3.1 物理性質
本研究樣區不同的採樣點，包括土石移動無草區、土石移動有草區、土石移動 芒草區、次生林堆積區、人工林堆積區與非崩塌樣區，除了非崩塌樣區 10 - 20 cm 土壤為砂質黏壤土 (sandy clay loam) 外，其他土壤質地皆為砂質壤土 (sandy loam) (表 2)。次生林堆積區和非崩塌樣區土壤顏色較偏紅，以10YR 為主，反之在土石 移動無草區、土石移動有草區、土石移動芒草區和人工林堆積區土壤顏色則是偏灰 色，主要為 2.5Y (表 3)。
土壤的總體密度介於1.1 – 1.6 g cm-3之間 (表 2)，以土石移動無草區表層 0 - 10 cm 土壤呈現最大的總體密度，為 1.6 ± 0.1 g cm-3，顯著高於其他樣區 (p < 0.05)。
總體密度其次依序為人工林堆積區 (1.4 ± 0.1g cm-3)、土石移動有草區 (1.3 ± 0.1 g cm-3)、土石移動芒草區 (1.2 ± 0.2 g cm-3) 與次生林堆積區 (1.2 ± 0.2 g cm-3)，非崩 塌樣區則有最小的總體密度 (1.1 ± 0.1 g cm-3)。下層 10 - 20 cm 土壤以次生林堆積 區和非崩塌樣區的總體密度最低，分別為1.2 ± 0.2 g cm-3與1.2 ± 0.1 g cm-3，並顯 著低於其他樣區 (p < 0.05)。
調查6 個樣區土壤的含石率介於31 - 72 % (表 2)，在表層 0 – 10 cm 土壤中，
以土石移動無草區的含石率最高，為72 ± 6%，其次為人工林堆積區 (65 ± 13%)、
土石移動有草區 (57 ± 15%)、次生林堆積區 (50 ± 23%) 與非崩塌樣區 (44 ± 20%)，
並以土石移動芒草區的含石率最低，為31 ± 21%。下層 10 - 20 cm 土壤以人工林 堆積區 (71 ± 11%) 有最大的含石率，其次為土石移動有草區 (67 ± 15%)，另外以 次生林堆積區 (45 ± 28%) 、非崩塌樣區 (45 ± 19%) 與土石移動芒草區 (46 ± 22%) 三者有最小的含石率。
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表 2 各樣區的土壤質地、總體密度和含石率，數據以平均數 ± 標準差表示，不同字母代表各樣區間有顯著差異 (p < 0.05)。
Table 2 Soil texture, bulk density and rock fragment at each site. Mean ± standard deviation. Different letters mean significant difference (p <
0.05) between sites.
Texture1 Bulk density2
(g cm-3)
Soil samples at 6 sites, including removal sites without vegetation, REM-NG; removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC; deposition sites with plantation forest, DEP-PLA and undisturbed sites, UND.
1 For soil texture, n = 5.
2 For bulk density and rock fragment, n = 21, 21, 24, 39, 18, 27 in order.
3 ND means no data.
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表 3 各樣區土壤之濕土與乾土的比色。
Table 3 Munsell soil colorat each site under dry and moist conditions.
Soil sample
removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC; deposition sites with plantation forest, DEP-PLA and undisturbed sites, UND.
1ND means no data.
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3.2 化學性質
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區，陽離子交換容量與交換性 K+濃度逐漸遞增，而交換性Ca2+和交換性Mg2+濃度 則是逐漸遞減。
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表 4 各樣區的土壤 pH 值、有機碳、總氮與氮礦化速率，數據以平均數 ± 標準差表示，不同字母代表各樣區間有顯著差異 (p <
0.05)。
Table 4 Soil pH value, SOC, total N and N-mineralization rate at each site. Mean ± standard deviation. Different letters mean significant difference (p < 0.05) between sites.
Site pH SOC
( g C kg-1 soil )
N ( g N kg-1 soil )
N-mineralization rate (mg N kg-1 day-1)
0-10 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm
REM-NG 7.8 ± 0.3 d ND1 3.0 ± 0.0 a ND 0.6 ± 0.1 a ND 0.4 ± 0.1 a
REM-G1 6.3 ± 0.6 c 6.5 ± 0.7 cd 9.0 ± 3.0 b 6.0 ± 1.0 a 1.0 ± 0.1 ab 0.8 ± 0.2 a 0.9 ± 0.4 b REM-G2 7.2 ± 0.6 d 7.2 ± 0.6 d 9.0 ± 4.0 ab 5.0 ± 2.0 a 0.8 ± 0.3 ab 0.7 ± 0.1 a 1.5 ± 1.0 b DEP-SEC 5.3 ± 0.6 ab 4.7 ± 0.6 ab 17.0 ± 4.0 c 13.0 ± 3.0 b 1.1 ± 0.4 b 0.9 ± 0.4 a 4.3 ± 2.4 c DEP-PLA 5.7 ± 0.7 bc 5.6 ± 0.8 bc 12.0 ± 2.0 bc 6.0 ± 1.0 a 1.4 ± 0.1 b 0.8 ± 0.2 a 3.8 ± 1.2 c UND 4.7 ± 0.5 a 4.4 ± 0.4 a 22.0 ± 6.0 d 17.0 ± 4.0 b 2.2 ± 0.6 c 2.0 ± 0.3 b 7.1 ± 2.5 c Soil samples at 6 sites, including removal sites without vegetation, REM-NG; removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC; deposition sites with plantation forest, DEP-PLA and undisturbed sites, UND.
For soil pH, SOC, N and N-mineralization rate, n = 7, 7, 8, 13, 6, 9 in order.
1 ND means no data
.
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表 5 各樣區的土壤陽離子交換容量與交換性 K+、Mg2+、Ca2+含量，數據以平均數 ± 標準差表示，不同字母代表各樣區間有顯著 差異 (p < 0.05)。
Table 5 Results of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ at each site. Mean ± standard deviation. Different letters mean significant difference (p < 0.05) between sites.
Site CEC vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC; deposition sites with plantation forest, DEP-PLA and undisturbed sites, UND.
For CEC, exchangeable cations K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, n = 5.
1 ND means no data.
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3.3 養分型態
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序列萃取，即在土石移動處有最多的Ca-P，特別是土石移動無草區。
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表 6 各樣區的植被葉子 (枯落物) 與土壤之 δ13C 和 δ15N 分析，數據以平均數 ± 標準差表示，不同字母代表各樣區間有顯著差異 (p < 0.05)。
Table 6 Results of 13C and 15N for soil and leaves (litter) at each site. Mean ± standard deviation. Different letters mean significant difference (p < 0.05) between sites.
Site Soil samples at 6 sites, including removal sites without vegetation, REM-NG; removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC; deposition sites with plantation forest, DEP-PLA and undisturbed sites, UND.
For leaves (litter) and soil δ13C and δ15N, n = 3.
1 ND means no data.
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表 7 土壤磷序列萃取結果，數據以平均數 ± 標準差表示，不同字母代表各樣區間有顯著差異 (p < 0.05)。
Table 7 Results of soil phosphorus fractionation. Mean ± standard deviation. Different letters mean significant difference (p < 0.05) between sites. Soil samples at 6 sites, including removal sites without vegetation, REM-NG; removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC; deposition sites with plantation forest, DEP-PLA and undisturbed sites, UND.
For soil phosphorus fractionation, n = 4,4,4,4,3,3 in order.
1 ND means no data.
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表 7 續。
Table 7 Continue.
Site NaOH Po
(mg P kg-1)
HCl (mg P kg-1)
Residual P (mg P kg-1)
Total P (mg P kg-1)
0-10 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 0-10 cm 10-20 cm
REM-NG 15.4 ± 5.2 a ND 309.5 ± 10.7 c ND 0.3 ± 9.5 a ND 374.1 ± 6.0 a ND
REM-G1 28.9 ± 9.4 ab 15.3 ± 3.0 b 207.2 ± 119.9 bc 191.0 ± 127.0 b 57.8 ± 81.2 ab 81.9 ± 89.5 353.0 ± 22.6 a 327.2 ± 27.4 a REM-G2 19.9 ± 11.8 a 5.7 ± 1.3 a 153.7 ± 47.6 bc 139.4 ± 48.6 b 73.3 ± 42.0 ab 128.2 ± 54.8 341.8 ± 24.8 a 337.4 ± 23.1 a DEP-SEC 66.8 ± 16.0 b 58.8 ± 12.6 c 20.2 ± 5.1 a 15.7 ± 7.3 a 142.4 ± 41.7 b 197.4 ± 47.3 316.6 ± 56.6 a 339.4 ± 67.9 a DEP-PLA 67.4 ± 6.7 b 34.0 ± 12.7 c 72.3 ± 16.1 b 66.3 ± 21.5 b 83.4 ± 33.9 ab 128.3 ± 27.3 389.4 ± 54.7 a 369.7 ± 51.9 a UND 275.0 ± 43.6 c 128.8 ± 22.8 d 88.1 ± 40.1 b 53.0 ± 20.8 ab 164.7 ± 61.0 b 207.6 ± 10.0 1433.7 ± 251.9 b 1172.7 ± 93.9 b
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表 8 土壤磷序列萃取結果，數據為土壤中各型態的磷占總磷的百分比。
Table 8 Results of soil phosphorus fractionation, data expressed as a percentage of total phosphorus in each type of phosphorus (%).
Site Resin
Soil samples at 6 sites, including removal sites without vegetation, REM-NG; removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC; deposition sites with plantation forest, DEP-PLA and undisturbed sites, UND.
For soil phosphorus fractionation, n = 4,4,4,4,3,3 in order.
1 ND means no data.
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圖 7 土 石 移 動 無 草 區 (REM-NG)、土石移動有草 區 (REM-G1)、土石移動芒 草區 (REM-G2)、次生林堆 積區 (DEP-SEC)、人工林 堆 積 區 (DEP-PLA) 與 非 崩塌樣區 (UND) 的磷 K-edge X 光吸收近邊緣光譜。
虛線標示各能量階段的光 譜特徵。
Fig. 7 Phosphorus K-edge XANES spectra at removal (REM-NG, REM-G1 and REM-G2), deposition (DEP-SEC and DEP-PLA) and undisturbed (UND) sites.
The dashed lines indicate spectra features at different energy levels.
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3.4 實驗樣區土壤溫度與水分勢能 (water potential) 長期監 測
Data Logger 監測結果顯示土壤日均溫 (圖 8b) 在夏季 (6 - 9 月) 時以土石移 動無草區最高，其次依序為土石移動芒草區、次生林堆積區、土石移動有草區。在 冬天 (11 - 2 月) 同樣以土石移動無草區的土溫最高，其次依序為土石移動有草區、
次生林堆積區、土石移動芒草區。土石移動無草區不僅在一整年中土壤溫度都高於
其他樣區，土溫的日變化也最為劇烈，在2 月時，每日最高溫差可達 30℃，遠高
於次生林堆積區的3℃ (圖 8a)。
土壤水分勢能會受到降雨、淋洗與蒸發散作用等影響，次生林堆積區和土石移 動芒草區一年中水分勢能的日平均值皆高於-1.5 MPa (圖 9)，然而土石移動有草區 與土石移動無草區在冬季 (1、2 月) 時低於-1.5 MPa，尤其土石移動無草區在 2 月 更是出現低於-50 MPa 的水勢勢能讀值，遠低於植物的永久凋萎點。
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圖 8 土石移動無草區 (REM-NG)、土石移動有草區 (REM-G1)、土石移動芒草 區 (REM-G2) 與次生林堆積區 (DEP-SEC) 的土壤溫度 (℃)，監測時間為 2016 年 6 月至 2017 年 6 月，數據分別以 (a) 原始數據 (b) 每日平均值呈現。
Fig. 8 Soil temperature (℃) at removal sites without vegetation, REM-NG; removal sites with vegetation, G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2 and deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC, recorded from June 2016 to June 2017. Data were expressed as (a) raw data (b) daily average.
(a)
(b)
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圖 9 土石移動無草區 (REM-NG)、土石移動有草區 (REM-G1)、土石移動芒 草區 (REM-G2) 與次生林堆積區 (DEP-SEC) 的土壤水分勢能 (MPa)，監測 時間為2016 年 6 月至 2017 年 6 月，Y 軸範圍分別以 (a) 0 到-60 MPa (b) 0 到 -8 MPa 呈現。
Fig. 9 Soil water potential (MPa) at removal sites without vegetation, REM-NG;
removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; removal sites with vegetation at a gentle slope, REM-G2 and deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC, recorded
(a)
(b)
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圖 10 2016 年 3 月至 2017 年 7 月，苗的體積增長量。(a) 土石移動有草區 (b) 次生林堆 積區 (c) 非崩塌樣區為種植楓香苗木，(d) 土石移動有草區 (e) 次生林堆積區 (f) 非崩 塌樣區為種植青剛櫟苗木。數據以平均數 ± 標準差表示，不同字母代表施肥處理間有 顯著差異 (p < 0.05)。
Fig. 10 Seedling volume increment from March 2016 to July 2017. Liquidambar formosana planted at (a) removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1 (b) deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC (c) undisturbed sites, UND soil and Cyclobalanopsis glauca planted at (d) REM-G1 (e) DEP-SEC (f) UND soil. Mean±standard deviation. Different letters mean
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
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表 9 盆栽施肥試驗結果，數據為苗木的體積生長量，以平均數 ± 標準差表示，不同字母代表各樣區間或四種施肥處理間有顯著 差異 (p < 0.05)，橫向數據以大寫字母表示，縱向以小寫字母表示。
Table 9 Results of seedlings fertilization. The data showed the volume growth of seedlings, represented as mean ± standard deviation.
Different letters mean significant difference (p < 0.05) between sites or fertilization treatments. Capital letters for row and small letters for column.
Liquidambar formosana Cyclobalanopsis glauca
REM-G1 DEP-SEC UND REM-G1 DEP-SEC UND
C 8.9 ± 2.3 A a 16.9 ± 3.0 AB a 25.2 ± 9.8 B 3.2 ± 0.6 A a 7.5 ± 3.1 AB a 13.2 ± 5.8 B P 10.1 ± 1.4 A a 19.1 ± 4.5 B ab 28.7 ± 2.5 C 3.0 ± 0.7 A a 8.2 ± 2.2 B a 11.8 ± 1.8 C N 15.7 ± 5.4 A ab 26.4 ± 5.3 AB ab 34.2 ± 8.5 B 6.3 ± 1.3 A b 13.4 ± 2.8 B ab 20.1 ± 6.3 B NP 19.6 ± 5.2 A b 29.7 ± 9.7 A b 24.6 ± 9.0 A 4.4 ± 1.6 A ab 16.4 ± 6.5 B b 18.4 ± 8.7 B Soil samples collected at 3 sites, including removal sites with vegetation, REM-G1; deposition sites with secondary forest, DEP-SEC and undisturbed sites, UND.
For seedlings in each soil under each fertilization, n = 5.
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表 10 楓香的二因子變異數分析結果
Table 10 Results of two – way ANOVA for Liquidambar formosana.
factor df Liquidambar formosana
F p
land soil 2 25.7 2.85E-08***
fertilization 3 6.1 0.00139**
land soil : fertilization 6 1.9 0.10186 The F-values and p-values are presented for effects of land soil, fertilization and land soil : fertilization stages.
表 11 青剛櫟的二因子變異數分析結果
Table 11 Results of two – way ANOVA for Cyclobalanopsis glauca.
factor df Cyclobalanopsis glauca
F p
land soil 2 36.8 2.44E-10***
fertilization 3 7.4 0.000362***
land soil : fertilization 6 1.0 0.416105 The F-values and p-values are presented for effects of land soil, fertilization and land soil : fertilization stages.