第五章 結論與建議
5.2 後續研究與建議
綜合以上結論,提出以下建議供未來研究發展之參考:
1. 將奈米顆粒添加於水中確實能提升水的熱傳性能,熱傳導係數隨濃度與
溫度的增加而提升。
2. 未來可將綠能動力熱源負載改為變動負載進行相關研究與分析,變動負
載較符合實際綠能動力之工作狀態。
3. 未來可將奈米流體實際應用於綠能動力實體(燃料電池)散熱系統上進行
實驗研究與分析 ,或製作出水套並安裝於綠能動力(鋰電池、超級電容器) 上進行研究與分析。
67
參考文獻
[1] 羅吉宗、戴明鳳、林鴻明、鄭振宗、蘇程裕、吳育民,奈米科技導論,台北:
全華,(2008) 1-13。
[2] S. U. S. Choi, D. A. Siginer, H. P. Wang, Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles, Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows, ASME, 231/MD- Vol. 66, (1995) 99-105。
[3] J. Baker, New technology and possible advances in energy storage, Energy Policy 36, (2008) 4368-4373。
[4] M. S. Wu, K. H. Liu, Y. Y. Wang, C. C. Wan, Heat dissipation design for lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, 109 (2002) 160-166。
[5] A. A. Pesaran, Battery thermal mangaement in EVs and HEVs: issues and solutions, Advanced Automotive Battery Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, February 6-8, (2001)。
[6] W.F Stoecker, J.W. Jones, Refrigeration and air conditioning, 2 ed., McGraw-Hill, (1982)。
[7] X.Q. Wang, A.S. Mujumdar, Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: a review, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 46 (2007) 1-19。
[8] S. Kakaç, A. Pramuanjaroenkij, Review of convective heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52 (2009) 3187-3196。
[9] C. Kleinstreuer, Y. Feng, Experimental and theoretical studies of nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement: a review, Nanoscale Research Letters, 6 (2011) 229.
[10] 陳廷昱,三氧化二鋁奈米流體應用於電子散熱之效益研究,國立臺北科技大 學能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士論文,(2010)。
[11] J. A. Eastman, S. U. S. Choi, S. Li, L. J. Thompson, S. Lee, Enhanced thermal conductivity through the development of nanofluid, Nanophase and
68
Nanocomposite Materials II, MRS, Pittsburg, PA, (1997) 3-11。
[12] X. Wang, X. Xu, S. U. S. Choi., Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle–fluid mixture, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol.13, (1999) 474–480.
[13] Y. Xuan, Q. Li, Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 21, (2000) 58-64。
[14] H. E. Patel, S. K. Das, T. Sundararajan, A. S. Nair, B. George, and T. Pradeep, Thermal conductivities of naked and monolayer protected metal nanoparticle based nanofluids: Manifestation of anomalous enhancement and chemical effects, Applied Physics Letters, 83(14), (2003) 2931-2933。
[15] D. H. Kumar, H. E. Patel, V. R. R. Kumar, T. Sundararajan, T. Pradeep, and S. K.
Das, Model for heat conduction in nanofluids, Physical Review Letters, 93(14), (2004) 144301。
[16] C. H. Li and G. P. Peterson, Experimental investigation of temperature and volume fraction variations on the effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle suspensions (nanofluids), Journal of Applied Physics, 99(8), 2006, 084314。
[17] S.J. Palm, G. Roy, C.T. Nguyen, Heat transfer enhancement with the use of nanofluids in radial flow cooling systems considering temperature-dependent properties, Applied Thermal Engineering, 26 (2006) 2209-2218.
[18] D. H. Yoo, K. S. Hong and H. S. Yang, Study of thermal conductivity of nanofluids for the application of heat transfer fluids, Thermochimica Acta, 455(1-2), (2007) 66-69。
[19] C. H. Li and G. P. Peterson, The effect of particle size on the effective thermal conductivity of Al2O3-water nanofluids, Journal of Applied Physics, 101, (2007) 044312。
[20] K. B. Anoop, T. Sundararajan, S. K. Das, Effect of particle size on the convective
69
heat transfer to in nanofluid in the developing region, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52(9-10), (2009) 2189-2195。
[21] Y. Y. Li, L. C. Lv and Z. H. Liu, Influence of nanofluids on the operation characteristics of small capillary pumped loop, Energy Conversion and Management, 51(11), (2010) 2312-2320。
[22] L. F. Chen and H. Q. Xie, Properties of carbon nanotube nanofluids stabilized by cationic Gemini surfacetant, Thermochimica Acta, 506(1-2), (2010) 62-66。
[23] F. M. Su, X. E. Ma and Z. Lan, The effect of carbon nanotubes on the physical properties of a binary nanofluid, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 42(2), (2011) 252-257。
[24] C.T. Nguyen, G. Roy, C. Gauthier, N. Galanis, Heat transfer enhancement using Al2O3–water nanofluid for an electronic liquid cooling system, Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (2007) 1501–1506。
[25] R.Y. Chein and J. Chuang, Experimental microchannel heat sink performance studies using nanofluids, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 46 (2007) 57-66。
[26] D.P. Kulkarni, R.S. Vajjha, D.K. Das, D. Oliva, Application of aluminum oxide nanofluids in diesel electric generator as jacket water coolant, Applied Thermal Engineering, 28 (2008) 1774-1781。
[27] J. Li, C. Kleinstreuer, Thermal performance of nanofluid flow in microchannels, International Journal of Heat Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 1221-1232。
[28] M.N. Pantzali, A.G. Kanaris, K.D. Antoniadis, A.A. Mouza, S.V. Paras, Effect of nanofluids on the performance of a miniature plate heat exchanger with modulated surface, International Journal of Heat Fluid Flow 30 (2009) 691–699。
[29] K.Y. Leong, R. Saidur, S.N. Kazi, A.H. Mamun, Performance investigation of an
70
automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator), Applied Thermal Engineering, 30 (2010) 2685-2692。
[30] C.J. Ho, L.C. Wei, Z.W. Li, An experimental investigation of forced convective cooling performance of a microchannel heat sink with Al2O3/water nanofluid, Applied Thermal Engineering, 30 (2010) 96-103。
[31] C.S. Jwo, L.Y. Jeng, T.P. Teng, C.C. Chen, Performance of overall heat transfer in multi-channel heat exchanger by alumina nanofluid, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 504S (2010) 385–388。
[32] A. Zamzamian, S.N. Oskouie, A. Doosthoseini, A. Joneidi, M. Pazouki, Experimental, investigation of forced convective heat transfer coefficient in nanofluids of Al2O3/EG and CuO/EG in a double pipe and plate heat exchangers under turbulent flow, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 35 (2011) 495-502。
[33] 王世敏、許祖勛、傅晶 編著,奈米材料原理與製備,台北:五南,(2004)。
[34] 邱源成 譯,奈米科技全書II-觀察分析法,台北:全華,(2005)。
[35] 馬振基 主編,奈米材料科技原理與應用,台北:全華,(2003)。
[36] 鄭信民、林麗娟,X光熱射應用簡介,工業材料雜誌,180,(2002),100-108。
[37] 高濂、孫靜、劉楊橋,奈米粉體的分散與改性,台北:五南,(2005)。
[38] 顏志羽,以水系電泳沉積法製備奈米碳膜,大同大學材料工程學系碩士論文,
2009。
[39] J. C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, second ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1881。
[40] R. L. Hamilton and O. K. Crosser, Thermal conductivity of heterogeneous twocomponent systems, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1, (1962) 82-191。
71
[41] F. J. Wasp, Solid+Liquid Flow Slurry Pipeline Transportation, Trans. Pub., Berlin, (1977)。
[42] J. A. Eastman, S. U. S. Choi, S. Li, W. Yu, L. J. Thomson , Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 78, (2001) 718–720。
[43] W. Yu and S. U. S. Choi, The role of interfacial layers in the enhance thermal conductivity of nanofluids: a renovated Maxwell model, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 5 (2003) 167-171。
[44] C. J. Ho, W. K. Liu, Y. S. Chang and C. C. Lin, Natural convection heat transfer of alumina-water nanofluid in vertical square enclosures: An experimental study, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49(8), (2010) 1345-1353。
[45] B. Pak and Y. Cho, Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles, Experimental Heat Transfer, vol.11, no. 2, (1998) 151-170。
[46] A. Einstein, Investigation on the Theory of Brownian Motion, Dover, New York, (1956)。
[47] H. C. Brinkman, The viscosity of concentrated suspensions and solutions, Journal of Chemical Physics 20, (1952) 571-581。
[48] G.K. Batchelor, The effect of Brownian motion on the bulk stress in a suspension of spherical particles, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 83 (1977) 97–117。
[49] I.M. Krieger and T. J. Dougherty, A mechanism for non-Newtonian flow in suspensions of rigid spheres, Transaction of the Society of Rheology, 3 (1959) 137–152。
72
[50] T. Kitano, T. Kataoka, T. Shirota, An empirical equation of the relative viscosity of polymer melts filled with various inorganic fillers, Rheologica Acta, 20 (1981) 207–209。
[51] Z.H. Liu, Q.Z. Zhu, Application of aqueous nanofluids in a horizontal mesh heat pipe, Energy Conversion and Management, 52 (2011) 292–300。
[52] R. W. Fox and A. T. Mcdonald, Introduction to fluid mechanics, 5thed. New York : John Wiley&Sons, (1998)。
[53] R. L. Mott, Applied fluid mechanics, Macmillan, Inc., (1994)。
[54] P. K. Swamee and A. K. Jain, Explicit equation for pipe-flow problem, Journal of the hydraulics division, 102(HY5), (1976) 657-664。
[55] 黃鎮江 編著,燃料電池,台北:全華,(2003)。
[56] NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook。
[57] JCPDS-ICDD,The International Centre for Diffraction Data,PCPPDFWIN 2.4,
2003。
73
符號彙整
A 斷面積(m2)
熱交換器空氣側入口面積(m2)
熱交換器水側入口面積(m2)
bf 基礎流體
𝐶 比熱(kJ/kg.K)
管路之內徑(m) 顆粒帄均直徑(nm)
E 校準常數
EF 效率因子
f 摩擦因子
G 體積流率(L/min)
H 絕對熱流(kJ/kg)
ℎ 熱交換器空氣側入口焓值(kJ/kg)
ℎ 熱交換器空氣側出口焓值(kJ/kg)
k 熱傳導係數(W/m℃)
L 管長(m)
m 質量(g)
̇ 質量流率(kg/s)
nf 奈米流體
p 奈米顆粒
壓差(V)
ℎ 理論輸出耗功(W)
實際輸出耗功(W)
74
pu 水泵
𝑄̇ 散熱量(W)
𝑄̇ 綠能動力之廢熱(W)
R 比值
效率因子比
Re 雷諾數
負載電阻(ohm)
T 溫度(℃)
不確定性(%)
V 體積(m3)
極化過電壓(V)
熱交換器入口風量(m3/s)
熱交換器出口風量(m3/s)
熱交換器入口風速(m/s)
熱交換器入口風速(m/s)
熱交換器入口水量(m3/s)
熱交換器出口水量(m3/s)
熱交換器水側入口流速(m/s)
熱交換器水側出口流速(m/s)
W 重量(kg)
WP 濕周長(m)
奈米介面成與顆粒半徑的比率
𝜀 表面粗糙度(m)
𝜇 黏滯係數(mPa.s)
密度(kg/m3)
75
𝜙 體積濃度(vol.%)
𝜙 有效體積濃度(vol.%)
𝜙 最大體積濃度(vol.%)
重量濃度(wt.%)
𝜓 顆粒球率
波長
特性黏度
燃料電池之效率
角度(°)
空氣之比容(m3/kg)
76
3. Hot plates & magnetic stirrers (Fargo, HMS-102) Stirring capacity
4. Ultrasonic cleaner (DELTA/TOMAHA, DC400H) Capacity
5. Density meter (KEN, DA-130) Range
6. Differential scanning calorimeter (Q20)
Type
Temperaturerange(℃)
Measuement Accuracy (%)
Heat Flux -180~725 ±1
77
7. Nanoparticle analyzer(HORIBA, SZ-100) Concentration Particle
diameter
8. Viscosimeter viscolite (Hydramotion, VL700-T15)
Viscosity
range(mPa-s)
9. Thermal properties analyer (Decagon, KD2 Pro) Thermal conductivity
10. Electrophoresis power supply (Consort EV202) Timer
11. Electronic flow meter (Aichi Tokei, NW10-PTN)
Viscosity
12. Data logger (TOHO, TRM20) Measurement intervals
(sec) Input channel Ambient temperature (℃)
Accuracy (%)
1~3600 12 0~50 ±1
78
略傳
姓名 陳俊鴻 ( Jyun-Hong Chen ) 出生地 台灣台北市 電子郵件 [email protected]
聯絡地址 新北市新莊區中帄路 75 號 4 樓
學歷
國立泰山高級中學汽車科
國立台灣師範大學工業教育學系機械組(車輛專長)
國立台灣師範大學工業教育學系碩士班能源應用與車輛技術 組(車輛專長)
經歷 靚車高手高級汽車美容中心 學徒
證照 汽車修護丙級技術士證照
發表著作
中文部分:
洪翊軒, 鄧敦帄, 古浤志, 周文傑, 陳俊鴻, 施顯章, 孫裕凱, 陳冠廷, 鄭育安, 林俊宇, 新型混合綠能散熱系統設計, 中國 機械工程學會第二十八屆全國學術研討會, 中興大學, 台中, 台灣, 2011.
洪翊軒, 周文傑, 古浤志, 陳俊鴻, 吳建勳, 陳柏全, 延距式 發電機之最佳化分析與整車整合設計, 中華民國第十六屆車 輛工程學術研討會,國立臺北科技大學車輛工程系,台北, 台 灣,2011.
英文部分:
Y. H. Hung*, T. P. Teng, T. C. Teng, J. H. Chen, Assessment of Heat Dissipation Performance for Nanofluid, Applied Thermal Engineering, 32, pp. 132-140, 2012, (SCI, IF=1.826/2010,
79
ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL, Q1(9/122), ISSN:
1359-4311).
T. P. Teng, Y. H. Hung, T. C. Teng, J. H. Chen, Performance Evaluation on an Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger for Alumina Nanofluid Under Laminar Flow, Nanoscale Research Letters, 6, 2011, (SCI, IF=2.557/2010, PHYSICS, APPLIED, Q1(22/116), ISSN: 1931-7573).
Y. H. Hung, T. J. Yu, J. H. Chen, T. P. Teng, J. F. Li, Y. F. Lue, C.G. Kuo, C. J. Chiang, Mechatronics, Thermal Management, and Control of an Advanced PEM Fuel Cell/Battery Experimental Platform, The 21st International Symp. on Transport Phenomena, Nov. 2-5, 2010, Kauhsiung City, Taiwan.