第五章 結論與未來展望
5.2 未來展望
本實驗成功的製作出鈣鈦礦太陽能電池，並且經過最佳化參數後，得到能量 轉換效率為 6.86%，但仍然有許多還待加強與值得探討的地方，使元件性能更進 一步獲得改善。
1. 本實驗於製作完鈣鈦礦主動層並利用甲苯使得鈣鈦礦晶體重新排列，因 此可嘗試使用其他溶劑(醇類或是其他苯類)或者添加一些溶質來填補 鈣鈦礦表面空隙，能使鈣鈦礦晶體排列得更完整。
2. 使用全真空蒸鍍系統來製作鈣鈦礦太陽能電池，其優點為成膜的環境好、
品質佳等。
3. 鈣鈦礦太陽能電池不同於其他太陽能電池的是其最大優點能應用於可 撓性基板上，可製作於軟性電子元件上，若效率以及元件壽命獲得突破，
未來取代目前常用矽基太陽能電池是指日可待的。
參考文獻
[1] 鍾健文，王宗昶，“各式太陽能電池製程介紹與最新技術發展”，遠東學報，
第 30 卷第二期，(2013)。
[2] H. Zhou, Q. Chen, G. Li, S. Luo, T. b. Song, H. S. Duan, Z. Hong, J. You, Y. Liu, and Y. Yang, “Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells”, Science, vol. 345, p. 542(2014).
[3] K. Kawano and C. Adachi, “Reduced initial degradation of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells by incorporation of stacked fullerene and lithium fluoride interlayers”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, p. 053307 (2010).
[4] J. Weickert, H. Sun, C. Palumbiny, H. C. Hesse and L. S. Mende,
“Spray-deposited PEDOT:PSS for inverted organic solar cells”, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 94, p. 2371 (2010).
[5] P. P. Cheng, L. Zhou, J. A. Li, Y. Q. Li, S. T. Lee, and J. X. Tang, “Light trapping enhancement of inverted polymer solar cellswith a nanostructured scattering rear electrode”, Org. Electron., vol. 14, p. 2158 (2013).
[6] C. W. Tang, “Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 48, p.
183 (1986).
[7] A. K. K. Kyaw, X. W. Sun, C. Y. Jiang, G. Q. Lo, D. W. Zhao and D. L. Kwong,
“An inverted organic solar cell employing a sol-gel derived ZnO electron selective layer and thermal evaporated MoO3 hole selective layer”, Appl. Phys.
Lett., vol. 93, p. 221107 (2008).
[8] 黃信雄，“氣候變化綱要公約”，太陽能學刊，第 2 卷第一期，(1997) 。 [9] 郭禮青，“國內太陽光電發展可期”，工業材料雜誌 203 期，(2003) 。 [10] P. Vanlaeke, A. Swinnen, I. Haeldermans, G. Vanhoyland, T. Aernouts, D.
76
Cheyns, C. deibel, J. D Haen, P. Heremans, J. Poortmans and J. V. Manca,
“P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells: Relation between morphology and electro-optical characteristics”, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 90, p. 2150 (2006).
[11] H. Kim, W. W. So, and S. J. Moon, “The importance of post-annealing process in the device performance of poly(3-hexythiophene): Methanofullerene polymer solar cell”, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 91, p. 581 (2006).
[12] N. S. Sariciftci, L. Smilowitz, A. J. Heeger and F. Wudl, “Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene”, Science, vol. 258, p. 1474 (1992).
[13] F. Padinger, R. S. Rittberger and N. S. Sariciftci, “Effect s of post-production treatment on plastic solar cells ”, Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 13, p. 85 (2003).
[14] G. Li, V. Shrotriya, Y. Yao and Y. Yang, “Inversigation of annealing effects and film thickness dependence of polymer solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)”, J.Appl. Phys., vol. 98, p. 043704 (2005).
[15] P. Docampo, J. M. Ball, M. Darwich, G. E. Eperon, and H. J. Snaith, “Efficient organometal trihalide perovskite planar-heterojunction solar cells on flexible polymer substrates”, Nature, vol. 4, p. 2242 (2014).
[16] P. Qin, S. Tanaka, S. Ito, N. Tetreault, K. Manabe, H. Nishino, M. K.
Nazeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “Inorganic hole conductor-based lead halide perovskite solar cells with 12.4% conversion efficiency”, Nat. Commun., vol. 5, p. 5834 (2014).
[17] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, and T. Miyasaka, “Organometal halide Perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells”, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
vol. 345, p. 1596 (2014).
[18] M. M. Lee, J. Teuscher, T. Miyasaka, T. N. Murakami, and H. J. Snaith,
“Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites”, Science., vol. 338, p. 643(2012).
[19] M. Liu, M. B. Johnston, and H. J. Snaith, “Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition”, Nature, vol. 501, p. 395(2013).
[20] K. Kim, J. Liu, M. A. G. Namboothiry and D. L. Carroll, “Role of donor and acceptor nanodomains in 6% efficient thermally annealed polymer photovoltaics”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, p. 163511 (2007).
[21] H. Spanggaard and F. C. Krebs, “A brief history of the development of organic and polymeric photovoltaics”, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 83, p. 125 (2004).
[22] P. Peumans and S. R. Forrest, “Very-high-efficiency double-heterostructure copper phthalocyanine/C60 photovoltaic cells”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 79, p.126 (2001).
[23] H. Hoppe and N. S. Sariciftci, “Organic solar cells: An overview”, J. Mater. Res., vol. 19, p. 1924 (2004).
[24] S. E. Shaheen, C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, F. Padinger, T. Fromherz and J. C.
Hummelen, “2.5% efficient organic plastic solar cells”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78, p. 841 (2001).
[25] W. Geens, T. Martens, J. Poortmans, T. Aernouts, J. Manca, L. Lutsen, P.Heremans, S. Borghs, R. Mertens and D. Vanderzande, “Modelling the short-circuit current of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells”, Thin Solid Films., vol. 451, p. 498 (2004).
[26] T. Martens, J. D’Haen, T. Munters, Z. Beelen, L. Goris, J. Manca, M.
D’Olieslaeger, D. Vanderzande, L. De Schepper and R. Andriessen, “Disclosure
78
of the nanostructure of MDMO-PPV:PCBM bulk hetero-junction organic solar cells by a combination of SPM and TEM”, Synth. Met., vol. 138, p. 243 (2003).
[27] V. D. Mihailetchi, P. W. M. Blom, J. C. Hummelen and M. T. Rispens, “Cathode dependence of the open-circuit voltage of polymer:fullerence bulk heterojunction solar cells”, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 94, p. 10 (2005).
[28] G. Namkoong, E. M. Younesa, T. M. A. Fattah, E.M. El-Maghraby, A. H.
Elsayed, and A. H. A. Elazm, “Aging process of PEDOT:PSS dispersion and robust recovery of aged PEDOT:PSS as a hole transport layer for organic solar cells”, Organic Electronics., vol. 25, p. 237(2015).
[29] T. Kuwabara, T. Nakashima, T. Yamaguchi, and K. Takahashi, “Flexible inverted polymer solar cells on polyethylene terephthalate substrate containing zinc oxide electron-collection-layer prepared by novel sol–gel method and low-temperature treatments”, Org. Electron., vol. 13, p. 1136 (2012).
[30] T. Stubhan, H. Oh, L. Pinna, J. Krantz, I. Litzov, and C. J. Brabec, “Inverted organic solar cells using a solution processed aluminum-doped zinc oxide buffer layer”, Org. Electron., vol. 12, p. 1539 (2011).
[31] J. Y. Jeng, K. C. Chen, T. Y. Chiang, P. Y. Lin, T. D. Tsai, Y. C. Chang, T. F. Guo, P. Chen, T. C. Wen, and Y. J. Hsu, “Nickel oxide electrode interlayer in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite/PCBM planar-heterojunction hybrid solar cells”, Adv.
Mater., vol. 26, p. 4107(2014).
[32] Y. F. Chiang, J. Y. Jeng, M. H. Lee, S. R. Peng, P. Chen, T. F. Guo, T. C. Wen, Y.
J. Hsue, and C. M. Hsuf, “High voltage and efficient bilayer heterojunction solar cells based on an organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite absorber with a low-cost flexible substrate”, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 16, p. 6033(2014).
[33] Z. Xiao, C. Bi, Y. Shao, Q. Dong, Q. Wang, Y. Yuan, C. Wang, Y. Gao, J. Huang,
“Efficient, high yield perovskite photovoltaic devices grown by interdiffusion of solution-processed precursor stacking layers”, Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 7, p.
2619 (2014).
[34] Z. Xiao, Q. Dong, C. Bi, Y. Shao, Y. Yuan, J. Huang, “Solvent Annealing of Perovskite-Induced Crystal Growth for Photovoltaic-Device Efficiency Enhancement”, Adv. Mater., vol. 26, p. 6503 (2014).
[35] M. Liu, M. B. Johnston, and H. J. Snaith, “Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition”, Nature, vol. 501, p. 395 (2013).
[36] B. S. Kim, T. M. Kim, M. S. Choi, H. S. Shim, and J. J. Kim, “Fully vacuum–
processed perovskite solar cells with high open circuit voltage using MoO3/NPB as hole extraction layers”, Organic Electronics., vol. 17, p. 102 (2015).
[37] L. E. Polander, P. Pahner, M. Schwarze, M. Saalfrank, C. Koerner, and K. Leo,
“Hole-transport material variation in fully vacuum deposited perovskite solar cells”, APL Mat., vol. 2, p. 081503(2014).
[38] J. Wu, Y. Zhang, P. Xu, W. Guo, L. Shen, and S. Ruan, “Role of
80
[41] J. G. Jang, H. J. Ji, H. S. Kim, and J. C. Jeong, “TPBi:FIrpic organic light emitting devices with the electron transport layer of Bphen/Alq3”, Current Applied Physics., vol. 11, p. S251(2011).
[42] Qi Wang, Y. Shao, Q. Dong, Z. Xiao, Y. Yuan, and J. Huang, “Large fill-factor bilayer iodine perovskite solar cells fabricated by a low-temperature solution-process”, Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 7, p. 2359(2014).
[43] Q. Chen, H. Zhou, Z. Hong, S. Luo, H. S. Duan, H. H. Wang, Y. Liu, G. Li, and Y. Yang, “Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells via Vapor-Assisted Solution Process”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 136, p. 622 (2014).
[44] Y. Yang, and W. Wang, “Effects of incorporating PbS quantum dots in perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3PbI3”, Journal of Power Sources., vol. 293, p.
577(2015).
[45] C. C. Chen, S. H. Bae, W. H. Chang, Z. Hong, G. Li, Q. Chen, H Zhou and Y Yang, “Perovskite/polymer monolithic hybrid tandem solar cells utilizing a low-temperature, full solution process”, Mater. Horiz, vol. 2, p. 203(2015).