• 沒有找到結果。

濾泡性淋巴癌(follicular lymphoma)大部分都和(14;18)的基因轉位有關,

在文檔中 106-1 醫學二 (頁 71-87)

導致 BCL2 基因的過度表現,而造成癌症,與 EBV 的關係較小。原 文:Tumor cells recapitulate the growth pattern of normalgerminal center B cells; most cases are associated with a(14;18) translocation that results in the overexpression ofBCL2.

③ B 細胞淋巴癌是 AIDS 相關癌症中第二常見的。此種癌症侵襲性高,很 常出現在嚴重免疫不全的病患,且會侵犯淋巴結外的區域。腦部是 HIV 末期最常侵犯的區域,因此原發性腦淋巴癌可作為判斷 AIDS 的依據。

接近100%的此類腦淋巴癌和 EBV 有關。原文:B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas constitute the second mostcommon type of AIDS-associated tumors. These tumorsare highly aggressive, occur most frequently in

severelyimmunosuppressed patients, and involve many extranodalsites. The brain is the most common extranodal site in latestageHIV infection, and hence primary lymphoma of thebrain is considered an AIDS-defining condition. Close to100% of these brain lymphomas are EBV-related.

參考資料 Robbins Basic Pathology (9th Edition)(中羅)②P443 ③P152

Nasal-type NK/T cell lymphoma: clinical features and treatment outcome;Br J Cancer. 2005 Apr 11; 92(7): 1226–1230.①

解題者 M108* 劉哲宏 審稿者 M108*葉小菡

83. 題目 下列何種肺膨脹不全(atelectasis)通常為不可逆之變化?

A.吸收性肺膨脹不全(resorption atelectasis)

B.阻塞性肺膨脹不全(obstruction atelectasis)

C.壓迫性肺膨脹不全(compression atelectasis)

D.收縮性肺膨脹不全(contraction atelectasis)

答案 D

Key <病理>肺膨脹不全的內容與各個分類特色

詳解 肺膨脹不全 atelectasis = 肺無氣 = 肺塌陷 (collapse)

內在阻塞(obstruction, resorption) 痰、腫瘤 外在壓迫(compression) 氣胸、肋膜積水 微膨脹不全(micro atelectasis) surfactant 不足(早產兒)

收縮(contraction) 纖維化(fibrosis, cicatrization) 常為不可逆

參考資料 1. 趙俊彥醫師國考系列-病理學 (2015)P.206

2. UpToDate.com. Atelectasis: Types and pathogenesis in adults. Available at:

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atelectasis-types-and-pathogenesis-in-ad ults

解題者 M108* 陳信傑 審稿者 M108* 陳韋存

84. 題目 下列有關煤工塵肺症(coal worker pneumoconiosis)的敘述,何者錯誤?

A.簡單型煤工塵肺症可見煤斑塊(coal macule)及煤結節(coal nodule)的 病理變化

詳解 (A) simple coalworker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP), in which accumulations of macrophages occur with little to no pulmonary dysfunction,

(B) complicated CWP or progressive massive fibrosis (PMF),in which fibrosis is extensive and lung function is compromised

(C) 這是有關於 silicosis 的敘述,與 CWP 無關。原文:Silicosis isassociated with an increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. It ispostulated that silicosis

results in a depression of cell-mediated immunity, and crystalline silica may inhibit theability of pulmonary macrophages to kill phagocytosed

mycobacteria.

(D) Once smoking-related risk has been taken into account, there is no increased frequency of lungcarcinoma in coal miners, a feature that distinguishes CWPfrom both silica and asbestos exposures.

Agent Disease Exposure

Coal dust

Simple coal worker’s pneumoconiosis:

macules and nodules Complicated coal worker’s pneumoconiosis: PMF

Coal mining

Silica

Silicosis Sandblasting, quarrying, mining, stone cutting, foundrywork, ceramics

Asbestos

Asbestosis, pleural effusions, pleural plaques, or diffusefibrosis;

mesothelioma; carcinoma of the lung and larynx

Mining, milling, and fabrication of ores and materials;installation and removal of insulation 參考資料 Robbins Basic Pathology (9th Edition)P.474-478

解題者 M108* 陳信傑 審稿者 M108* 陳韋存

85. 題目 下列有關肺泡蛋白沉積症(alveolar proteinosis)的敘述,何 者錯誤?

A.病理變化為肺泡內充滿表面活性蛋白(surfactant)

B.大部分患者為後天型(acquired type)

C.抗 GM-CSF 抗體為可能之病因 D.臨床治療以手術切除病灶為主 答案 D

Key <病理>肺泡蛋白沉積症的致病機制

詳解 A. C. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is caused by defects related to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or pulmonary macrophage dysfunction that results in the accumulation of surfactant in the intra-alveolar and bronchiolar spaces.

B. C. PAP 可分為 autoimmune, secondary 及 hereditary。其 中, autoimmune PAP 佔了 90% 。

Autoimmune - 病人的血清中及肺泡中都發現有 Anti-GM-CSF 抗體的存在。此抗體會中和肺泡中 Anti-GM-CSF 的濃度,因而影響到肺泡中巨噬細胞的分化,進而導致 巨噬細胞清除表面張力素的能力降低

Secondary –與 macrophage 的功能缺損相關,造成無法有 效清除surfactant

Hereditary – 少見,與控制 GM-CSF signalling 的基因突 變有關

D. 治療以 GM-CSF therapy 為主, 參考資

Robbins Basic Pathology (9th Edition) P.696, P.697

解題者 M108*葉小菡 審稿者 M108*吳銘軒

B.原因不明肺部血鐵症(idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis)

C.韋格納氏肉芽腫(Wegener granulomatosis)

D.腎細胞癌轉移至肺部,合併出血

答案 A

Key <病理>肺部出血疾病

詳解 A. ○1Goodpasture syndrome –Antibodies initiate inflammatory destruction of the basement membrane in renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli, giving rise to rapidly progressive

glomerulonephritis and a necrotizing hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis. Often the alveoli contain hemosiderin-laden macrophage.

B. ○2Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis – 好發於 young children, 且症狀只出現在 lung

C.

○3Wegener granulomatosis - C-ANCA對於WG的敏感度為73%, C-ANCA對於WG的專一性高達80-90%, 但病人檢查顯示為陰 性,固可排除WG。補充:Classic features include persistent pneumonitis with bilateralnodular and cavitary infiltrates (95%), chronic sinusitis (90%), mucosal ulcerations of the nasopharynx (75%), and evidence of renal disease (80%). Other features include rashes, myalgias, articular involvement, neural inflammation, and fever.

參考資 料

Robbins Basic Pathology (9th Edition) P.701○1○2P.512○3

抗嗜中性球細胞質抗體 (ANCA)之回顧與探討;鄭昌錡、陳

詳解 嗜中性白血球滲出物(neutrophil exudate)常見於 purulent inflammation, pus 中除了有 neutrophil 還有 liquefied debris of necrotic cells and edema fluid. 通常見於細菌感染所引起的 liquefactive tissue necrosis (ex: staphylococci)

參考資 料

Robbins Basic Pathology (9th Edition) P.91

解題者 M108*葉小菡 審稿者 M108*吳銘軒

88. 題目 55歲女性,長期有搔癢,疲倦和腹部不適。身體檢查發現病 人有黃疸,皮膚有黃色瘤(xanthoma),肝臟切片檢查發現 肝內小膽管被破壞,並在門脈區發現有非乾酪性肉芽腫

(noncaseating granuloma),她血清中最可能出現下列何種 抗體?

A.抗平滑肌抗體(anti-smooth muscle antibody)

B.抗粒線體抗體(anti-mitochondrial antibody)

C.抗可溶性肝抗原/肝胰抗體(anti-soluable liver antigen/liver pancreas antigen antibody)

D.抗肝腎微小體-1 抗體(anti-liver kidney microsome-1 antibody)

答案 B

Key <病理>膽汁滯留的臨床表現與鑑別診斷

詳解 1. 搔癢、黃色瘤、黃疸是膽汁滯留的臨床表現,常見的原因 有:續發性膽汁性肝硬化(肝外膽道阻塞)、原發性膽汁性 肝硬化(自體免疫)、原發性硬化性膽管炎(自體免疫)。 2. 原發性膽汁性肝硬化:

屬於自體免疫疾病,好發於中年女性。特色是非化膿性、中 小型肝內膽管發炎性阻塞,少有大型肝內膽管或肝外膽管參 與,膽管發炎可能(非必須)伴隨有非乾酪型肉芽腫,門脈區 膽管消失;嚴重者可導致膽汁滯留,為periportal

cholestasis,不同於藥物或敗血症引起的 centrilobular cholestasis;95%的患者可測得抗粒線體抗體。

參考資 料

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) P.858

解題者 M108*陳韋存 審稿者 M108*吳銘軒

89. 題目 48 歲男性 B 型肝炎患者,腹部超音波發現一大型肝臟腫瘤,且主要肝門靜 10:1。腫瘤細胞含有膽色素為 cholestasis 現象,為膽管受腫瘤侵犯堵塞的象 徵。

(A) 膽管癌 (Cholangiocarcinoma),為膽道上皮的惡性腫瘤(腺癌),可分 三型(肝內10%、肝門型 60%、遠端型 30%),預後不佳,危險因子為 寄生蟲感染(主要)、慢性膽管發炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatolithiasis, and fibropolycystic liver disease)、B/C 肝、NAFLD。臨 床表現為黃疸及其它非特異表現。 因為盛行率較低並不是應該選的 答案

(B) 肝臟血管瘤 (Carvenous Hemangioma)為最常見的肝臟完全良性腫瘤,

幾乎有五分之一人口有這種良性腫瘤。通常沒有症狀,也是無意間發 現。沒有癌化危險,女性得到機會較大,應不會侵犯主要肝門靜脈。

(C) 肝細胞癌 (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)是世界第 5 大致死癌症,在西方國 家,以C 肝感染者為多,在東方則為 B 肝感染者為多,男性占大多數

 病理 Neoplasms of the Liver and Gallbladder 郭芳穎老師上課簡報

解題者 M108* 王智升 審稿者 M108* 李宜霈、陳柏元

90. 題目 有關腦下腺促皮質素腺瘤(corticotroph adenoma)的敘述,下列何者錯誤?

A.在診斷時常以巨腺瘤(macroadenoma)呈現

B.大部分屬於嗜鹼性腺瘤(basophilic),只有少數為難染色性腺瘤

(chromophobic)

C.Periodic-acid-Schiff(PAS)染色呈陽性反應 D.易導致庫欣氏症候群(Cushing syndrome)

答案 (A)

Key 腦下腺促皮質素腺瘤(corticotroph adenoma)。病理學,好難好難,考得很 細,必須查大羅,必失的分數,請不要讀。

詳解  腦下腺腺瘤簡介

腦下腺腺瘤的臨床表現常見為腺體過度增生,常擠壓周圍正常腺體造 成Hypopituitarism,偶爾腺瘤為有功能性而有 Hyperpituitarism 的現 象。單一腺瘤通常由一種細胞構成,可以是有功能性或是沒有功能 的,如要鑑別是何者必須使用免疫組織化學染色區分。3%的案例與 with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I 有關。依大小,腺瘤可分 為Microadenomas 為半徑<1 cm,Macroadenoma 為半徑> 1 cm。依染 色,可分為acidophilic, basophilic or chromophobic。依細胞來源,可分 為Prolactinoma、Growth hormone adenoma、Corticotroph cell adenoma

 以下摘自大羅

腦下腺促皮質素腺瘤是造成腎上腺過度增生以及庫欣氏症的原因之一

(選項D)。腦下腺促皮質素腺瘤經常是 Microadenomas(選項 A)。常

常是basophilic 帶有致密顆粒,偶爾是 chromophobic 帶有疏鬆顆粒

(選項B)。兩型皆具有 PAS+(選項 C),因為其帶有 carbohydrate 和 POMC。

參考資 料

 病理 Endocrine 葉綺如老師上課簡報

 Robbins and Cotran PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE 9ed(大羅),pp.

1079-1080.

解題者 M108* 王智升 審稿者 M108* 李宜霈

91. 題目 下列有關黏液浮腫(myxedema)的敘述,何者最不適當?

A.發生於甲狀腺機能不足的成人或較大的孩童

B.皮膚、皮下或某些內臟貯積 glycosaminoglycans 及 hyaluronic acid C.所有病人的血清 TSH 均上升

D.所有病人的血清 T4 下降 答案 (C)

Key 甲狀腺機能低下

詳解 For (A)(C)(D)【趙氏病理】

 甲狀腺機能低下(hypothyroidism):T3/T4;上述(甲狀腺機能亢進)

症候相反併

◦ 成人黏液水腫(myxedema) = Gull disease:

皮下組織堆積黏液蛋白(mucoprotein),非凹陷性(non-pitting)

◦ 幼兒呆小症 (cretinism):智商低 + 個子矮

@呆小症常因孕婦缺碘胎兒缺碘 T3/T4造成

甲狀腺機能低下 下視丘 (TRH)

腦下腺 (TSH)

甲狀腺 (T3/T4)

主要病灶

原發性(primary)  甲狀腺

續發性(secondary)  腦下腺

三級性(tertiary)  下視丘

For (B)【大羅】

Histologically, there is an accumulation of matrix substances, such as

glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid, in skin, subcutaneous tissue, and a number of visceral sites. This results in nonpitting edema, a broadening and coarsening of facial features, enlargement of the tongue, and deepening of the voice.

參考資 料

 趙俊彥病理學-2014, p. 411. (甲狀腺機能低下)

 Robbins and Cotran PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE 9ed(大羅),p.

1086. (Myxedema 第二段)

解題者 M108* 吳銘軒 審稿者 M108* 吳銘軒

92. 題目

圖示為50 歲女性甲狀腺腫瘤之病理切片。下列敘述何者最不符合此腫瘤的 臨床或病理特徵?

A.細胞核常有溝狀特徵(nuclear grooving)

B.發生在 40 歲之前者預後極好

C.常有 PAX-PPARγ1 染色體轉位(translocation)

D.腫瘤細胞呈高柱狀者較具侵犯性 答案 (C)

Key 辨識各類甲狀腺癌的病理切片、乳突狀甲狀腺癌

詳解 辨識各類甲狀腺癌的病理切片:題幹是乳突狀甲狀腺癌

▲乳突狀(papillary):This particular example contains well-formed papillae.

High power shows cells with characteristic empty-appearing nuclei,

sometimes called “Orphan Annie eye” nuclei.【大羅、長庚病理科玻片】

乳突狀甲狀腺癌

(A) The nuclei of papillary carcinoma cells contain finely dispersed chromatin, which imparts an optically clear or empty appearance, giving rise to the designation ground glass or Orphan Annie eye nuclei. In addition, invaginations of the cytoplasm may give the appearance of intranuclear inclusions (“pseudo-inclusions”) or intranuclear grooves.【大羅】

另有:未分化型(anaplastic),具多型性巨細胞(pleomorphic giant cell)

【趙氏病理】

▲濾泡狀(follicular):A few of the glandular lumens contain recognizable colloid.【大羅】

▲髓質性(medullary):Histology demonstrates abundant deposition of amyloid, visible here as homogeneous extracellular material, derived from calcitonin molecules secreted by the neoplastic cells.【大羅】

(B) Papillary thyroid cancers have an excellent prognosis… The prognosis of someone with papillary thyroid cancers is dependent on several factors including age (in general, being less favorable among patients older than 40 years), the presence of extrathyroidal extension, and presence of distant metastases (stage).【大羅】

(C) @乳突狀分子致病機轉:與 RAS(15%)、RET(20%)/NTRK1(10%)、

BRAF(40%)等有關

@濾泡狀分子致病機轉:與 RAS(50%)、PAX8-PPARγ1(30%)等有關【趙 氏病理】

(D) There are over a dozen histologic variants of papillary carcinoma… The tall-cell variant has tall columnar cells with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm lining the papillary structures. These tumors tend to occur in older individuals and have higher frequencies of vascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension, and cervical and distant metastases than conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma.【大羅】

參考資 料

 Robbins and Cotran PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE 9ed(大羅),pp.

1095-1099. (乳突狀 p. 1096. Fig. 24-19.、濾泡狀 p. 1097. Fig. 24-20.、髓 質性p. 1099. Fig. 24-22.、乳突狀 MORPHOLOGY pp. 1096-1097)

 趙俊彥病理學-2014, pp. 414-415. (乳突狀、濾泡狀、未分化型)

解題者 M108* 吳銘軒 審稿者 M108* 吳銘軒

93 題目 氯乙烯單體會造成下列那一項職業性癌症?

diethylstilbestrol、phenelzine、urethane 或 cyclophosphamide。

( 6 ) 長期暴露於氯乙烯。

參考資料 Vinyl-Chloride-Induced Liver Disease from Idiopathic Portal Hypertension (Banti's Syndrome) to Angiosarcomas

(NEJM197501022920104)

也會有慢性咽喉炎、鼻炎或支氣管炎發生。

(4)慢性暴露六價鉻也可能引起急性肝炎和黃疸。

(4)慢性暴露六價鉻也可能引起急性肝炎和黃疸。

在文檔中 106-1 醫學二 (頁 71-87)

相關文件