing Conditions) ...135 1.7 施工順序及排程(Sequencing and Scheduling) ....136 1.8 施工容差(Construction Tolerances)...136 1.8.1 混凝土移除(Concrete Removal) ...136 1.8.2 修補材料與產品(Repair Materials and
Products) ...136 1.9 現場量測(Field Measurements) ...136 1.9.1 垂直混凝土移除量測(Measurement of Vertical Concrete Removal) ...136 1.9.2 水平混凝土移除量測(Measurement of Horizontal Concrete Removal) ...136 1.9.3 混凝土量測(Measurements of Concrete) ...136
1.10 其他相關作業(Related Work Specified
Elsewhere) ...136 1.10.1 模板(Formwork) ...136
1.10.2 鋼筋(Reinforcing Steel)...136 1.10.3 現調密封劑(Field-Molded Sealants)...136 1.10.4 施壓塗封(Compression Seals)...136 1.10.5 混凝土(Concrete)...136 1.10.6 噴凝土(Shotcrete)...136 1.10.7 預壘混凝土(Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete) ....137 1.10.8 預鑄混凝土(Precast Concrete) ...137 1.10.9 廢棄材料拋置(Disposal of Waste Materials)....137 1.11 安全須知(Safety) ...137 第二節 產品 ...137 2.1 材料(Material)...137 2.1.1 水泥質材料(Cement-Based Materials) ...137 2.1.1.1 快速硬固修補材料(Rapid-Hardening Repair Material)...137 2.1.1.2 超微細水泥(Ultra-fine Cement)...137 2.1.2 摻料(Admixtures) ...137 2.1.3 粒料(Aggregate) ...137 2.1.4 水(Water) ...138 2.1.5 纖維(Fiber Reinforcement)...138
114
2.1.6 聚合物材料(Polymer Materials) ...138 2.1.6.1 混凝土或水泥砂漿使用之聚合物改質劑 (Polymer Modifier for Concrete or Mortar)...138 2.1.6.2 聚氨基甲酸酯注膠黏著劑(Polyurethane Injection Adhesive) ...138 2.1.6.3 聚酯樹脂灌漿材料(Polyester Resin
Grout)...138 2.1.6.4 乳膠黏結材(Latex Bonding Compound)....139 2.1.6.5 高分子量甲基丙烯酸酯(High Molecular Weight Methacrylate, HMWM) ...139 2.1.7 環氧樹脂材料(Epoxy Resin Materials) ...141 2.1.8 黏結破裂(Bond Breaker)...141 2.1.9 現調密封劑及底漆(Field-Molded sealants and primer) ...141 2.1.10 高拉力鋼筋(High-strength steel bars)...141 2.1.11 施壓塗封與潤滑劑(Compression Seals and
Lubricant)...141 2.1.12 環氧塗封鋼筋(Epoxy-Coated Steel Bars)...141 2.1.13 錨栓(Anchors) ...141
2.1.14 綴縫釘(Dowels)...141 2.1.15 錨栓頭(Anchor Head)...141 2.1.16 機械錨栓(Mechanical Anchors)...141 2.2 配比設計(Mixture proportioning)...141 2.2.1 水泥質混凝土(Cement-Based Concrete) ...141 2.2.2 纖維混凝土(Fiber-Reinforced Concrete) ...141 2.2.3 乾式包裝水泥砂漿(Dry-Pack Mortar)...141 2.2.4 聚合物改質水泥砂漿(Polymer-Modified
Mortar) ...141 2.2.5 聚合物混凝土(Polymer-Modified Concrete)...141 2.2.6 預鑄混凝土單元(Precast Concrete Units) ...141 2.2.7 水泥質灌漿材料(Cement-Based Grout) ...141 2.2.8 超細水泥灌漿材料(Ultra-fine Cement Grout)....141 第三節 施工 ...142 3.1 設備(Equipment)...142 3.1.1 水泥質混凝土拌合設備(Cement-Based Concrete Mixing Equipment)...142 3.1.2 聚合物改質混凝土拌合設備(Polymer-Modified Concrete Mixing Equipment)...142
116
3.1.3 環氧樹脂拌合設備(Epoxy Mixing Equipment) .142 3.1.4 灌漿材料拌合設備(Grout Mixing Equipment) ..142 3.1.5 接合與裂縫清除或修補設備(Joint and Crack
[Cleaning] and [Sealing] Equipment) ...142 3.1.6 鑽孔設備(Drilling Equipment)...143 3.1.7 車輛式破碎機(Vehicle-Mounted Breakers)...143 3.1.8 手提式破碎機(Hand-Held Breaker)...143 3.1.9 水刀清除設備(Hydromilling Equipment)...143 3.1.10 旋轉式研磨設備(Rotary Milling Equipment)...143 3.2 防護措施(Protection) ...143 3.2.1 現有構造物防護措施(Protection of Existing
Features)...143 3.2.2 施工人員防護措施(Protection of Personnel)...143 3.3 拆除既有混凝土(Remove of exiting concrete) ....143 3.3.1 通則(General) ...143 3.3.2 切除(Cutting)...143 3.3.3 撞擊(Impacting)...143 3.3.4 磨平(Milling)...143 3.3.5 預劈裂(Presplitting)...143
3.4 錨定與強固(Anchoring and reinforcing)...143 3.4.1 鑽孔和填漿錨定(Drilling and Grouting Dowels and Anchors)...143 3.4.2 鑽孔與安裝機械錨定(Drilling and Installing
Mechanical Anchors) ...143 3.4.3 安裝鋼筋(Installating Reinforcement) ...143 3.5 材料拌合(Mixing Materials)...144 3.6 表面處理(Surface Preparation)...144 3.6.1 通則(General) ...144 3.6.2 清除(Cleaning) ...144 3.6.3 廢水拋置(Waste Water Disposal) ...144 3.7 表面修補(Surface Repairs) ...144 3.7.1 環氧樹脂水泥砂漿(Epoxy Mortar)...146 3.7.2 環氧樹脂混凝土(Epoxy Concrete) ...146 3.7.3 聚合物改質水泥砂漿或混凝土(Polymer-Modified Mortar or Concrete) ...146 3.7.3.1 水平表面(Horizontal Surfaces) ...147 3.7.3.2 垂直表面(Vertical Surfaces)...147 3.7.4 亁式包裝水泥砂漿(Dry-Pack Mortar)...147
118
3.7.5 水泥質水泥砂漿或混凝土(Cement-Based Mortar or Concrete) ...147 3.7.6 接縫和裂縫的崩碎(Spalls at Joints and
Cracks) ...147 3.7.7 快速硬固修補材料(Rapid-Hardening Repair
Material)...147 3.8 裂縫修補(Crack Repair) ...147 3.8.1 延裂縫路徑填封(Routing and Sealing) ...149 3.8.1.1 配製(Routing and Sealing) ...149 3.8.1.2 注入速率(Rate of Progress)...150 3.8.1.3 應用時間(Time of Application)...150 3.8.1.4 塗封(Sealing)...150 3.8.1.5 施壓塗封(Preformed Compression Seals)..150 3.8.2 水泥灌漿材料或水泥砂漿填封裂縫(Filling Cracks with Grout or Mortar) ...150
3.8.2.1 配製(Preparation)...150 3.8.2.2 環氧樹脂漿體(Epoxy Grout) ...150 3.8.2.3 乾式包裝水泥砂漿(Dry-Pack Mortar)...150 3.8.2.4 養護(Curing)...150
3.8.3 重力式裂縫填封(Gravity Crack Filling)...150 3.8.3.1 表面處理(Surface Preparation) ...150 3.8.3.2 塗密封材料(Applying Sealer) ...150 3.8.4 鑚孔和堵塞裂縫(Drilling and Plugging Cracks) 150 3.8.5 灌漿材料注入裂縫(Injection Grouting Cracks) .150 3.8.5.1 配製(Preparation)...150 3.8.5.2 灌注(Injection)...150 3.8.6 額外使用鋼筋修補裂縫(Crack Repair with
Additional Reinforcement) ...151 3.8.6.1 綴縫釘(Stitching)...151 3.8.6.2 一般鋼筋(Conventional) ...151 3.8.6.3 內部施加預力鋼筋(Internal Prestressing Reinforcement) ...151 3.8.6.4 外加應力(External Stressing)...151 3.9 滲漏水修復(Leaking Repair)...151 3.9.1 修補材料(Repair Materials) ...152 3.9.2 滲透型塗封劑(Penetrated Sealer) ...152 3.9.3 聚合物塗封劑(Polymer Sealer) ...153
3.10 清理與再填充接縫(Cleaning and Resealing
120
Joints) ...154 3.10.1 接縫的配製(Preparation of Joints) ...154
3.10.1.1 現有密封劑移除(Existing Sealant
Removal)...154 3.10.1.2 噴砂和噴射水柱(Sandblasting and
Waterjetting)...154 3.10.1.3 接縫處理進度(Rate of Progress of Joint Preparation)...154 3.10.2 安裝密封劑(Installation of Sealant) ...154 3.10.2.1 應用時間(Time of Application)...154 3.10.2.2 填料和黏結破碎(Back-Up Material and Bond Breaker)...154 3.10.2.3 密封接縫(Sealing Joints)...154 3.10.3 施加壓力密封裝置(Installation of Preformed
Waterjetting)...154 3.10.1.3 接縫處理進度(Rate of Progress of Joint Preparation)...154 3.10.2 安裝密封劑(Installation of Sealant) ...154 3.10.2.1 應用時間(Time of Application)...154 3.10.2.2 填料和黏結破碎(Back-Up Material and Bond Breaker)...154 3.10.2.3 密封接縫(Sealing Joints)...154 3.10.3 施加壓力密封裝置(Installation of Preformed