• 沒有找到結果。

第三章 本論文提出之演算法

4.1 模擬環境與參數設定

此章節為本論文所設置之模擬環境於 LTE 在設置 DRX 參數過程中所需解決 與討論的問題,證明我們所提出的 DRX 參數調整演算法之設計,如何在省電效

能、封包延遲與封包延遲三者之間取得最佳的服務品質,所以需要進行大量的參

數設置與參考多方面資料進行整體的模擬。在模擬過程中,我們引用了 Markov Chains Model 中具有穩態轉移機率的特性進行模擬我們在 LTE DRX 省電效能,封 包延遲的參數設置。

我們針對 3.3 節cost-reward function Γ 進行模擬求出最佳參數 m,n 值,在這邊我 們只考慮即時性的傳輸情況,

• λ is set as [2,4,,6,8,10…26,28,30] packets/second

• DRX durations (K = 8) and set dk = [4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512] ms

• 𝑜𝑛_𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑘 is set as a constant value, 2 ms.

• Both the values of m and n range from 1 to 20.

{ packet delay bound of [35,60,100] ms packet loss constraint of [5%, 10%, 15%]

封包傳輸率從每秒 2 個到每秒 30 個,主要目的是要求得在不同傳輸密度和 packet delay 和 packet loss 限制狀況下的最佳(𝑚, 𝑛)。

Table 1. The optimal m and n with respect to different arrival rates λ and QoS requirements in terms of pd* and plr*

從使用Table1可以得知,當傳輸密度或者QoS需求改變,我們所提出的方法 可以在off-line stage時根據查表的方式,找到最佳的參數(𝑚, 𝑛)。例如:當packet arrival rate is 6 packets/s,則QoS requirements 𝑝𝑑 = 35 ms and 𝑝𝑑 = 5%,可以從 查表方式得知最佳參數(𝑚, 𝑛) = (7,20),或者packet arrival rate is 12 packets/s,

則QoS requirements 𝑝𝑑 = 60 ms and 𝑝𝑑 = 10%,可以從查表方式得知最佳參數 (𝑚, 𝑛) = (16,8)。

接著我們把Table1,在不同輸Type下分別最佳的(𝑚, 𝑛)參數值,製成圖4-1, 圖4-2,圖4-3,三張樹狀圖,觀察到當 packet arrival rate 增加或者QoS需求下降,應 該隨著arrival rates λ越大,參數m會遞增則參數n會遞減,但是我們從圖4-1,圖4-2, 圖4-3與Table1,發現在D* = 35 ms PLR*= 5%時,λ = 10到λ = 12,參數m卻沒有 遞增,參數n卻沒有遞減,所以我們從圖4-4,在m和n空間中觀察到要改善power saving efficiency,就要藉由參數m遞增或者參數n遞減而得到最佳效能。相對的,

如果要得到更好的QoS,就要藉由參數m遞減或者參數n遞增而得到最佳效能。因 此就像two-parameter-control mechanism,可以透過m或者n參數去調整而達到最佳 效能。

圖4-1、 The optimal m and n with respect to different arrival rates λ when the QoS requirements pd* = 35 ms and plr* = 5%

圖4-2、 The optimal m and n with respect to different arrival rates λ when the QoS requirements pd* = 60 ms and plr* = 10%

Packet arrival rates, λ (packets/second)

Values

Packet arrival rates, λ (packets/second)

Values

m n

圖4-3、The optimal m and n with respect to different arrival rates λ when the QoS requirements pd*

= 100 ms and plr* = 15%

圖4-4、The performance of power saving efficiency and QoS with different values of m and n

4.2 模擬結果與比較

在本節我們模擬了 conventional DRX 機制與我們所提出的可調式多週期 DRX 機制之間做比較,在這裡只考慮 real-time traffic 情境 packet delay 限制在 35 ms,

packet loss 限制在 5%。For the conventional DRX scheme, the short and long DRX durations are set as 32 ms and 128 ms, respectively (K = 2 and 𝑑𝑘 = [32, 128] ms)

Packet arrival rates, λ (packets/second)

Values

For our proposed multi-cycle DRX scheme, we use the same parameters as that stated in Section III. The adopted values of (𝑚, 𝑛) are chosen from Table I. For both the conventional DRX scheme and the proposed scheme, O-timer is set as 2 ms.

The parameters used for the conventional DRX scheme and our proposed scheme are listed in Table II.

圖4-5,是模擬在不同的傳輸封包率,與 QoS delay bound 限制為35ms之下 比較conventional DRX scheme與我們所提出的方法,在λ=11之後conventional DRX scheme才有在我們所限制的delay bound 35ms之下則我們提出的方法從λ=2 到λ=30 全部都在限制的35ms之下。

圖4-5、. Comparisons of packet delays when using different DRX schemes with

respect to various packet arrival rates λ as the QoS requirements pd* = 35 ms and plr* = 5%

圖4-6是模擬在不同的傳輸封包率,packet loss rate限制在5%之下,比較 conventional DRX scheme與我們所提出的方法,可以看到conventional DRX scheme的封包遺失率都在限制的5%以上,則我們所提出的方法在λ=4之後都符合 限制的5%之下。事實上,conventional DRX scheme在packet arrival rate is larger than 46 packets/s的時候才會接近所限制的plr* = 5%。

圖4-6、. Comparisons of packet delays when using different DRX schemes with respect to various packet arrival rates λ as the QoS requirements pd* = 35 ms and plr* = 5%

圖4-7,是功率消耗的部分, 模擬在在不同的傳輸封包率,pd* = 35 ms packet loss rate 限制在5%之下比較conventional DRX scheme與我們所提出的方法,

從圖可以得知所提出的方法在功率消耗大部分都比conventional scheme優許多,

可以看出封包arrival rates 越高兩者的功率銷號差異越大,conventional DRX scheme平均功率消耗為4.31%,我們所提出的方法平均功率消耗為3.33%,所以我 們所提出的方法比傳統的方法功率消耗降低了27.8%

圖4-7、 Comparisons of packet delays when using different DRX schemes with respect to various packet arrival rates λ as the QoS requirements pd* = 35 ms and plr* = 5%

從packet loss、packet delay、power consumption三張圖可得知我們所提出的可 調適多週期DRX機制全部勝過於conventional DRX scheme。在圖4-8像個棋盤狀的 的圖,可得知conventional DRX scheme只能固定在一個點在左下角不能根據QoS 的需求或者省電效能去做動態調整,則我們所提出的方法可以在這空間中自由變 化移動,如果想要改善power saving就沿著右下移動,如果想要提高QoS就往左上 移動,研究結果證明我們所提出的方法可以根據傳輸流量的密度而有效的提高用 戶的QoS達到整體的最高效能。

圖4-8、Comparisons of the positions of adopted (m, n) with different DRX schemes as the QoS requirements pd* = 35 ms and plr* = 5%

第五章 結論

本論文研究如何在多樣化的媒體媒體時代,使用 4G LTE 的同時,可以在 QoS 與省電兩者取得到最佳值,使得 LTE 可以得到最佳效能,讓省電與封包傳輸上技 術可以更為提升,以提昇省電效率及用戶端設備之待機時間,並同時兼顧用戶的 服務品質。我們以 DRX 機制具有馬可夫鍊特性,進行模擬 DRX 機制後,再提出我 們參數調整演算法,我們設計的演算法將會根據用戶的服務型態以及目前的資料 傳輸狀況動態調整 DRX 的相關參數。在實驗模擬部分,在選擇最理想參數值(m*,

n*)的同時,還需要先考量省電效能、封包延遲和封包遺失率等因素,應該選擇較 高 m*值或者需較低的 n*,所以如果在剩餘的電量不足狀態時,電量的消耗是問 題是在設定參數考量的重點,如果是需要在即時應用的傳輸過程中,則需選擇符 合容許的封包遺失率和封包的延遲範圍,所以我們可以經由 cost-reward 函數求得 最小值,並且搭配使用查表的方式可以在 off-line pre-establishes 而得到最佳參數 (m*,n*)。

LTE DRX 省電機制,並沒有明確規定參數,我們所提出的參數調整演算 法目的是整合了省電、封包延遲和封包遺失問題,滿足了用戶所需求,所以從模 擬結果可得知所提出的演算法是可以有效管理 LTE 整體效能。在未來的研究方向,

希望可以模擬更真實的傳輸環境,並且在加入在多方面的環境因素下,所模擬的 結果會有什麼不同,並且在多分析許多傳輸的模型,讓 LTE 系統在效能方面可以 更加完善。

參 考 文 獻

[1] Moray Rumney BSc, C. Eng, MIET,"3GPP LTE: Introducing Single-Carrier FDMA,"Agilent Measurement Journal, Issue 4, pp.18-27, January 2008

[2] Amitava Ghosh, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Bishwarup Mondal, Nitin Mangalvedhe, and Tim Thomas, “LTE-Advanced: Next-Generation Wireless Broadband

Technology,” in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 10-22, June 2010.

[3] http ://www.conniq.com/WiMAX/tdd-fdd.htm (2011/06/03)

[4] 3GPP , TS 36.300 V10.1.0 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolves Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN);Overall description ; Stage 2 (Release 10).

[5] 3GPP , TS 36.321 V10.2.0 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

(E-UTRA) ; Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification (Release 10).

[6] Huang Bo, Tian Hui, Chen Lan, and Zhu Jianchi "DRX-Aware Scheduling Method for Delay-Sensitive Traffic, " IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 14, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010.

[7] S. Shenker, “Fundamental design issues for the future internet,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, Vol. 13, No. 7, Sept. 1995, pp. 1176 - 1188.

[8] S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution:

From Theory to Practice. Wiley, 2009.

[9] 3GPP R1-120056, “Analysis on traffic model and characteristics for MTC and text proposal,” Huawei, HiSilicon.

[10] S.-R. Yang and Y-B. Lin, “Modeling UMTS discontinuous reception mechanism,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 312–

319, Jan. 2005.

[11] S.-R. Yang, S.-Y. Yan, and H.-N. Hung, “Modeling UMTS power saving with bursty packet data traffic,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1398–1408, Dec. 2007.

[12] 3GPP R1-114439, “Text proposal for traffic model/characteristics for MTC,” Vadafone Group.

[13] C. S. Bontu and E. Illidge, “DRX Mechanism for Power Saving in LTE,” IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2009.

[14] S-R. Yang et al., “Modeling UMTS Power Saving with Bursty Packet Data

Traffic,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comp., Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 1398–

1409.

[15] S-R. Yang et al., “Modeling UMTS Power Saving with Bursty Packet Data Traffic,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comp., Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 1398– 1409.

[16] S-R. Yang et al., “Modeling UMTS Power Saving with Bursty Packet Data Traffic,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comp., Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 1398– 1409.

[17] S-R. Yang et al., “Modeling UMTS Power Saving with Bursty Packet Data Traffic,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comp., Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 1398–

1409.

[18] S-R. Yang et al., “Modeling UMTS Power Saving with Bursty Packet Data Traffic,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comp., Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 1398–

1409.

[19] Amitava Ghosh, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Bishwarup Mondal, Nitin Mangalvedhe, and Tim Thomas, “LTE-Advanced: Next-Generation Wireless Broadband Technology,” in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 10-22, June 2010.

[20] Fang-wei Li, Ya-qing Zhang and Liang-wei Li, “Enhanced Discontinuous

Reception Mechanism for Power Saving in TD-LTE,” in 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), vol. 9,

pp. 682-686, July 2010.

[21] A. Ghosh, R. Ratasuk, B. Mondal, N. Mangalvedhe, and T. Thomas,

“LTE-Advanced: Next-Generation Wireless Broadband Technology,” IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 10-22, June 2010.

[22] H.-C.Wang, C.-C. Tseng, G.-Y. Chen, F.-C. Kuo, and K.-C. Ting, “Accurate analysis of delay and power consumption of lte drx mechanism with a combination of short and long cycles,” in Wireless Personal Multimedia

Communications (WPMC), 2012 15th International Symposium on, Sept 2012, pp. 384–388.

相關文件