• 沒有找到結果。

一、本研究將被動關節角度做為其中一種評估依據,然而無法了解是何種結構改變使關 節角度產生變化,未來可以結合斷層掃描或是超音波檢測,對骨骼及軟組織進行更細緻 的觀察,以瞭解標槍選手產生關節角度變化的原因。

二、本研究為比較大專甲一級標槍選手與一般大專生之差異,高速運動之角速度使用 180 度/秒。此角速度對一般大專生而言是將近極限的角速度運動,然而對頂尖標槍選手而言 可以輕鬆達到,換而言之,固定角速度對於這兩組受試者的負荷並不一樣,這很可能使 標槍選手無法展現其肌肉活化的特殊性。建議可以導入訓練負荷的概念,找出各組負荷 類似的角速度進行測試,可能更能展現高速運動時肌肉活化的特性。

三、本研究之標槍選手只針對大專甲一級進行分析,可考慮增加收取較低年齡層的選手 資料,或是進行長期追蹤,以瞭解長期訓練對肩關節所造成的影響。

46

46

參考文獻

Amin, N. H., Ryan, J., Fening, S. D., Soloff, L., Schickendantz, M. S., & Jones, M. (2015).

The Relationship Between Glenohumeral Internal Rotational Deficits, Total Range of Motion, and Shoulder Strength in Professional Baseball Pitchers. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 23(12), 789-796. doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-15-00292

Andrade Mdos, S., Fleury, A. M., de Lira, C. A., Dubas, J. P., & da Silva, A. C. (2010). Profile of isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of shoulder rotator muscles in elite female team handball players. J Sports Sci, 28(7), 743-749.

spectrum of pathology Part I: pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy, 19(4), 404-420. doi:10.1053/jars.2003.50128

Chang, J. H., Hsu, A. T., & Chang, G. L. (2008). In vitro estimation of glenohumeral joint center of rotation. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 28(4), 191-195.

Chang, J. H., Hsu, A. T., Lee, S. J., & Chang, G. L. (2004). Immediate effect of thermal capsulorrhaphy on glenohumeral joint mobility. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 19(6), 572-578. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.03.009

Chiang, C. C., Hsu, C. C., Chiang, J. Y., Chang, W. C., & Tsai, J. C. (2016). Flexibility of internal and external glenohumeral rotation of junior female tennis players and its correlation with performance ranking. J Phys Ther Sci, 28(12), 3296-3299.

doi:10.1589/jpts.28.3296

Clarsen, B., Bahr, R., Andersson, S. H., Munk, R., & Myklebust, G. (2014). Reduced glenohumeral rotation, external rotation weakness and scapular dyskinesis are risk factors for shoulder injuries among elite male handball players: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med, 48(17), 1327-1333. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093702

Cools, A. M., Vanderstukken, F., Vereecken, F., Duprez, M., Heyman, K., Goethals, N., &

Johansson, F. (2016). Eccentric and isometric shoulder rotator cuff strength testing using a hand-held dynamometer: reference values for overhead athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 24(12), 3838-3847. doi:10.1007/s00167-015-3755-9 Cozette, M., Delanaud, S., Lepretre, P. M., & Weissland, T. (2016). Evolution of isokinetic

torque ratios of shoulder rotator muscles. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 59s, e17.

doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.041

47

Digiovine, N. M., Jobe, F. W., Pink, M., & Perry, J. (1992). An electromyographic analysis of the upper extremity in pitching. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 1(1), 15-25.

doi:10.1016/s1058-2746(09)80011-6

Dillman, C. J., Fleisig, G. S., & Andrews, J. R. (1993). Biomechanics of Pitching With Emphasis Upon Shoulder Kinematics. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 18(2), 402-408. doi:10.2519/jospt.1993.18.2.402

Downar, J. M., & Sauers, E. L. (2005). Clinical Measures of Shoulder Mobility in the Professional Baseball Player. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(1), 23-29.

Edmond, S. L. (1993). Manipulation and mobilization: extremity and spinal techniques:

Mosby.

Escamilla, R. F., & Andrews, J. R. (2009). Shoulder Muscle Recruitment Patterns and Related Biomechanics during Upper Extremity Sports. Sports Medicine, 39(7), 569-590.

doi:10.2165/00007256-200939070-00004

Falla, D. L., Hess, S., & Richardson, C. (2003). Evaluation of shoulder internal rotator muscle strength in baseball players with physical signs of glenohumeral joint instability. Br J Sports Med, 37(5), 430-432.

Florimond, V. (2009). Basics of surface electromyography applied to physical rehabilitation and biomechanics. Montreal, Canada: Thought Technology Ltd.

Forthomme, B., Crielaard, J. M., Forthomme, L., & Jean-Louis, C. (2007). Field performance of javelin throwers: Relationship with isokinetic findings. Iso Exerc Sci, 15, 195-202.

doi:10.3233/IES-2007-0273

Gainor, B. J., Piotrowski, G., Puhl, J., Allen, W. C., & Hagen, R. (1980). The throw:

biomechanics and acute injury. Am J Sports Med, 8(2), 114-118.

Guney, H., Harput, G., Colakoglu, F., & Baltaci, G. (2016). The Effect of Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit on Functional Rotator-Strength Ratio in Adolescent Overhead Athletes. J Sport Rehabil, 25(1), 52-57. doi:10-1123/jsr.2014-0260

Harput, G., Guney, H., Toprak, U., Kaya, T., Colakoglu, F. F., & Baltaci, G. (2016).

Shoulder-Rotator Strength, Range of Motion, and Acromiohumeral Distance in Asymptomatic Adolescent Volleyball Attackers. J Athl Train, 51(9), 733-738.

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.04

Harryman, D. T., 2nd, Sidles, J. A., Clark, J. M., McQuade, K. J., Gibb, T. D., & Matsen, F. A., 3rd. (1990). Translation of the humeral head on the glenoid with passive glenohumeral motion. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 72(9), 1334-1343.

Hertling, D., & Kessler, R. M. (2006). Management of common musculoskeletal disorders:

48

48

physical therapy principles and methods: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Hislop, H., Avers, D., & Brown, M. (2013). Daniels and Worthingham's muscle Testing-E-Book: Techniques of manual examination and performance testing: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Hsu, A. T., Chang, J. H., & Chang, C. H. (2002). Determining the resting position of the glenohumeral joint: a cadaver study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 32(12), 605-612.

doi:10.2519/jospt.2002.32.12.605

Hsu, A. T., Hedman, T., Chang, J. H., Vo, C., Ho, L., Ho, S., & Chang, G. L. (2002). Changes in abduction and rotation range of motion in response to simulated dorsal and ventral translational mobilization of the glenohumeral joint. Phys Ther, 82(6), 544-556.

Illyes, A., & Kiss, R. M. (2005). Shoulder muscle activity during pushing, pulling, elevation and overhead throw. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 15(3), 282-289.

doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.10.005

Jobe, F. W., Moynes, D. R., Tibone, J. E., & Perry, J. (1984). An EMG analysis of the shoulder in pitching. A second report. Am J Sports Med, 12(3), 218-220.

Jobe, F. W., Tibone, J. E., Perry, J., & Moynes, D. (1983). An EMG analysis of the shoulder in throwing and pitching. A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med, 11(1), 3-5.

Kellis, E., Arabatzi, F., & Papadopoulos, C. (2003). Muscle co-activation around the knee in drop jumping using the co-contraction index. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 13(3), 229-238.

Konrad, P. (2005). The abc of emg. A practical introduction to kinesiological electromyography, 1, 30-35.

Lee, S. B., Kim, K. J., O'Driscoll, S. W., Morrey, B. F., & An, K. N. (2000). Dynamic glenohumeral stability provided by the rotator cuff muscles in the mid-range and end-range of motion. A study in cadavera. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 82(6), 849-857.

Levine, W. N., & Flatow, E. L. (2000). The pathophysiology of shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med, 28(6), 910-917. doi:10.1177/03635465000280062501

Lin, H. T., Hsu, A. T., Chang, G. L., Chang Chien, J. R., An, K. N., & Su, F. C. (2007).

Determining the resting position of the glenohumeral joint in subjects who are healthy.

Phys Ther, 87(12), 1669-1682. doi:10.2522/ptj.20050391

Lo, Y. P., Hsu, Y. C., & Chan, K. M. (1990). Epidemiology of shoulder impingement in upper arm sports events. Br J Sports Med, 24(3), 173-177.

Lubiatowski, P., Kaczmarek, P., Cisowski, P., Breborowicz, E., Grygorowicz, M., Dzianach, M., . . . Romanowski, L. (2018). Rotational glenohumeral adaptations are associated with shoulder pathology in professional male handball players. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 26(1), 67-75. doi:10.1007/s00167-017-4426-9

Magee, D. J. (2014). Orthopedic physical assessment: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Marta, S., Pezarat-Correia, P., Fernandes, O., Carita, A., Cabri, J., & Moraes, A. (2013).

Electromyographic analysis of posterior deltoid, posterior rotator cuff and trapezius

49

49

musculature in different shoulder exercises. International Sportmed Journal, 14, 1-15.

McMaster, W. C., Long, S. C., & Caiozzo, V. J. (1991). Isokinetic torque imbalances in the rotator cuff of the elite water polo player. Am J Sports Med, 19(1), 72-75.

doi:10.1177/036354659101900112

Meister, K. (2000). Injuries to the shoulder in the throwing athlete. Part one:

Biomechanics/pathophysiology/classification of injury. Am J Sports Med, 28(2), 265-275. doi:10.1177/03635465000280022301

Mihata, T., Gates, J., McGarry, M. H., Neo, M., & Lee, T. Q. (2015). Effect of posterior shoulder tightness on internal impingement in a cadaveric model of throwing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 23(2), 548-554. doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2381-7 Mihata, T., Lee, Y., McGarry, M. H., Abe, M., & Lee, T. Q. (2004). Excessive humeral

external rotation results in increased shoulder laxity. Am J Sports Med, 32(5), 1278-1285. doi:10.1177/0363546503262188

Mihata, T., McGarry, M. H., Kinoshita, M., & Lee, T. Q. (2010). Excessive glenohumeral horizontal abduction as occurs during the late cocking phase of the throwing motion can be critical for internal impingement. Am J Sports Med, 38(2), 369-374.

doi:10.1177/0363546509346408

Myers, J. B., Laudner, K. G., Pasquale, M. R., Bradley, J. P., & Lephart, S. M. (2005).

Scapular position and orientation in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med, 33(2), 263-271. doi:10.1177/0363546504268138

Noffal, G. J. (2003). Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and nonthrowers. Am J Sports Med, 31(4), 537-541.

doi:10.1177/03635465030310041001

O'Connor, S., Downey, M., & Moran, K. (2016). Epidemiology of Injury in Gaelic Handball.

Ir Med J, 109(3), 370.

Osbahr, D. C., Cannon, D. L., & Speer, K. P. (2002). Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med, 30(3), 347-353.

doi:10.1177/03635465020300030801

Reagan, K. M., Meister, K., Horodyski, M. B., Werner, D. W., Carruthers, C., & Wilk, K.

(2002). Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players. Am J Sports Med, 30(3), 354-360.

doi:10.1177/03635465020300030901

Saccol, M. F., Gracitelli, G. C., da Silva, R. T., Laurino, C. F., Fleury, A. M., Andrade Mdos, S., & da Silva, A. C. (2010). Shoulder functional ratio in elite junior tennis players.

Phys Ther Sport, 11(1), 8-11. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2009.11.002

Saha, A. (1971). Dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 42(6), 491-505.

Semmler, J. G. (2002). Motor unit synchronization and neuromuscular performance. Exerc

50

50

Sport Sci Rev, 30(1), 8-14.

Shanley, E., Thigpen, C. A., Clark, J. C., Wyland, D. J., Hawkins, R. J., Noonan, T. J., &

Kissenberth, M. J. (2012). Changes in passive range of motion and development of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in the professional pitching shoulder between spring training in two consecutive years. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 21(11),

Spigelman, T. (2006). Identifying and Assessing Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit. 11, 23-25. doi:10.1123/att.11.3.23

Takenaga, T., Sugimoto, K., Goto, H., Nozaki, M., Fukuyoshi, M., Tsuchiya, A., . . . Otsuka, T.

(2015). Posterior Shoulder Capsules Are Thicker and Stiffer in the Throwing Shoulders of Healthy College Baseball Players: A Quantitative Assessment Using Shear-Wave Ultrasound Elastography. Am J Sports Med, 43(12), 2935-2942.

doi:10.1177/0363546515608476

Terry, G. C., & Chopp, T. M. (2000). Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder. Journal of Athletic Training, 35(3), 248-255.

Thomas, S. J., Swanik, K. A., Swanik, C., & Huxel, K. C. (2009). Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position Adaptations After a Single High School Female Sports Season.

Journal of Athletic Training, 44(3), 230-237.

Thompson, S. F., Guess, T. M., Plackis, A. C., Sherman, S. L., & Gray, A. D. (2018). Youth Baseball Pitching Mechanics: A Systematic Review. Sports Health, 10(2), 133-140.

doi:10.1177/1941738117738189

Tyler, T. F., Roy, T., Nicholas, S. J., & Gleim, G. W. (1999). Reliability and validity of a new method of measuring posterior shoulder tightness. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 29(5), 262-269; discussion 270-264. doi:10.2519/jospt.1999.29.5.262

van Cingel, R., Habets, B., Willemsen, L., & Staal, B. (2017). Shoulder Dynamic Control Ratio and Rotation Range of Motion in Female Junior Elite Handball Players and Controls. Clin J Sport Med. doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000429

Van der Helm, F. C. T. (1997, August 26-17, 1997). A standardized protocol for motion recordings of the shoulder. Paper presented at the 1st Conference of the International Shoulder Group, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

Wang, H. K., Macfarlane, A., & Cochrane, T. (2000). Isokinetic performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball athletes from the United Kingdom. Br J Sports Med, 34(1), 39-43.

Wilk, K. E., Meister, K., & Andrews, J. R. (2002). Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the

51

51

overhead throwing athlete. Am J Sports Med, 30(1), 136-151.

doi:10.1177/03635465020300011201

Wulker, N., Rossig, S., Korell, M., & Thren, K. (1995). Dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint. A biomechanical study. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 9(1), 1-8.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-993413

Yildiz, Y., Aydin, T., Sekir, U., Kiralp, M. Z., Hazneci, B., & Kalyon, T. A. (2006). Shoulder terminal range eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist strength ratios in overhead athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 16(3), 174-180.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00471.x

相關文件