• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論

第二節、 未來研究方向

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

媒體影音呈現方式,然而實際進行多媒體影音教學時的教材製作成本和技術門檻 也應一併考量。以成本而言,媒體豐富式成本為最高,現場教學式次之,視窗教 學式為最低;以所需技術而言,媒體豐富式也是最高,現場教學次之,視窗教學 式最低。因此,媒體豐富式雖可為學習者帶來最高的學習成效和最低的認知負荷,

但也具有最高的技術門檻和成本花費;視窗教學式雖替學習者帶來最低的學習成 效和最高的認知負荷,但卻是技術門檻和成本花費最低的多媒體影音教材型式。

在教材製作技術、成本與學習者的學習成效與認知負荷綜合考量下,三種不同資 訊呈現方式多媒體影音開放式課程各有其優缺點,目前尚無絕對的低成本與高成 效的多媒體影音教材製作型式被發展出來。本研究的成果,期望有助於未來多媒 體影音教材設計,以及選擇開放式課程製作模式時之參考。

第二節、未來研究方向

一、 探討不同資訊呈現方式多媒體影音開放式課程採用不同 行動裝置載具進行學習之影響差異

本研究主要係以筆記型電腦為多媒體影音課程學習載具,然而近年來智慧型 手機、平板電腦等行動載具普及率已明顯提升,也日漸和民眾生活密不可分,因 此多媒體影音教材未來也應朝向支援行動載具方向發展,因此有必要進一步探討 本研究所採用之三種不同資訊呈現方式多媒體影音開放式課程對於具備不同尺 寸螢幕之行動載具影響差異。

二、 探討不同學術背景研究對象採用不同資訊呈現方式多媒 體影音開放式課程進行學習之影響差異

本研究係以文學院大二學生為實驗對象,然而學術背景也可能是影響實驗結 果的因素之一,因此未來研究可以針對文學院以外的學生進行探究,例如商學院 或理學院大學生,在實驗對象具有不同學術背景的情況下,探討三種不同資訊呈

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

現方式多媒體影音課程是否產生學習專注力、學習情緒、認知負荷及學習成效差 異。

三、 以結構方程模式探討依變項間的相互影響因果關係

本研究採用相關分析與迴歸分析探討不同資訊呈現方式多媒體影音開放式 課程所引發之學習專注力、學習情緒、認知負荷與學習成效彼此之間的關聯與因 果關係,因為採用兩兩變項進行因果關係分析,因此未能完整看出上述四個依變 項彼此之間的相互影響程度及因果關係全貌 ,未來若能採用結構方程 模式 (Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)進行分析,除了可以檢視變項彼此之間的因果 關係外,也可以透過 Goodness of fit 檢驗該模型的適配度。

四、 結合眼動儀進行不同資訊呈現方式多媒體影音開放式課 程學習時眼動行為差異比較

本研究未來希望能夠結合眼動儀,進一步探討學習者使用這三種不同資訊呈 現方式多媒體影音開放式課程進行學習時的眼動行為差異。例如可利用熱區圖來 觀察使用者眼睛落點的集中情形,以推論使用者對於畫面中特定區塊的興趣程度;

軌跡圖則可依序呈現每個落點的位置及強度大小,有助於了解學習者交互參考教 材元素之關聯,眼睛停留時間也可用以推論畫面中哪些教學內容較能吸引使用者 注意;蜂群圖則可針對不同族群受試者眼動行為特徵差異進行比較,例如可以男 性或女性、不同學術背景族群為區分,進一步分析不同族群間對於三種不同資訊 呈現方式多媒體影音開放式課程之眼動閱讀行為差異。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y 參考文獻

一、 中文部份

NeuroSky, Inc. ( 2012 ) 。 NeuroSky – 人 人 可 用 的 腦 波 感 測 器 。 檢 自 : http://www.neurosky.com/zh-Hant/。

王乙婷、何美慧(2003)。自我教導策略增進 ADHD 兒童持續性注意力效果之 研究。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育學系特殊教育學報,18, 21-54。

台灣開放式課程聯盟(2012)。檢自:http://www.tocwc.org.tw。

林玉雯、黃台珠、劉嘉茹(2010)。課室學習專注力之研究-量表發展與分析應 用。科學教育學刊,18(2),107-129。

林育如(2012)。行動閱讀之資訊呈現方式對於學習者專注力、閱讀理解與認知 負荷之影響研究。圖書資訊與檔案學研究所碩士論文。台北市:國立政治大 學。

胡婉琪(2012)。基於學習情緒及成效探討技能型學習遊戲之設計要素。圖書資 訊與檔案學研究所碩士論文。台北市:國立政治大學。

馬郁凝、柯皓仁(2012)。以關注本位採用模式探討大學教師參與開放式課程之 研究。圖書資訊學刊,10(1),117-153。

陳志銘、陳勇汀、林筱芳(2010)。通識教育開放式課程數位典藏建置之研究。

大學圖書館,14(2),83-112。

鄭昭明(1993)。認知心理學:理論與實踐。桂冠圖書公司。

劉博烝(2012)。數位學習注意力與心跳率偵測系統之發展與應用。工程科學系 所碩士論文。台南市:國立成功大學。

謝惠雯、陳昭珍(2011)。開放式課程教材之著作權問題研究。教育資料與圖書 館學,48(3),381-406。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

二、 英文部份

Aylward, G. P., Verhulst, S. J., & Bell, S. (1990). Individual and combined effects of attention deficits and combined effects of attention deficits and learning disabilities on computerized ADHD assessment. Journal of Psycho Educational

Assessment, 8(4), 497-508.

Baraniuk, R. G. (2008). Challenges and opportunities for the open education movement: A connexions case study. In Iiyoshi, T., & Kumar, M. S. V., (eds.),

Opening Up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Berger, H. (1929).First human EEG paper: Ueber das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 87, 527-570.

Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. Oxford University Press.

Carson, S. (2009). The unwalled garden: growth of the OpenCourseWare Consortium, 2001-2008. Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 24(1), 23-29.

Chandler, P., Cooper, G., Pollock, E., & Tindall-Ford, S. (1998). Applying cognitive psychology principles to education and training. AARE98 Annual Conference.

Chen, C. M., & Lee T. H. (2011). Emotion Recognition and Communication for Reducing Second-language Speaking Anxiety in a Web-based One-to-One Synchronous Learning Environment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(3), 417-440.

Chen, C. M., & Sun, Y. C. (2012). Assessing the effects of different multimedia materials on emotions and learning performance for visual and verbal style learners. Computers & Education, 59(4), 1273-1285.

Chen, C. M., & Wang, H. P. (2011). Using emotion recognition technology to assess the effects of different multimedia materials on learning emotion and performance. Library & Information Science Research, 33, 244-255.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Childers, Terry L., Houston, Michael J., Susan E., & Heckler, S. E. (1985).

Measurement of individual differences in visual versus verbal information processing. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 125-134.

Clark, Leonard H., Starr, Irvi. (1986). Secondary and Middle School Teaching

Methods. Macmillan.

Clark, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2008). E-learning and the science of instruction (2nd ed).

San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Corno, L. (1993). The best-laid plans: Modern conceptions of volition and educational research. Educational Researcher, 22, 14-22.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and

invention. New York: Harper Perennial.

Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1984). Information richness: A new approach to

managerial behavior and organizational design, in Research in organizational behavior. Edited by Cummings, L. L., and B. M. Staw, Homewood, IL: JAI

Press, 191-233.

Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of Ihe emolions in man and animals. Chicago, IL:

University of Chicago Press.

Davenport, T. H., & Beck, J. C. (2001). The attention economy: Understanding the

new currency of business. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School

Press.

Dunn, R., Dunn, K. (1993). Teaching Secondary Students Through Their

Individualized Learning Styles. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co.

Effken, J. A., & Doyle, M. (2001). Interface design and cognitive style in learning an instructional computer simulation. Comput Nurs, 19(4), 164-171.

Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994). The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions.

New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Feinberg, S., & Murphy, M. (2000). Applying cognitive load theory to the design of Web-based instruction (pp. 353–360). Presented at the Professional Communication Conference. Proceedings of 2000 Joint IEEE International and

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

18th Annual Conference on Computer Documentation (IPCC/SIGDOC 2000),

IEEE.

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.

Gopher, D., & Braune, R. (1984). On the Psychophysics of workload: Why bother with subjective measures? Human Factors, 26, 519-532.

Graf, S., Lan, C. H., Liu, T. C., & Kinshuk, K. (2009). Investigations about the Effects and Effectiveness of Adaptivity for Students with Different Learning Styles. ICALT, 415-419.

Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hochschild, A. R. (1975). The sociology of feeling and emotion: Selected possibilities.

In M. Millman., & R. M. Kantor (Eds.), Another voice: Feminist perspectives on social life and social science. New York: Anchor Books. 208-307

Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. The

American Journal of Sociology, 85, 551-575.

Iiyoshi, T., & Kumar, M. S. V. (2008). Opening up Education: The Collective

Advancement of Education Through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

James, W. (1983). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.

Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor: the science of mental ability. Westport, CT:

Praeger.

Jonassen, D. H., Grabowski, B. L. (1993). Handbook of individual differences.

learning and instruction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Jonassen, D. H. (1996). Computer in the class-room. Multimedia and Hypermedia:

Creativity Through Construction. Prentice Hall, 185-188.

Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Eaglewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Keefe, J. W. (1987). Learning Style: Theory and Practice. Reston. Virginia: National association of secondary school principals.

Kemper, T. D. (1978). A social interactional theory of emotions. New York: Wiley.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Kemper, T. D. (1991). Predicting emotions from social relations. Social Psychology

Quarterly, 54, 330-342.

Kleinginna, P., Jr., & Kleinginna A. (1981b). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 345-379.

Kort, B., Reilly, R., & Picard, R.W. (2001). An Affective Model of Interplay Between Emotions and Learning: Reengineering Educational Pedagogy- Building a Learning Companion. In Proceedings of ICALT.

Kuchinskas, G. (1979). Whose cognitive style makes the difference? Education

Leadership, 36(4), 269-271.

Kuhlen, R. G. (1968). Studies in Educational Psychology. Blaisdell Pub., Mass, Waltham.

Lai, S. L. (1998). The effects of visual display on analogies using computer-based learning. International Journal of Instructional Media, 25(2), 151-160.

Lane, A. (2008). Widening participation in education through open educational resources. In T. Iiyoshi, Kumar, M. S. V.(ed.), Opening Up Education: The

Collective Advancement of Education through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

LeDoux, J. (1994). Emotion, memory, and the brain. Scientific American, 270, 50-57.

Lerman, S. R., Miyagawa, S., & Marguleis, A. H. (2008). OpenCourseWare: Building a culture of sharing. In T. Iiyoshi, Kumar, M. S. V.(ED.), Open Technology,

Open Content, and Open Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Leutner, D., & Plass, J. L. (1998). Measuring learning styles with questionnaires versus direct observation of preferential choice behavior in authentic learning situations: the visualizer/verbalizer behavior observation scale (VV-BOS).

Computers in Human Behavior, 14(4), 543-557.

Mark, S. S., & Ernest, J.M. (1992). Human Factors in Engineering and Design. New York: McGraw-Hill.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Mayer, R. E. (1993). Comprehension of graphics in texts: An overview. Learning and

Instruction, 3, 239-245.

Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions?

Educational Psychologist, 32(1), 1-19.

Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. USA: Cambridge University Press.

Mayer, R. E., & Anderson, R. B. (1992). The Instructive Animation: Helping Students Build Connections Between Words and Pictures in Multimedia Learning.

Journal of Educatinal Psychology, 84, 444-452.

Mayer, R. E., & Gallini, J. K. (1990). When is an illustration worth a thousand words?

Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 715-726.

Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 715-726.

Mayer, R. E., & Sims, K. (1994). For whom is a picture worth a thousand words?

Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning. Journal of

Educational Psychology, 86(3), 389-401.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2012). About OCW. From http://ocw.mit.edu/about/.

Messick, S. (1984). The nature of cognitive styles: Problems and promise in educational practice. Educational Psychologist, 19(1), 59-74.

Mousavi, S. Y., Low, R., & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing Cognitive Load by Mixing Auditory and Visual Presentation Modes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2), 319-334.

Najjar, L. J. (1996). Multimedia information and Information Learning. Journal of

Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, Vol. 5, 129-150.

Nideffer, R. M. (1976). Test of attentional and interpersonal style. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 394-404.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Paas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994). Variability of Worked Examples and Transfer of Geometrical Problem-Solving Skill: A Cognitive-Load Approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 122-133.

Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2003). Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments. Educational psychologist, 38(1), 1–4.

Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Paivio, A. (1986). Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Parsons, T. (1955). Family socialization and interaction processes. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Parsons, T. (1964). Social structure and personality. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Pedro P., Pilar R. (2006). The application of learning styles in both individual and collaborative learning. Advanced Learning Technologies.

Phillips, R. A. (1997). A developer’s handbook to interactive multimedia: A practical

guide for educational applications. London: Kogan Page.

Piaget, J. (1989). Les relations entre l’intelligence et l’affectivité dans le developpement de l’enfant. Rimé, B., Scherer, K. (Eds.) Les Émotions. Textes

de base en psychologie. Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé. 75-95.

Richardson, A. (1977). Verbalizer-visualizer: A cognitive style dimension. Journal of

Mental Imagery, 1(1), 109-126.

Shen, L., Wang, M., & Shen, R. (2009). Affective e-Learning: Using “Emotional”

Data to Improve Learning in Pervasive Learning Environment. Educational

Technology & Society, 12(2), 176–189.

Sissel G. S., & Helmut K. (2000). Using new learning technologies with multimedia.

IEEE MultMedia, 7(3), 40-51.

Smith, S.M., Woody, P.C. (2000). Interactive effect of multimedia instruction and learning styles. Teaching of Psychology, 27(3), 220-223.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Sturm W. (1996). Evaluation in therapeutical contexts: attentional and neglect disorders. Eur Rev ApplPsychol, 46, 207-14.

Solso, R. L. (1995). Cognitive Psychology (4th

ed).

Sweller, J., Van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational psychology review, 10(3), 251–296.

Tennant, M. (1988). Psychology and adult learning. London: Routledge.

Tomkins, S. S. (1982). Affect theory. In P. Ekman (ed) Emotion in the human face.

New York: CUP.

UNESCO (2002). Forum on the impact of open courseware for higher education in

developing countries. Paris, France: UNESCO.

Vaughan, T. (1993). Multimedia: Making it Work, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Wickens, C. D. (1987). "Attention". Pursue Aviation Research Laboratory. University

of Illinois, 61874.

Wierwille, W. W., & Eggmeier, F. L. (1993). Recommendations for mental workload measurement in a test and evaluation environment. Human Factors, 35, 263-281.

Wittrock, M. C. (1974). Learning as a generative process. Education Psychologist, 11, 87-95.

Wittrock, M. C. (1990). Generative processes of comprehension. Education

Psychologist, 24, 345-376.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y 附錄一、學習成效測驗試題

現場教學式-學習成效測驗試題

學號: 姓名: 性別:

1. 司法院□秘書長一人。特任。……」上文□內依照公文法律統一用語,應使 用的詞是:(A)置(B)設(C)定(D)立。

2. 欲規定國立台灣大學組織章程,應使用下列何種法律用語(A)設置(B)

制定(C)考訂(D)訂立。

3. 以下何者不是公文禮貌式用語中的稱謂語?(A)鈞(B)貴(C)尊(D)

大。

4. 以下何者是公文禮貌式用語中沒有隸屬關係的上級機關稱謂語?(A)鈞(B)

貴(C)尊(D)大。

5. 國家高普考試每年皆會依各地政府機關之需求而招考新進公務人員,而因應 各地政府機關所開出之缺額決定錄取人數,請問考試用在發出國家高普考試 的缺額名單及預計錄取人數時,就「人員」一詞應使用下列何種法律用語?

(A)置(B)設(C)定(D)立。

6. 下列諸公文用語,何者非上級單位發文於下級單位時使用?(A)請核備(B)

請查明見復(C)請照辦(D)請辦理惠復。

7. 下列法律條文的數字用法,何者正確?(A)民法第九五條(B)民法第一

○三條(C)民法第一百十六條(D)民法第一百一十九條。

8. 若寄文給平行機關,欲想確認是否收到,應使用下列何者?(A)「OO 字第 OOOO 號函諒達」(B)「復 OO 字第 OOOO 號函」(C)「OO 字第 OOOO 號函 諒蒙鈞察」(D)「據 OO 字第 OOOO 號函」。

9. 行政院致函交通部,所使用之公文用語,不應出現的是:(A)貴部(B)請 鑒察(C)准予備查(D)請辦理見復。

10. 臺北市文山區公所行文臺北市政府,核示本區公所本年度滅蟑滅鼠週工作計 畫,請問主旨該怎麼寫?(A)檢陳本區辦理滅蟑滅鼠工作執行計畫乙份,

請 鑒核 (B)檢送本區辦理滅蟑滅鼠工作執行計畫乙份,請 查照 (C)

檢陳本區辦理滅蟑滅鼠工作執行計畫乙份,請 查照 (D)檢送本區辦理 滅蟑滅鼠工作執行計畫乙份,請 鑒核。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y 附錄二、認知風格量表

同學您好:

同學您好:

相關文件