2006)
本指引介紹混凝土修補材的性質、試驗法與選擇方式，涵蓋的修補材包括：
1. 混凝土替代材(concrete replacement)：依深度與修補方向而分類。
2. 加鋪材(overlays)：依厚度分類。
3. 裂縫修補材(crack repairs)：依裂縫穩定性、裂縫寬度與其他服務性質條 件而分類。
4. 表面填縫(surface sealers)及(traffic-bearing elastomeric coatings)：依水及 氯離子滲透性分類。
5. 抗碳化塗層(anti-carbonation coatings)：依二氧化碳擴散性而分類。
6. 加勁鋼筋材塗層(reinforcing steel coatings)、內埋伽凡尼陽極(galvanic anodes)、混凝土黏結材(bonding agents)、孔隙結晶阻斷劑(pore blockers) 及表面施加滲透之腐蝕抑制劑等：依改變不同混凝土的性質而分類。
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3. 評估修補材暴露的環境、條件。
4. 決定修補的目的及使用年限。
5. 選擇修補策略，包括未來維護所需的保護系統。
由於所有的修補材料都有其限制，因此使用者須根據試驗結果選擇最有機會 成功的材料。比較差不多的材料時，成本通常為決定的因素，尤其可考慮整個生 命週期的成本。
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表
2- 41 卜特蘭水泥混凝土替代材料的試驗法與試驗值
Description Test method Typical value Recommended value*
Recommended test 3.2-Volume stability
Length change - concrete
ASTM C157 0.02 percent (expansion) to -0.05 percent (shrinkage)
Less negative than (-0.05 percent)
(shrinkage)
No; curing and comparator reading regimens
not representative of
field conditions of repair mortars
and concretes.
Drying shrinkage - mortar*
ASTM C596 0.05 to 0.15 percent <0.10 percent Yes
Restrained expansion
ASTM C806 0.06 percent Refer to 3.2 Yes
3.3.2-Modulus of elasticity
ASTM C469 1,000,000 to 5,500,000 psi (6.8 to 38 GPa)
Refer to 3.3.3 Yes ASTM C 580 300,000 to 3,000,000 psi (2.1
to 21 GPa) Yes
3.3.3-Thermal
expansion ASTM C531 0.000014/°F (0.000025/°C) Refer to 3.3.3 Yes
ASTM D696 0.000014/°F (0.000025/°C) Yes
USACE CRD-C 39 0.000006/°F (0.0000108/°C) Yes
ASTM C884 Qualitative test Yes
3.3.4-Creep ASTM C512 0.000000001/psi
(0.000000007/KPa)
Refer to 3.3.4 Yes
ASTM C1181 — Yes
3.3.5-Bond strength
Slant shear bond ASTM C882 I day-400 to 1000 psi (2.8 to
Committee 546 does not have a recommended value for this test.
No; results are highly dependent
on compressive strength of substrate and roughness of bonding surface.
ASTM C1042
Direct tensile bond ASTM C1404 1 day - 70 to 150 psi (0.48 to
Committee 546 does not have a recommended value for this test.
No, test apparatus not
commonly available and test
not commonly performed.
3.3.6-Compressive strength
ASTM C39 28 days - 3000 to 10,000 psi (21 to 70 MPa)
Similar to substrate
Committee 546 does not have a value for this test.
Yes
3.6.1-Resistance to freezing and thawing*
ASTM C666 28 days - 80 to 100 DF at 300
cycles > 80 DF Yes
Scaling resistance ASTM C672 28 days - 0 to 5 visual rating at 50 to 300
cycles
< 2 Yes
ASTM C672 modified by ICRI
Committee 546
does not have a Yes
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Description Test method Typical value Recommended value*
Recommended test
320.2R recommended
value for this test.
3.6.2-Permeability
90-day ponding AASHTO T259 0.42 percent at 0.5 in. (13 mm) 0.15 percent at 1.0 in. (25 mm)
Committee 546 does not have a recommended value for this test.
Yes
ASTM C1543 NO
Rapid chloride permeability
AASHTO T277 28 days - 4000 to 5000 C 4000 C+ Yes
ASTM C1202 Yes
Absorption after immersion
ASTM C642 4 to 6 percent <6 percent Yes
Volume of permeable pore space
3.6.3-Alkali-aggregate reaction ASTM C227 Refer to 3.6.3 <0.1 percent Yes
ASTM C1260 Refer to 3.6.3 <0.1 percent Yes
ASTM C1293 Refer to 3.6.3 <0.1 percent Yes
ASTM C289 Refer to 3.6.3 Refer to 3.6.3 No; may not
reliably predict aggregate reactivity in
concrete.
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表
2- 42 改質卜特蘭水泥混凝土或砂漿的性質改變
Modification to basic portland-cement
concrete
Effects on properties Various hydraulic cements
(slag cement is discussed separately below)
Reduce heat of hydration; reduce set time; increase early strength;
reduced drying shrinkage; expansive or shrinkage compensating;
improve sulfate resistance.
Chemical admixtures
Air-entraining Improved workability; improved durability in freezing-and-thawing, deicing, sulfate, and alkali-reactive environments; reduced
compressive strength
Accelerating Accelerated set and early-strength development; increased creep and drying shrinkage.
Water-reducing, mid-range water-reducing
Reduce water content at least 5 percent (5 to 10 percent for mid-range);
reduced permeability; increased strength.
Water-reducing and set-retarding
Reduce water content at least 5 percent and delay set time;reduced permeability, increased strength.
High-range water-reducing Reduce water content by at least 12 to 40 percent, increase slump, decrease placing time, and increase flowability; reduced permeability;
increased strength.
Flowing concrete Slump greater than 7-1/2 in. (190 mm) while maintaining cohesive nature (ASTM C1017); reduced permeability.
Self-consolidating concrete Reduced construction time and labor; improved formed surface finish;
increased strength, shrinkage, and creep; reduced permeability and improved durability
Very high early strength Reduced set/working time; Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) SHRP-C-363 defines very high-early strength material as 2000 psi (13.8 MPa) minimum compressive strength 6 hours after mixing;
durability factor of 80 percent after 300 freezing-and-thawing cycles in accordance with ASTM C666, Procedure A.
Extended set control Used to stop or severely retard cement hydration process.
Shrinkage-reducing Increased set time; reduce drying shrinkage by 30 to 50 percent; reduced strength, thermal cracking, and slab curling; increased susceptibility to freezing-and-thawing deterioration.
Corrosion-inhibiting Significantly reduce rate of steel corrosion and extend time of onset of corrosion; reduced or increased compressive strength; may
distort results of ASTM C1202 and AASHTO T277.
Lithium May affect set/working time; minimize deleterious expansion from alkali-silica reaction.
Permeability-reducing: For hydrostatic conditions.
Reduced permeability, increased resistance to water penetration under pressure;
Can affect finishing properties, consistency, compressive strength, freezing-and-thawing resistance, and shrinkage.
Bonding Increased bond, tensile, and flexural strength; decreased compressive strength; latex may cause excessive entrained air; some polymers may decompose and sofn in the presence of moisture.
Rheology- and
viscosity-modi-fying; Anti-washout Increased cohesiveness; reduced segregation and bleeding: used as pumping aid, for concrete to be pumped underwater; reduced loss of cementitious material due to washout.
Supplementary cementitious materials
Fly ash Reduced water demand; reduction in portland cement; increased air-entraining admixture demand; improved workability; slower rate of reaction; reduced permeability and alkali-aggregate reactivity;
improved sulfate resistance; discoloration of concrete.
Silica fume Increased water demand; increased air-entraining admixture demand;
decreased workability;increased cohesiveness, reduced bleeding:
92 Modification to basic
portland-cement concrete
Effects on properties
increased plastic shrinkage cracking; darker color; increased compressive and bond strength; increased electrical resistivity;
reduced permeability; increased resistance to alkali-silica reaction;
sulfate and chemical attack; increased abrasion resistance.
Natural pozzolans Improved workability and finishing; reduction in portland cement;
increased cohesiveness; increased set time; reduced permeability, increased strength at later ages; improved resistance to alkali-silica reaction in minimum dosages; too little natural pozzolan may actually increase detrimental effects of alkali-silica reaction; improved resistance to sulfate attack
Slag cement Improved workability; increased set time; reduced early rate of heat generation; reduced strength at early ages; increased strength at later ages;lighter in color, reduced permeability and potential expansion due to alkali-silica reaction; improved sulfate resistance.
Polymer modifiers Excessive amounts of entrained air unless antifoam agent is used;
improved workability, increased set time, increased tendency for plastic shrinkage cracking; lower compressive strength; increased bond and tensile strength; reduced permeability, improved resistance to freezing and thawing; may improve impact strength and abrasion resistance.
Fiber reinforcement
Steel fibers Reduced slump and workability; tendency for fibers to ball; increased number of smaller-width shrinkage cracks; improved post-cracking ductility; increased compressive, direct tension, shear and torsion, flexural, and flexural fatigue strength; improved toughness and resistance to flexural impact loading.
Synthetic fibers Reduced workability; reduced average width of shrinkage cracks;
improved post-cracking ductility; improved resistance to impact, fatigue strength, and flexural toughness.
Polymer concrete Increased safety concerns during construction; typically less contractor familiarity with materials and installation procedures, reduced cum time; reduced weight; increased tensile, flexural, compressive, and bond strengths; reduced modulus of elasticity, increased coefficient of thermal expansion; reduced permeability; improved chemical resistance.
Portland-cement mortar Increased drying shrinkage; may be modified by substituting various hydraulic cements or polymers; or including chemical mineral admixtures, polymer modifiers, slag cement and fiber reinforcement, or both; effects on properties are similar to these discussed to concrete above.
(資料來源：美國混凝土學會，2014)
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