第二章、 作物食用安全性
第三節 結果與討論
試驗土壤之物理化學性質列於(表 1)。土壤質地分類屬於坋質黏土，砂粒、坋 粒及黏粒分別為5.42%、52.60%及 41.98%；pH 值 5.84；有機質 3.91%；陽離子交 換能力133 cmol·kg-1；土壤銅濃度24.12 mg·kg -1。本試驗土壤母質為砂岩洪積層，
表1. 盆栽試驗土壤基本物理化學性質
Table 1. Basic physicochemical properties of soil in pot experiment
Soil property Value
Texture Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) pH
Organic matter (w/w %)
Cation exchange capacity (cmol·kg-1) Copper in soil (mg·kg-1)
silty clay 5.42 52.60 41.98 5.84 3.91 133 24.12
表2. 硫酸銅溶液處理後之土壤銅濃度
Table 2. Soil Cu concentration after treatment with copper sulfate solution CuSO4 solution
concentration (mg·L-1)
0 370 1546 2164 2783
Expected soil concentration
(mg·kg-1)
24.1 120 460 800 1140
Observed soil concentration
(mg·kg-1)
25.3 78 272 340 479
表3. 盆栽試驗期間之土壤銅濃度
Table 3. Soil Cu concentration during pot experiment
(mg·kg-1) Soil Cu concentration level*
Number of
experiment 1 2 3 4 5
1 17 78 272 340 479
2 12 81 294 352 518
3 23 80 251 296 409
4 30 86 296 367 484
*本試驗將盆栽土壤銅濃度分為五個等級，每次的盆栽試驗前量測土壤銅濃度
*This experiment divides the Cu concentration of potted soil into five grades, and measures the copper concentration of soil before each pot experiment
盆栽試驗期間之土壤銅濃度範圍結果顯示，經過 4 次的盆栽試驗，同樣等級的土
本試驗所選用的蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatic F.)、白莧(Amaranthus inamoenus W.)、小 白菜(Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis)及茼蒿(Chrysanthemum coronarium L.)皆為臺灣 重要的經濟食用作物，生長強健易栽培，發芽至採收需23 ~ 35 天 (郭，1995；林，
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
圖3. 蕹菜種植於不同銅濃度土壤 28 天生長情形
Fig. 3. Growth of water spinach in soil with different copper concentrations for 28 days.
During the test period (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. Six replications were used for each treatment, and this picture is one of the six replication.
The scale is equal to 15 cm. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(A)
(B)
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
圖4. 白莧種植於不同銅濃度土壤 28 天生長情形
Fig. 4. Growth of amaranth in soil with different copper concentrations for 28 days.
During the test period (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. Six replications were used for each treatment, and this picture is one of the six replication.
The scale is equal o 15 cm. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(A)
(B)
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
圖5. 小白菜種植於不同銅濃度土壤 28 天生長情形
Fig. 5. Growth of pakchoi in soil with different copper concentrations for 28 days. During the test period (A) February to March 2017 (B) February to March 2018. six replications were used for each treatment, and this picture is one of the six replication. The scale is equal to 15 cm. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(A)
(B)
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
圖6. 茼蒿種植於不同銅濃度土壤 28 天生長情形
Fig. 6. Growth of garland chrysanthemum in soil with different copper concentrations for 28 days. During the test period (A) February to March 2017 (B) February to March 2018.
six replications were used for each treatment, and this picture is one of the six replication.
The scale is equal to 15 cm. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(A)
(B)
試驗中，等級 2 銅濃度處理下小白菜和茼蒿生長情形則並未顯著的良好。盆栽試
驗結束採收後可以發現，在等級 5 的銅處理下植株葉片與對照組相比有黃化及根
長減少等情形。類似的結果在其它作物也有發現，甘藍(Brassica oleracea L.)以養液 培養，加入≥ 2 µM Cu2+會使葉綠素下降(Ali et al., 2015)。印度芥菜(Brassica juncea L.)以養液培養，加入 25 和 50 µM Cu2+會造成褪綠及根長下降(Feigl et al., 2013)。
大白菜(Brassica rapa pekinensis)以養液培養，加入 1、2、5 及 10 µM Cu2+會使葉綠 體發育受阻(Shahbaz et al., 2010)。綠豆(Vigna radiate L.)以水耕栽培加入 10、15、
20 及 25 mg·kg-1的Cu2+後，其根重/植體重比會依序下降。小麥(Triticum aestivum L.)在裝有濾紙的培養皿中，加入 50、100、200、300、400 及 500 mg·kg-1的Cu2+
溶液後，根長顯著的減少(Gang et al., 2013)。番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)及黃瓜 (Cucumis sativus L.)以養液培養，加入 0-500 mg·kg-1的Cu2+後，根長隨濃度的增加
Number of days after germination
Soil Cu concn. level
Number of days after germination
7 14 21 28
Soil Cu concn. level
abab
Fig. 7. Effect of soil copper concentration on copper accumulation in the aerial part of water spinach. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). The same letters near error bars indicate that there are no significant differences between concentration levels on each time point at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Number of days after germination
Soil Cu concn. level
Number of days after germination
7 14 21 28
Soil Cu concn. level
a amaranth. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). ▲: Delete outliers (n=5) using boxplot method. The same letters near error bars indicate that there are no significant differences between concentration levels on each time point at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Number of days after germination
Soil Cu concn. level
Pakchoi
Number of days after germination
7 14 21 28 Soil Cu concn. level
a
Fig. 9. Effect of soil Cu concentration on copper accumulation in the aerial part of pakchoi.
The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). The same letters near error bars indicate that there are no significant differences between concentration levels on each time point at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) Feburary to March 2017 (B) Feburary to March. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Number of days after germination
Soil Cu concn. level
Garland chrysanthemum
Number of days after germination
7 14 21 28 Soil Cu concn. level
aa concentration levels on each time point at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) Feburary to March 2017 (B) Feburary to March 2018. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
10 月的 90%(圖 8)。
與前人研究結果對照，玉米(Zea mays L.)在施用了 200、300、400、500 及 600 g·ha-1的Cu2+後會造成株高下降(Barbosa et al., 2013)。小麥(Triticum aestivum L.)生 長在106-419 mg·kg-1的Cu2+土壤中會造成株高下降(Cook et al., 1997)。
Water spinach
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
圖11. 蕹菜種植於不同銅濃度土壤對鮮重之影響
Fig. 11. Effect of soil copper concentration on fresh weight of water spinach. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
1 2 3 4 5
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5 Soil copper concentration level
圖12. 白莧種植於不同銅濃度土壤對鮮重之影響
Fig. 12. Effect of soil copper concentration on fresh weight of amaranth. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Soil copper concentration level
soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 13. Effect of soil copper concentration on fresh weight of pakchoi. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) February to March 2017 (B) February to March 2018. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Soil copper concentration level
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 14. Effect of soil Cu concentration on fresh weight of garland chrysanthemum. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) February to March 2017 (B) February to March 2018. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
白莧在2017 年 6 至 7 月的試驗中，以土壤銅濃度等級 2 處理的植體鮮重為顯 降(Benimeli et al., 2010)。小麥(Triticum aestivum L.)在水耕養液 5 - 40 mg·L-1的Cu2+
處理下，枝條和根之生物量也會顯著的下降(Al-Hakimi and Hamada, 2011)。
綜合本研究與前人研究的結果，雖然不同作物種類、生長階段及處理的銅濃度 均會影響銅對作物的毒害程度，但整體結論是過量的銅會對作物的外表型態、株高 及鮮重等三個生長指標造成抑制。
四、植體銅濃度隨著土壤處理銅濃度的增加而上升
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0.0
Fig. 15. Effect of soil Cu concentration on copper accumulation in the aerial part of water spinach. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). ▲: Delete outliers (n=5) using boxplot method. The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0.0 amaranth. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). ▲: Delete outliers (n=5) using boxplot method. The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) June to July 2017 (B) September to October 2017. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 12, 81, 294, 352 and 518 mg·kg-1 (B) 23, 80, 251, 296, and 409 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Pakchoi
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0 pakchoi. The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6). ▲: Delete outliers (n=5) using boxplot method. The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) Feburary to March 2017 (B) Feburary to March 2018. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
Garland chrysanthemum
soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0
Soil copper concentration level
1 2 3 4 5
Cu concentration in aerial part (mg.kg-1 FW) 0 outliers (n=5) using boxplot method. The same letters above error bars indicate that there are no significant differences at p≤0.05 according to the LSD. During the test period: (A) Feburary to March 2017 (B) Feburary to March 2018. The soil copper concentrations of numbers 1 to 5 are (A) 17, 78, 272, 340 and 479 mg·kg-1 (B) 30, 86, 296, 367, and 484 mg·kg-1 respectively
(B) (A)
為標準，當含銅添加物用途為補充食品中不足之營養素時，銅之總含量不得高於8 mg(衛生福利部食品藥物管理署，2018)。另外若以健康之考量，成人每天建議之安 全攝取上限為12 mg (以 60 公斤體重計算) (林，2002)。
(二) 蕹菜、白莧、小白菜及茼蒿之食用安全性
每日飲食指南(2018)將每日熱量需求依照性別、年齡、體重、身高及活動強度
分組，其中每日熱量需求最高組別的蔬菜建議攝取量為每日 500 公克。利用四種
作物在盆栽試驗期間所測得之最高植體銅濃度為依據(表 4)，經過計算後則每 500 g 的蕹菜、白莧、小白菜及茼蒿銅濃度分別為 7.35 、9.6 、61.4 及 6.7 mg。由上 述的蔬菜銅含量規範得知白莧及小白菜的銅含量超出了食品添加物使用範圍及限 量的8 mg，小白菜更超過了成人每天建議之安全攝取上限 12 mg。但汙染程度等
級 5 栽培之小白菜及白莧的外表型態、株高及鮮重可以發現皆被嚴重的銅逆境給
抑制，已失去商品價值，被收穫而流入市場危害消費者的可能性非常低。四種作物
以等級4、5 銅處理的植株皆因生長抑制而失去商品價值，然而等級 3 銅濃度處理
之植株在幾次的試驗中與對照組相比，其各項生理指標並沒有嚴重降低，但植體銅
濃度則相對較高，因此經過計算後確認了若銅每日攝取上限為8 mg 而言，蕹菜、
白莧、小白菜及茼蒿若分別在一日內食用826、1431、640 及 1431 g 後會超標，銅 攝取上限若為12 mg 計算，則在食用 2739、2146、960 及 2146 g 後會超標。
表4. 蕹菜、白莧、小白菜及茼蒿在試驗期間所測得之最高植體銅濃度
Table 4. The highest Cu concentration measured in the test of water spinach, amaranth, pakchoi and garland chrysanthemum.
Soil Cu concn. level Aerial part
1 2 3 4 5
(mg·kg-1 FW)
Water spinach 2.38 ± 0.1 2.79 ± 0.3 3.88 ± 0.5 4.84 ± 1.0 13.0 ± 1.7
Amaranth 0.41 ± 0.08 1.29 ± 0.1 5.29 ± 0.3 7.81 ± 1.2 17.6 ± 1.6*
Pakchoi 0.49 ± 0.07* 2.91 ± 0.5 9.89 ± 2.6 23 ± 11* 70 ± 52
Garland
chrysanthemum 0.76 ± 0.1* 1.46 ± 0.3 4.59 ± 1.0 7.65 ± 3.7 10.7 ± 2.7*
The value are means ± standard deviation (n=6)
*: Delete outliers (n=5)