一、玻璃型陽臺欄杆構造種類
都市中高層建築物常以玻璃型陽臺欄杆形塑建築物的現代感，此類的 陽臺構造如雨後春筍般的出現國內六都市中，本研究分別於新北、台南及 高雄拍攝如圖 2-1 照片。前已說明玻璃型陽臺欄杆為易受風破壞的建築構 造物，以風洞試驗決定設計風壓為本研究主要目的，決定計風壓後方能進 行後續構造受風結構分析。然而，因構造物型式不同，結構分析的過程將 有所差異。
新店大坪林案例 高雄前鎮案例 台南安平案例
圖 2-1 國內中高層大樓常見玻璃型陽臺欄杆 資料來源：本研究自攝
依目前常見的玻璃陽臺欄杆構造，本研究概分為兩類，一為鋁擠型嵌
普 通
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forces has been discussed. It is shown that provision of balconies alters wind pressure distribution on windward wall but does not introduce significant change in it on the leeward side. Ventilative force across openings located centrally on opposite walls also remains almost unchanged due to the balconies.
本研究以一個 5 層樓的建築模型經風洞試驗取得陽臺迎風面表面風壓 的平均壓力。試驗過程以建築物表面沒有陽臺和有陽臺作為試驗變數，除 了探討表面壓力差異外，風力引致的自然通風問題亦在本研究一併討論。
研究結果顯示陽臺造成建築物迎風面風壓改變，但在背風面則無顯著的影 響。至於迎風面不同樓層，通過窗戶開口的慣流風壓，僅在幾個地方減小，
像是斜角度的來流情況下的上風端樓層和 90 度來流的整個中間樓層等位 置。而慣流風壓力比較大的位置則是在斜角度的來流情況下的下風端樓層，
接近地面低樓層的角隅風。
模型試驗 風洞實驗室風速剖面
試驗結果比對(1) 試驗結果比對(2) 圖 2-3 ISHWAR CHAND 等試驗模型與結果比對
資料來源：(參考文獻 7)
二、H. Montazeri*, B. Blocken, CFD simulation of wind-induced pressure coefficients on buildings with and without balconies: Validation and sensitivity analysis, Building and Environment 60 (2013) 137-149 (以 CFD 模擬驗證與分 析建築物表面有無陽臺之風壓係數)
This paper presents a systematic evaluation for predicting mean wind pressure distributions on windward and leeward surfaces of a medium-rise building with and without balconies. The evaluation is based on a grid-sensitivity analysis and on validation with wind-tunnel measurements. It is shown that building balconies can lead to very strong changes in wind pressure distribution, because they introduce multiple areas of flow separation and recirculation across the façade. The average deviations from the wind-tunnel measurements are 12% and 10% for the building with and without balconies, respectively. In addition, also the important impact of the reference static pressure and the turbulence model are demonstrated.
本研究以系統性的評估中層高度建築物在有陽臺和無陽臺條件下，建 築物迎風面和背風面的表面風壓分布情形。評估方法採用計算流體力學以 網格敏感度分析，並以風洞試驗驗證。研究結果顯示，由於流場經過陽臺 時，造成許多流場分離和迴旋區域，可能導致風壓分佈巨大的改變。CFD 和風洞試驗的平均誤差有陽臺和沒有陽臺情況下，分別為 12%和 10%。
CFD 模擬流場型態 CFD 與風洞試驗比對
陽臺表面風壓分佈圖
圖 2-4 H. Montazeri 等人 CFD 模擬結果 資料來源：參考文獻 8
三、M. F. MOHAMED1, D. PRASAD1, S. KING1, K. HIROTA. The Impact of Balconies on Wind Induced Ventilation of Singlesided Naturally Ventilated Multi-storey Apartment, PLEA2009 - 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Quebec City, Canada, 22-24 June 2009(多層樓公寓陽臺 對其單邊慣流通風影響)
The existence of a building along a path of wind flow changes the characteristic of the wind flow including its speeds and directions. The introduction of balconies further changes the characteristic of wind flow close to the building façade, thus creating more complex turbulence characteristics influencing the indoor natural air flow. This study uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to examine the impact of balconies on wind induced ventilation of singlesided naturally ventilated apartments in a
multi-storey building. This is an early investigation for a more comprehensive study to investigate the impact of balcony on single-sided naturally ventilated high-rise apartments. The main objectives of the present study are: to investigate the impact of balconies on outdoor and indoor airflow characteristics at various apartment heights; and to investigate how configurations of balconies and openings influence the resulting airflow. This study confirms that, at normal wind incidence, the balconies significantly change the external airflow, but also suggests that this will reduce the effectiveness of wind induced ventilation for single-sided ventilated apartment. It is also observed that the configurations of balcony and opening can play an active role in inducing enhanced indoor air flow.
建築物的存在可能影響流場特性包括風及風向等，而陽臺更進一步影 響建築物表面附近的流場行為，因陽臺的存在而使流場形成更複雜紊流特 性，進而影響室內自然通風。本研究以計算流體力學(CFD)探討陽臺對多樓 層公寓，在單邊自然通風下的影響。主要研究內容包括：分析陽臺對建築 物不同高度的室內室外流場行為影響，並探討臺和窗戶開口配置的流場特 性。研究結果顯示，陽臺確實對建築物表面流場有重大的影響，且它會減 少單側開口的自然通風效率，同時也觀察到陽臺或開口配置可以在室內通 風扮演積極的角色。
圖 2-5 M. F. MOHAMED 等人研究結果曲線圖
資料來源：參考文獻 9
四、H. Montazeri*, B. Blocken, W.D. Janssen, T. van Hooff, CFD evaluation of new second-skin facade concept for wind comfort on building balconies: Case study for the Park Tower in Antwerp, Building and Environment 68 (2013) 179~192(CFD 評估新第二層皮膚外牆概念對建築物陽臺的風環境舒適性影 響)
High wind speed around high-rise buildings can lead to wind discomfort or wind danger at building balconies. This paper presents the evaluation of a new facade concept that is intended to significantly reduce the wind speed and therefore improve wind comfort on the balconies of high-rise buildings. The concept consists of a staggered semi-open second-skin facade in front of the balconies, which partly shields them from the wind. The concept is evaluated for the new 78 m high Park Tower in the urban area of Antwerp, where it will be implemented. 3D steady Reynolds-averaged NaviereStokes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed for the case with and without this façade concept. The simulations are made with the realizable keε turbulence model on a high-resolution grid.Validation is conducted using wind-tunnel
measurements of surface pressure distribution on a building model with balconies. Wind comfort for the Park Tower is assessed with the Dutch wind nuisance standard NEN8100 for the case with and without the second-skin facade concept. The analysis shows that this concept is effective in providing a zone with pressure equalisation at the balconies. The related reduction in pressure gradients across the width of the facade strongly decreases the local wind speed. At many positions along the balconies this yields a wind comfort improvement of one or even two classes in the Dutch wind nuisance standard compared to the situation without implementation of this concept.
高層建築物附近的高風速可能導致在陽臺位置形成不舒適或危險風場。
本研究呈現一個新外牆概念的評估，它會降低建築物表面風速並改善高層 建築物陽臺的不舒適性風場。所謂新外牆概念是在陽臺前面半開放式的第 二層外牆，研究案例採用在荷蘭 Anterp 市中心 78 公尺高的公園塔(Park Tower) ， 應 用 計 算 流 體 力 學 執 行 3D Steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes ，並採用高解析網格以理想的 κ-ε 紊流模式進行模擬，探討 案例建築物有無前述新外牆概念的風場特性。以風洞試驗執行具有陽臺的 外表風壓分佈結果為 CFD 驗證依據，風場舒適性評估採用荷蘭的擾人風場 NEN8100 的評估標準，評估案例中有無第二層外牆的陽臺風場舒適性。分 析結果顯示，第二層外牆明顯降低陽臺風速，並在很多位置降低舒適性評 估一至二個等級。
圖 2-6H. Montazeri 等人模擬示意圖 資料來源：參考文獻 10
圖 2-7H. Montazeri 等人 CFD 模擬結果 資料來源：參考文獻 10